CCNA
Cisco Certified Network Associate 640-802
OSI 7 layer
Hesham ahmed shehab
OSI Open System Interconnection We want the system to be standard to can any one use it ISO International Standard Organization Make standarization to main task for operation ( IEEE)
OSI Model Overview
Hesham ahmed shehab
Application Application (Upper) Layers Presentation Session Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Physical
3
Data Flow Layers
7- Application Layer
Hesham ahmed shehab
HTTP : Browsing protocol FTP : File Transfer Protocol TFTP : Trivial FTP Telnet : Remote access protocol SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer protocol SNMP : Simple Network Management Protocol
6- presentation layer
Hesham ahmed shehab
Format of data Compression & decompression of data Encoding & decoding of data
Such ac ASCII code ( 8bit) , EBCDIC code (5bit)
5- session layer
Set a logical connection ( session) between different application Specifies communication mode ( simple - Half duplex full duplex )
4- Transport layer
Flow control Error recovery
Flow control
Pc1
Buffering Congestion avoidence
Pc2
stop
Go on
Windowing
Sender Receiver
Windowing
Sender
Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3
Receiver
Windowing
Sender
Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3
Receiver
ACK 3 Window size = 2
Packet 3 is Dropped
Windowing
Sender
Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3
Receiver
ACK 3 Window size = 2
Packet 3 is Dropped
Window size = 3 Send 3 Window size = 3 Send 4
Windowing
Sender
Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3
Receiver
Packet 3 is ACK 3 Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3 Send 3 Window size = 3 Send 4 ACK 5 Window size = 2
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Port Dest. Port Sequence # Acknowledgement #
I just sent #10.
Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 1028 23 10 1
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Port Dest. Port Sequence # Acknowledgement #
I just sent #10.
I just got #10, now I need #11.
Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 1028 23 10 1
Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 23 1028 1 11
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Port Dest. Port Sequence # Acknowledgement #
I just sent #11.
I just got #10, now I need #11.
Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 1028 23 10 1
Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 23 1028 1 11 Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 1028 23 11 2
TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers
Source Port Dest. Port Sequence # Acknowledgement #
I just sent #11.
I just got #11, now I need #12
Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 1028 23 10 1
Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 23 1028 1 11 Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 1028 23 11 2 Source Dest. Seq. Ack. 23 1028 2 12
Type of protocol at transport layer
TCP (connection oriented protocol)
It must establish session before transmit the data , make recovery&control UDP connectionless protocol no session,no recovery&no control
3-Network layer
1-routing
2-IP addressing
2- Data link
1- Arbitration : find the best time to send the data ( CSMA/CD & taken)
Error detection 1- parity check : but very week 2-CRC : Depend on mathematical equation
Data link is divided into two sub layer
802.3 MAC sub layer ( Media Access control)
802.2 LLC sub layer ( Logical Link Control)
MAC address : hardware address
48 bit
24 bit ( vendor) 24 bit IEEE
LLC sub layer
TCP/IP SPX/IPX
Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3
10Base2Thin Ethernet 10Base5Thick Ethernet
Host Hub
10BaseTTwisted Pair
Hosts
Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Upper Layer Data TCP Header Upper Layer Data Session
PDU
Segment
Transport
IP Header
Data
Network
Packet
LLC Header
Data
FCS
Data Link
Frame
MAC Header
Data
FCS
0101110101001000010
Physical
Bits
De-encapsulating Data
Application Presentation Session
Upper Layer Data
Transport
Upper Layer Data
Network
TCP+ Upper Layer Data IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
Data Link
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
Physical
0101110101001000010
Network Device Domains
Hub Bridge Switch Router
Collision Domains: 1 4 Broadcast Domains: 1 1 4 1 4 4
Hubs Operate at Physical layer
Physical
ffff.ffff.ffff
All devices in the same collision domain All devices in the same broadcast domain Devices share the same bandwidth
Switches and Bridges Operate at Data Link Layer
Data Link
OR
Each segment has its own collision domain All segments are in the same broadcast domain
Router Operate at Network layer
255.255.255.255
Question
Broadcast ?? collision ??
Question
Broadcast ?? collision ??
Question
Broadcast ?? collision ??
Question
Broadcast ?? collision ??
Hubs: One Collision Domain
More end stations means more collisions
CSMA/CD is used
Switches
Switch
Memory
Each segment has its own collision domain Broadcasts are forwarded to all segments
