AVR Architecture
Von Neumann
Harvard
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QN
What is the difference between these two architecture?
Which architecture is effective?
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Von Neumann Machine
How many registers found in von Neumann machine?
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Register Organization
AC
MQ
MBR
IR
IBR
PC and MAR
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How von Neumann machine works?
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How IBR increase computational time?
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When Fetching cycle is completed?
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Von Neumann block diagram of AVR
MC
Memory
Program/Instruction
Bus
Data
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Von Neumann AVR
Single R/W memory
Single bus
One clock cycle
No complicated circuit
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Harvard Architecture block diagram
Instruction/ Program
MC
Data
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Harvard AVR
Different memory for data and Instruction or program
Different bus
Two clock cycle
Complicated circuit
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Which model is suitable?
It depends on the problem domain
If there are numbers of embedded system so Harvard
is better
For only finger print reader Von Neumann is
suitable
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AVR Microcontroller Architecture
I/O Status Register
……..
Program
memory
PC
or Register file
ALU
Flash memory
32KB
Data
Memory
Instruction
register
Instruction
Decoder
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Which type is it?
How do we know?
How it works?
What will be the incrementing size
of PC?
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Execution cycles of AVR Microcontroller
Instruction Fetching Cycle (IF)
Execution Cycle
Similar with IAS or Von Neumann machine/8086MP
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Instruction Fetching Cycle (IF)
Program counter
Program
Memory
Read Update
Instruction Register
Instruction Decoder
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Execution Cycle
Write Write
ALU
Register File Memory
Process Write
Register operand fetch (ROF)
ALU execution
Result write back (RWB)
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Addressing Modes
What is addressing mode ?
A mechanism by which the microcontroller get an operand
Immediate Mode
Register Mode
Register Mode
Data Direct Mode
Data Indirect Mode
Data indirect with displacement
Read about data indirect pre increment and decrement
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Immediate Addressing Mode
LDI Dest, Src
Dest = Register from R16 to R31
Src=K= immediate
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Register Mode
15 0
f1 Register File
OP
In MP MUL BX but in AVR INC R20
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Data Direct Mode
31 16
Inst Memory
Data Memory
15 0
OP
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Data Indirect Mode
15 0
Inst Register Memory
@ OP
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Data indirect with displacement
15 0
f2 f1 DMEM
Register File
OP
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Research points
Embedded system for Amharic OCR
Designing Scale and position invariant figure print Embedded system
Enhancing humanoid robot embedded system using KNN for……
Environmental Monitoring
Enhancing embedded vision system using image processing for color detection,
An Automatic Recognition of Fake Birr Note Using Raspberry Pi and ML
Embedding machine learning to embedded system for <agriculture>, <health> <IOT>
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Chapter 3
Instruction Set
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What is instruction sets
A binary pattern
Memory Reference instruction
Register Reference Instruction
I/O (SFR) Reference instruction
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QN
How we can differentiate the given instruction?
Suppose that 1110111000101101
What type of instruction is it ?
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Memory Reference Instruction
15 14 12 11 0
I OPCODE Memory Address
OPCODE= 000-110
I= Addressing mode
If I=0 Direct
If I=1 Indirect
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Register Reference Instruction
15 14 12 11 0
0 OPCODE (111) Register operation
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I/O (SFR) Reference Instruction
15 14 12 11 0
1 OPCODE (111) I/O Operation
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AVR instruction sets
Data transfer instruction
LDI, LDS, MOV…
Arithmetic instruction
ADD, SUB, MUL, INC, DEC….
