Functional Programming Languages
Function
definition are written as a function name, followed by a list of parameters in parentheses, followed by the mapping expression.
Cube (x) = x * x * x ,x is real number Ex: cube(2.0) yields the value 8.0.
Lambda
Notation is used for defining nameless functions.
(x) x * x * x Ex: ( (x) x * x * x) (2) yields the value 8.
= g where is function composition.
Ex: f(x) = x + 2, g(x) = 3 * x Then b is defined as b(x) = f(g(x)), or b(x) = (3 * x) + 2
Apply
to all
Let b(x) = x * x Then (b, (2,3,4)) yields (4,9,16)
Construction
[f, g ]
f(x) = x * x * x, g(x) = x + 3 [ f, g ](4) yields ( 64, 7)
Primitive numeric functions
Basic arithmetic operations +, -, * and /
Examples Expression 42 (* 3 7) (+ 5 7 8) (- 5 6) (- 15 7 2) (- 24 (* 4 3))
Value 42 21 20 -1 6 12
SQRT returns the square root of its numeric parameter.
DEFINE
is used to bind a name to a value
Ex: (DEFINE pi 3.14159) (DEFINE two_pi (* 2 pi))
Or
to bind a name to lambda expression
Ex: (DEFINE (square number) (* number number)) (square 5) displays 25
Output
Functions
(DISPLAY expr) (NEWLINE)
Numeric
predicate functions
Return a Boolean value (true #t or false #f ()) =, <>, >, <, >=, <=, EVEN?, ODD?, ZERO?
Ex:
Factorial function f(n) = 1 if n=0 n* f(n-1) if n>0 Two way selector, If (only 1 predicate is true)
It has three parameters (predicate expr, then_expr, else_expr) Ex: (DEFINE (factorial n) (If (= n 0) 1 (* n (factorial (- n 1))) ))
(DEFINE
( compare x y) (COND ((> x y) (DISPLAY x is greater than y)) ((< x y) (DISPLAY y is greater than x)) (ELSE (DISPLAY x and y are equal)) )
QUOTE
takes one parameter, returns it without evaluation.
(QUOTE A) return A (QUOTE (A B C)) returns A B C = (A B C)
There
are two primitive list selectors:
CAR returns the first element of a given list. CDR returns the remainder of a given list after CAR is removed.
Examples
on CAR
(CAR (A B C)) returns A (CAR ((A B) C D)) returns (A B) (CAR A) is an error because A is not a list (CAR ()) is an error (CAR (A)) returns A
Examples
on CDR
(CDR (A B C)) returns (B C) (CDR ((A B) C D)) returns (C D) (CDR A) is an error because A is not a list (CDR (A)) returns () empty list
(DEFINE
(second lst) (CAR (CDR lst))
(second (A B C))
returns B
CONS builds a list from its two arguments It inserts the first parameter as a new CAR of its second parameter Examples on CONS
(CONS A ()) returns (A) (CONS A (B C)) returns (A B C) (CONS () (A B)) returns (() A B) (CONS (A B) (C D)) returns ((A B) C D) (CONS A B) returns (A . B)
LIST
is a function that constructs a list from a variable number of parameters
(LIST apple orange grapes) Returns (apple orange grapes)
EQ?
takes two parameters, returns #t if both are the same, otherwise () Examples:
(EQ? A A) returns #t (EQ? A B) returns () (EQ? A (AB)) returns () (EQ? (A B) (A B))returns #t
LIST?
Returns #t if its argument is a list and () otherwise Examples:
(LIST? (X Y)) returns #t (LIST? X) returns () (LIST? ()) returns #t
NULL?
tests its parameter to determine whether it is empty list? Examples:
(NULL? (A B)) returns () (NULL? ()) returns #t (NULL? A) returns () (NULL? ( () )) returns () list containing an empty list
Member
takes an atom and a simple list, returns #t if the atom is in list.
(member B (A B C)) returns #t (member B (A C D E)) returns ()
LET
it allows names to be temporarily bound to the values of sub expressions
(alpha 7)) (* 5 alpha))
(LET(
yields 35
Same
as ((LAMBDA (alpha) (* 5 alpha)) 7)
1) Functional Composition
(CDR (CDR (A B C))) -> (CDR (B C)) returns (C) (CAR (CAR ((A B) B C))) -> (CAR (A B)) returns A (CDR (CAR ((A B C) D))) -> (CDR (A B C)) returns (B C) (NULL? (CAR (() B C))) -> (NULL? ()) returns #t (CONS (CAR (A B)) (CDR ( A B))) -> (CONS (A (B))) returns (A B)
2) An apply to all functional form mapcar has two parameters (function, list) It applies the given function to each element of the given list, and it returns a list of the results. Ex: (mapcar (LAMBDA (num) (* num num num)) (3 4 2 6)) Returns (27 64 8 216)
SET!
Binds or rebinds a value to a name.
Replaces the CAR of the list. Replaces the CDR part of a list.
SET_CAR! SET_CDR! Ex:
(SET_CAR! A (X Y Z)) returns (A Y Z) (SET_CDR! (A) (X Y Z)) returns (X (A))
