IRRIGATION AND
DRAINAGE ENGINEERING
IDE-512 :- DESIGN OF FARM
IRRIGATION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION PRINCIPLES
LOSSES
CONVEYANCE
DISTRIBUTION
APPLICATION
SCHEDULING PARAMETERS WATER BUDGETING
CONCEPT OF IRRIGATION
The process of artificially applying water to soil
to support the growth of crops, especially in
areas with insufficient or irregular rainfall.
SOURCES OF IRRRIGATION
WATER
SURFACE WATER :- CANAL, TANKS, RIVER, LAKES & RESERVOIR
GROUND WATER :- SPRINGS OPEN WELL & TUBEWELLS
OTHER SOURCES :- RAINWATER,WASTEWATER,DESALINATED WATER
& FLOOD WATER
PRINCIPLE OF IRRIGATION
Water Requirements: Provide the right amount of water for different crops at
various growth stages
Soil Water Retention: Understand how different soils hold and release water.
Evapotranspiration: Account for water loss through evaporation and plant
transpiration.
Irrigation Methods: Choose suitable methods (e.g., drip, sprinkler, surface) based
on crop and soil.
Uniform Distribution: Ensure even water spread to avoid over/under-irrigation.
Water Management: Optimize timing, amount, and frequency of irrigation.
Soil Permeability: Consider how quickly water moves through the soil to avoid
runoff or drought.
Climate Impact: Adjust irrigation based on weather conditions (temperature,
humidity, rainfall).
Efficiency & Sustainability: Use water efficiently and implement practices to
conserve resources.
Water Source Management: Ensure sustainable use of water sources to avoid
depletion
Photosynthesis turns the energy of In a drip irrigation system, water is
sunlight into chemical energy that delivered directly to where it is needed, the
triggers a nutrient flow in the plant.
LOSSES IN IRRIGATION
Seepage:
Evaporation losses
Percolation losses
Runoff losses
Application losses
Distribution losses
ENVIRONMENTAL LOSSES
Waterlogging Excess water from seepage and over-irrigation saturates
the soil, making it marshy and harming crops.
Erosion: Excessive irrigation can increase soil erosion, leading to land
degradation.
Pollution: Harmful agrochemicals (pesticides) and excess nutrients can
dissolve in the irrigation water, polluting surface and groundwater.
CONVEYANCE
CONVEYANCE IS THE
PROCESS OF
TRANSPORTING WATER
FROM ITS SOURCE TO
THE FIELDS USING
STRUCTURES LIKE
CANALS, DITCHES,
AND PIPELINES
TYPES OF CONVEYANCE
Open-Channel Systems
Closed-Conduit Systems (Pipelines)
1. OPEN CHANNEL SYSTEM
Canals
Ditches
Aqueducts
Flumes
2. CLOSED CONDUIT SYSTEM
(PIPELINE)
Pipelines
Tunnels
DISTRIBUTION
Conveys water from its source,
such as a reservoir or well,
through a network of canals,
pipes, or channels to reach the
fields where it is applied to crops.
COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Water Source: Where the water originates, such as a well, reservoir, or
river.
Conduits: These are the pipes, canals, or ditches that carry the water.
Main Canals: Large canals that transport water from the source to an
area.
Branch Canals: Smaller canals that divert water from the main canals.
Distributary Canals: Further subdivisions of canals that supply water
to areas.
Delivery Structures: Devices like
distribution trays or chambers that help to
divide and direct water to individual
farmers or plots of land.
Control Mechanisms: Structures such
as check gates and valves that regulate
the flow and distribution of water.
APPLICATION
An "irrigation application" refers to the specific method or system
used to deliver water to land for agriculture and other purposes
APPLICATION
An "irrigation application" refers to the
specific method or system used to deliver
water to land for agriculture and other
purposes
Types of Irrigation Applications
Surface Irrigation:
Water is applied by gravity to the soil surface, often through furrows or
basins on the field. This method is common but can be less efficient due to
water loss from evaporation and runoff.
Sprinkler Irrigation:
Water is sprayed through the air in a pattern resembling natural
rain. Sprinklers are suitable for many soil types and crops but are not ideal
for rice or jute.
Micro-Irrigation (Drip/Microsprinkler):
Water is delivered in drops or small streams directly to the crop's root zone
through tubes and emitters. Drip irrigation can achieve high application
efficiencies and is good for conserving water.
Modern Applications and Technology
Pressurized Systems:
Sprinkler and drip irrigation are pressurized systems that offer higher
water efficiency compared to gravity-fed systems.
Automated Systems:
Modern irrigation systems can be automated using controllers, pumps
, and filters to ensure uniform water distribution.
Smart Agriculture Applications:
Digital applications and APIs are used to monitor soil moisture,
predict water needs, and send alerts for irrigation scheduling. These
applications help farmers make informed decisions and reduce water
use.
Thank you….
Crop water
requirement