IN and OUT
Bit and Bit test (Reading Assignment)
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LDI (LOAD IMMIDIATE)
Format
LDI Rd,K
Note that K is 8 bit
0-255 (decimal)
00-FF(Hex) and Rd should be R16 to R31
LDI R20, 0X25, Load the immediate value 25 in hex to R20
We cannot load values into registers R0 to R15 using LDI
LDI R5,0X79 (Invalid)
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LDI (LOAD IMMIDIATE)
How it Works
Program PC
memory Register file
ALU
32KB
Instruction
register
LDS (Load Instruction from data space)
It loads one byte from an address of data memory to the GPR
After execution both data memory and GPR consists of same value
Format
LDS Rd,K
K should be an address between 0x0000 to 0xFFFF
An immediate value cannot be stored directly to SRAM. But we can
use GPR
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LDS (Load Instruction from data space)
How it works
Program PC
memory Register file
ALU
32KB Data
Memory
Instruction
register
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ADD
or
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ADD
How it works
I/O Status Register
Program
memory Register file
ALU
32KB Data
Memory
Instruction
register
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INC
Single operand instruction
Format
INC Rd ; 0<=Rd<=31
Example
INC R20; R20=R20+1
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IN (Input from I/O location)
Load one byte from I/O to GPR
Format
IN Rd, K
K should be port of I/O
Example
IN R20, 0x16; copy the contents of I/O location 16 in hex to R20
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How it works
I/O
Program
memory Register file
ALU
32KB
Instruction
register
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OUT (Output to I/O location)
To store GPR values to I/O
Format
OUT A, Rd; A is I/O port
Example
OUT 0x16, R20
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Chapter 4
PIN CONFIGURTION
Reading assignment
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Pinout Description of AVR Microcontroller
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Chapter 5
Branch, Call and Delay loop
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CALL and LOOP in 8086 MP
DOS FUNCTION CALLS (INT 21H)
DOS function calls preserve the contents of all the registers except the
AH register and any other register or registers in which they explicitly
return data.
Call the above function found in AH Register
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TERMINATE PROGRAM (INT 21H or 4CH)
Assembly Language C Language Meaning
mov AH , 4Ch exit(0) Program terminates normally
int 21h or int 20
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CHARACTER INPUT
The Codes The Result
mov AH, 01h The program is waiting for the input. Once a
int 21h user presses a key, the ASCII Code of the
input character is returned in the AL register
and the input character is displayed as well.
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CHARACTER OUTPUT
The Initial requirement The result
AH = 02h The character stored in DL will be
displayed.
DL = Character or ASCII Code
LOOP
Execute the given statement until CX=0
COMPARE (CMP)
Destination –sources and check the final result
No where stored the final result only checking the sign flag
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EXAMPLE
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AVR branches
BREQ - Branch if Equal
Tests the Zero flag (Z) and branches relatively to PC if Z is set to 1. If the instruction
is executed immediately after any of the instructions CP (Compare)
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BRNE - Branch if Not Equal
Tests the Zero flag (Z) and branches relatively to PC if Z is cleared. If the
instruction is executed immediately after any of the instructions cp.
Read chapter 3 of Mohammed Ali AVR microcontroller Book
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Laboratory session
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Basics of Arduino UNO
Is a microcontroller (open source hardware) for prototyping)
It uses a simplified version of c++ language
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Major components of Arduino UNO
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Microcontroller
It is the brain of the Arduino
Consists of 28 pins
It uses Atmega 328P (microcontroller produced by Atmel
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Atmega 328P Microcontroller
Has the following components
Flash Memory
RAM
CPU
EEPROM
Atmega328P
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Working with ultrasonic sensor
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How Does it Work?
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Materials
HC-SR04 ULTRA SONIC SENSOR
JUMPER WIRES
ARDUINO UNO
ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE
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Working with ultrasonic sensor and LED light
HC-SR04 ULTRA SONIC SENSOR
ARDUINO UNO
JUMPER WIRES
ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE
LED LIGHT FOR NOTIFICATION
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Seven segment display
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Hardware Required
•1 x seven segment display (common cathode)
•1 x Arduino
•1 x breadboard
•Regulators
•jumper wires
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Abrham Debasu (Assistant Professor)
