Welcome to Psychology 101 Introductory Psychology

Instructor: Evette Samaan Book: Myers, David G. (2002). Exploring Psychology, 5th Edition. E-mail: [email protected]
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History of Psychology
Psychology is a fairly new science. Until the 19th century it was not recognized as a separate field of study. The birth of psychology as a formal science can be traced back to 1879. It was founded by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany. The use of introspection
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Defining Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organisms physical state, mental state, and external environment.

Specialties in Psychology
Experimental Psychology Clinical Psychology Educational Psychology Developmental Psychology Industrial Psychology Psychometric Psychology Social Psychology
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Defining Personality
Personality is a distinctive and stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual over time. This pattern reflects a particular constellation of traits and characteristics that describe the person across many situations: shy, friendly, hostile, or brave.
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Measuring Personality
Projective Tests
Objective Tests

Psychological Testing
Objective Tests
Also called Inventories Measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of which the individual is aware Have more reliability and validity

Projective Tests
Designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives

1- Objective Tests Inventories

The Beck Depression Scale Inventory The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) The Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory

2- Projective Tests
A psychodynamic measure of personality They attempt to measure unconscious motives, feelings and conflicts. Example: Rorschach Inkblot Test the client reports what he sees in the inkblots and the clinician interprets the answers according to the symbolic meaning emphasized by the psychodynamic theories.
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The Rorschach Projective Test

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Theories of Personality
1- The Trait Perspective 2- The Psychodynamic Perspective 3- The Social-Cognitive Learning Theory 4- The Biological Theory 5- The Humanist and Existential Theories
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1- Trait Perspective Gordon Allport (1897-1977) 1- Cardinal Traits

Are of overwhelming importance to the individual and influence almost everything the person does. Example: nonviolence Gandhi and Martin Luther King
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2- Central Traits
Reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations. Example: the persons attitude towards the world (negative or positive)

3- Secondary Traits
They include habits, opinions, and preferences for colors or food, for example. 16

The Big Five

Introversion vs. Extroversion Neuroticism or Emotional Instability Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to Experience
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 Which of the five robust factors enhance the persons well-being?

Which of them inhibit the persons wellbeing?

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2-The Psychodynamic Theories

(You Are What You Were)

Freud Psychoanalysis
a- The Structure of Personality
b- Psychosexual Stages c- Defense Mechanisms
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Freud, Psychoanalysis

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Structure of Personality
Id:
Pleasure principle Life & death instincts Immediate gratification

Ego
Reality Principle

Superego
Ego Ideal: moral and social standards Conscience: the inner voice
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Structure of Personality

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Psychosexual Stages
1- Oral Stage (0-2) 2- Anal Stage (2-3) 3- The Phallic Stage (3-6) 4- The Latency Stage (6-12) 5- The Genital Stage (12-18)
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Examine the life of a rapist in light of Freuds Psychosexual stages and structure of personality.
What happened during each stage? Was he fixated at any stage? What principle does he operate by? What structure of personality is dominant? What is his famous sentence? Describe him in one word. Is there a balance between the function of the id and the superego? Why?
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Defense Mechanisms
1- Repression 2- Projection 3- Displacement 4- Regression 5- Denial 6- Sublimation 7- Reaction Formation

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 Describe the condition this person is in, in terms of:

Defense mechanisms The condition he/she is in Whether he/she is liberated Whether he/she has a clear understanding of the concept of salvation and the new birth in Christ

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I Like It Here
They told me on the other side Of the raging River of Change, There is nowhere to hide. But it sounds a bit strange, Here my feelings are inside, My heart has a guarded gate, whats in cant go outside, And no one can investigate.
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They told me on the other side Everything will seem clear, turning on the light inside Will make the dark disappear. But it is a long , long ride, No, thank you my dear, I need a place to hide. So, since I like it here, Its here where Ill reside.
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Change, I truly dont know, Why would I go to neverland Just that I may grow? Here I know where I stand, I know how things will go. Why must I leave my land Drop my act for a new show? Change is not drawing near, Cause I certainly like it here.
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Erik Erikson (1909-1994) Psychosocial Stages

1- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 ) 2- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 -3) 3- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) 4- Competence vs. Inferiority (6-12) 5- Identity vs. role confusion (12-18) 6- Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood) 7- Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood) 8- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (older adulthood)
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Freud
Psychosexual stages 5 stages of development Sexual motivation
If issues arent resolved, fixation occurs End: sexually mature adult (adolescence)

Erikson
Psychosocial stages 8 developmental stages Psychological and social motivation At each stage there is a crisis that must be resolved Development is an ongoing process
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 What happened to these people? In which stage did the crisis occur? Someone who is insecure Someone with low self-esteem Someone with an inferiority complex Someone whos shy Someone who is insecure about his sexual orientation Someone who has difficulty establishing healthy relationships Someone with a midlife crisis Someone whos terrified of death
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3- The Social-Cognitive School

(You Are What You Think & Observe)

1- Locus of Control
Julian Rotter

2- Self-efficacy
Albert Bandura

3- Latent Learning
Edward Tolman
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The Social-Cognitive School Three Principles

Learning Cognition Social Behavior
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Reciprocal Determinism
Personal-cognitive factors interact with the environment to influence peoples behavior.

