UNIT -1
Introduction to UNIX
Introduction to UNIX
•Introduction
•Architecture of UNIX
•Features of UNIX
•Introduction to UNIX File System
•vi editor
•File handling utilities
•Security by file permissions
•Basic UNIX commands
What is an Operating System??
What is an Operating System??
• The operating system (OS) is the program which starts up
when you turn on your computer and runs underneath all
other programs - without it nothing would happen at all.
• In simple terms, an operating system is a manager. It
manages all the available resources on a computer, from the
CPU, to memory, to hard disk accesses.
• Tasks the operating system must perform:
– Control Hardware - The operating system controls all the parts of the
computer and attempts to get everything working together.
– Run Applications - Another job the OS does is run application
software. This would include word processors, web browsers, games,
etc...
– Manage Data and Files - The OS makes it easy for you to organize your
computer. Through the OS you are able to do a number of things to
data, including copy, move, delete, and rename it. This makes it much
easier to find and organize what you have.
History of UNIX
• The UNIX operating system was born in the late 1960s. It
originally began as a one man project led by Ken Thompson of
Bell Labs, and has since grown to become the most widely
used operating system.
• In the time since UNIX was first developed, it has gone
through many different generations and even mutations.
– Some differ substantially from the original version, like Berkeley
Software Distribution (BSD) or Linux.
– Others, still contain major portions that are based on the original
source code.
• Linux is based on the UNIX operating system.
Flavors of UNIX
Architecture of UNIX
Architecture of
The diagram shows the layered structure of UNIX:
UNIX
1.Hardware (Innermost layer)
•The physical resources of the computer (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2.Kernel (Core of UNIX)
•Directly interacts with hardware.
•Manages CPU scheduling, memory management, file system, and device
control.
3.Shell (Command Interpreter)
•Acts as a bridge between the user and the kernel.
•Translates user commands into instructions for the kernel.
•Examples: sh, bash, csh.
4.Utilities/Commands (Middle layer)
•Provide functionality for daily tasks.
•Examples shown in diagram:
•ls, cp, grep, tar, sed, who.
•These interact through the shell to access kernel services.
5.Application Programs (Outer layer)
•User-level applications such as:
•mail, DBMS, Browser, Spreadsheet.
•Built using shell commands and utilities.
6.User (Topmost layer)
•Users interact with UNIX through applications or directly via the shell.
Features of UNIX
•Multiuser System
•Multitasking
•Building-Block Approach
•UNIX Toolkit
•Pattern Matching
•Programming Facility
•Documentation
•Portable
•Command-line Interface
•File System
•Networking
•Security
•Open Source
•Scalability
Basic Commands
UNIX Commands
cal command:
• cal command is a calendar command which is
used to see the calendar of a specific month
or a whole year.
• By default, entering cal in the terminal shows
the calendar of the current month, with
today's date highlighted. This provides a quick
overview of the month at hand.
UNIX Commands
cal command:
Syntax:
cal [ [ month ] year]
The rectangular bracket means it is
optional, so if used without an option,
it will display a calendar of the current
month and year.
UNIX Commands
UNIX Commands
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-unix/cal-command-in-linux-with-examples/
UNIX Commands
date command:
• The date command allows the user to display
the current date and time in a variety of
formats
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-unix/date-command-linux-examples/
UNIX Commands
date command:
UNIX Commands
UNIX Commands
https://www.linuxteck.com/basic-ls-command-
in-linux-with-examples/
UNIX Commands
UNIX Commands
UNIX Commands
Script :
The 'script' command in Linux is a versatile tool
that allows you to record all terminal activities,
including inputs and outputs, making it a
valuable resource for developers, system
administrators, educators, and anyone who
needs to document terminal sessions.
This command captures everything displayed on
your screen during the session, saving it in a file
called a typescript.
By default, if no filename is specified, the output
is saved to a file named 'typescript'.
The 'script' command is especially useful for
logging command outputs, capturing installation
UNIX Commands
UNIX Commands
UNIX Commands
uname :
• The term "uname" stands for "Unix Name," and the
command itself is designed to provide you with key
details about the Linux system.
• It's like asking your computer, "Hey, who are you, and
what are you made of?"
• The answers you get can help you understand your
system's kernel version, operating system, hardware
architecture, and more.
• This command 'uname' displays the information about
the system.
UNIX Commands
uname :
UNIX Commands
uname :
UNIX Commands
uname :
UNIX Commands
UNIX Commands
Who:
The who command displays the following information for each
user currently logged in to the system if no option is provided :
•Login name of the users
•Terminal line numbers
•Login time of the users into the system
•The remote host name of the user
UNIX Commands
UNIX Commands
