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Seia2e - 1103 Chapter 11. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

MATH BIOLOGY LOGARITHMS

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Thalia Sanders
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13K views

Seia2e - 1103 Chapter 11. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

MATH BIOLOGY LOGARITHMS

Uploaded by

Thalia Sanders
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 11 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Section 3 Logarithmic Functions

Section 11.3 Objectives


1 Change Exponential Expressions to Logarithmic Expressions 2 Change Logarithmic Expressions to Exponential Expressions 3 Evaluate Logarithmic Functions 4 Determine the Domain of a Logarithmic Function 5 Graph Logarithmic Functions 6 Work with Natural and Common Logarithms 7 Solve Logarithmic Equations 8 Study Logarithmic Models That Describe Our World
Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

11.3 - 2

Logarithms
The logarithmic function to the base a, where a > 0 and a 0, is denoted by y = logax (read as y is the logarithm to the base a of x) and is defined by y = logax is equivalent to x = ay Exponent = y y = logax Base = a x = ay

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

11.3 - 3

Exponential Equations into Log Form


Example: Write the following exponential equations in logarithmic form. Exponential Form 23 = 8
6 2 = 1 36

Logarithmic Form log28 = 3


log 6 1 = 2 36

50 = 1

log51 = 0
log1 2 1 = 4 16

( )
1 2

= 1 16

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

11.3 - 4

Log Equations into Exponential Form


Example: Write the following logarithmic equations in exponential form. Logarithmic Form log232= 5
log 4 1 = 3 64

Exponential Form 25 = 32
4 3 = 1 64

log1010= 1
log1 3 1 = 2 9

101 = 10

()
1 3

=1 9

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

11.3 - 5

Solving Logarithmic Equations


Example: Solve the following logarithmic equation:
a) logx 81 = 4 a) logx 81 = 4 x4 = 81 x4 = 34 x=3 b) log10 x = 2 10 2 = x 1 x= 100
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

b) log10 x = 2

Convert into an equivalent exponential equation. Solve the exponential equation.

Convert into an equivalent exponential equation. Simplify.


Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra 11.3 - 6

Evaluating Logarithmic Functions


To find the exact value of a logarithm, we write the logarithm in exponential notation and use the fact that if au = av, u = v. Example: Find the exact value of log381. y = log381 3y = 81 3y = 34 y=4 Let y = log381. Write the logarithm as an exponent. 81 = 34 Set the exponents equal to each other.

Therefore, log381= 4.
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra 11.3 - 7

Evaluating Logarithmic Functions


Example: Find the value f(125) given that f(x) = log5x. y = log5125 5y = 125 5y = 53 y=3 Let y = log5125. Write the logarithm as an exponent. 125 = 53 Set the exponents equal to each other.

Therefore, f(125) = 3

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

11.3 - 8

Domain and Range


Domain and Range of the Logarithmic Function Domain of the logarithmic function = (0, ) Range of the logarithmic function = ( , ) Example: Find the domain of f(x) = log3(x 2). The domain is the set of all real numbers such that x 2 > 0. x2>0 x>2 The domain of f is {x| x > 2} or (2, ).
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra 11.3 - 9

Graphing a Logarithmic Function


Example: Graph y = log2 x. The exponential form of the function is x = 2y
x
1 4 1 2

y = 2x

y 2 1 0 1 2 2

y = log2 x x
2

1 2 4

y = log2 x is the inverse function of y = 2x.


Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra 11.3 - 10

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Properties of Logarithmic Functions


Properties of the Graph of a Logarithmic Function f(x) = logax, a > 1 1. The domain is the set of all positive real numbers. The range is the set of all real numbers. 2. There is no y-intercept; the x-intercept is 1.
1 3. The graph of f contains the points a ,1 ,

(1,0), and (a,1).

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

11.3 - 11

Properties of Logarithmic Functions


Properties of the Graph of a Logarithmic Function f(x) = logax, 0 < a < 1 1. The domain is the set of all positive real numbers. The range is the set of all real numbers. 2. There is no y-intercept; the x-intercept is 1.
1 3. The graph of f contains the points a ,1 ,

(1,0), and (a,1).

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

11.3 - 12

The Natural and Common Logarithm


If the base on a logarithmic function is the number e, we have the natural logarithm function. This function is denoted by the symbol, ln. The natural logarithm: y = ln x if and only if x = ey. If the base on a logarithmic function is the number 10, we have the common logarithm function. If the base a of the logarithmic function is not indicated, it is understood to be 10. The common logarithm: y = log x if and only if x = 10y.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

11.3 - 13

The Natural and Common Logarithm


Example: Using a calculator, evaluate each of the following: a) log 962 962 log 2.98318
Press this key on the calculator.

b) log 73.2 73.2 log 1.86451


Some calculators require the log button to be entered first.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

11.3 - 14

Solving Logarithmic Equations


Example: Solve the following logarithmic equation: log (2x + 3) = 1 log (2x + 3) = 1 101 = 2x + 3 7 = 2x Write as an exponential equation. Subtract 3 from both sides. Divide each side by 2.

7 x= 2
7 Check: log 2 + 3 = 1 2 log ( + 3)= 1 7
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

log10 = 1
Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra 11.3 - 15

Application of Logarithm: Loudness


The loudness L, measured in decibels, of a sound of intensity x, measured in watts per square meter, is
L (x)= 10 log x 1012

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

11.3 - 16

Solving Logarithmic Equations


Example: Normal conversation has an intensity level of 1012 watt per square meter. How many decibels is normal conversation? L 106

( )

106 = 10 log 12 10 6 (12 ) = 10 log10 6 = 10 log10 = 10 6 = 60 decibels

()

The loudness of normal conversation is 60 decibels.


Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sullivan, III & Struve, Elementary and Intermediate Algebra 11.3 - 17

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