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Julian Rotter Locus of Control

Internal (Internals)
Tend to believe they are responsible for what happens to them

External (Externals)
Tend to believe that they are victims of luck, fate, or others

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Choose Your Locus of Control

1- a. Many of the unhappy situations are partly due to bad luck. b. Peoples misfortunes result from mistakes they make.
2- a. Becoming a success is a matter of hard work; luck has little or nothing to do with it. b. Getting a job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time.
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Reciprocal Determinism in Locus of Control

Expectations What happens

Affect
What happens (environment & behavior)

Affect

Expectations
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Albert Bandura

Self-efficacy Is Derived from: Experiences in mastering new skills Vicarious experiences provided by successful people Encouragement and persuasion Physiological and emotional state
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Self-efficacy

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Reciprocal Determinism in Self-efficacy

Belief in your abilities Affects
What happens to you (Behavior & environment)

What happens to you Affects

Your belief in your abilities
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Social-Cognitive School
Julian Rotter A. Bandura (1966, 82, 90) (1994, 1995)
External/Internal Self-efficacy Locus of control Generalized Ex- Observation pectancies Imitation Reciprocal Determinism Reciprocal Determinism

E. Tolman (1938)
Latent Learning Cognitive Map

Insight
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 Which comes first, the biology or the belief?

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Biology
Genesists
You will be disposed to seek out situations that let you express your biologically influenced trait. You are an active person then you play sports

Belief
Social Cognitive Theory
You will seek situations in which you believe you can behave a certain way.

You believe youre good in sports then you play sports

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3- The Biological Perspective

(You Are What Youre Born) 1- Ethology

2- Developmental Neuroscience

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Ethological Theories Konrad Lorenz

Behavior is influenced by biology. Imprinting is the rapid, innate learning within a limited period of time that involves attachment to the first moving object. Critical period is a very early period in development in which certain behaviors optimally occur.
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Developmental Neuroscience
The study of the development of brain structures and the relations between brain structures and functions and behavior

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5- The Humanist & Existentialist Theories

Abraham Maslow (19081970)
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Rollo May (1909-1994)
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Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs
1- Safety & Physiological Needs 2- Emotional & Psychological Needs 3- Self-acctualization

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Carl Rogers
Congruence
Relationship between self and organism

Unconditional Positive Regard Self-fulfillment

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Congruence
Self = Organism Self Organism
Your conscious view of Sum of all of your yourself experiences The way you want to be Who we really are based on peer, Others and the parental, and societal environment give us pressures feedback on who we really are
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Existentialism
Rollo May Difficult and Tragic Aspects of the Human Condition Freedom of Choice Absence of any obvious meaning or sense to life
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Which Approach is Right?

Consider the behavior of an alcoholic person.
What led to this lifestyle? What are the factors to be considered? Biological cultural Social/family cognitive Emotions personality
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Song The Greatest Love of All

I believe the children are our future; Teach them well and let them lead the way. Show them all the beauty they possess inside. Give them a sense of pride to make it easier; Let the childrens laughter remind us how we used to be.
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Everybody is looking for a hero; People need someone to look up to.

I never found anyone who fulfilled my needs; A lonely place to be

And so I learned to depend on me.

I decided long ago

Never to walk in anyones shadow.

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If I fail, if I succeed, At least I lived as I believe. No matter what they take from me, They cant take away my dignity; Because the greatest love of all is happening to me. I found the greatest love of all
inside of me. The greatest love of all is easy to achieve. Learning to love yourself Is the greatest love of all.

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What theory does the song represent?

Is she self-actualized? Did she have unconditional positive regard? Where her psychological needs met? What did she do with her free will? What is her locus of control? Describe her self-efficacy now. Is she on her way to self-actualization, or she is stuck somewhere in the hierarchy of needs?
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Who or Which Theory would most likely State the Following Statements
Choose from the following: Freud, Wilhelm Wundt, Psychodynamic psychologist, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Bandura, Rotter, Lorenz, existentialism, humanism, ecological, Erikson, Skinner, Pavlov, social-learning, Thorndike
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1- My theory emphasizes the unconscious dynamics within the individual. 2- I reject that behavior is determined by unconscious dynamics or the environment. 3- I say that people have freedom of choice, but this freedom entails anxiety. 4- I believe that people can reach their full potential when treated with unconditional positive regard. 5- I would like to call my psychology the third force. 6- My psychology compares the human brain to a computer. 7- I believe that fully functioning people show congruence or harmony between self and organism. 8- According to me, sexuality is very important in development. 9- I believe that people develop over the life span in 8 stages
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10-I talk about the hierarchy of needs. 11-I talk about imprinting. 12-People learn by observation and insight. 13-I talk about the locus of control. 14-I talk about the reciprocal determinism in selfefficacy. 15-I believe that the structure of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. 16-There are 4 levels of the environment: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. 17-The study of the relations between brain structures and functions and behavior. 18-I established the first psychological lab.
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19-I talk about the law of effect. 20-I coined the expression classical conditioning. 21-I coined the expression operant conditioning. 22-Learning occurs in the environment in which stimuli elicit responses. 23-I experimented with dogs to measure the amount of saliva they produced when listening to the sound of a bell. 24-I talk about 4 stages of cognitive development. 25-Children acquire knowledge in a quantitative as well as qualitative manner.
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