FIRE FIRE

W26A
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7/12/12

Why are fire protection systems required on a turbine engine

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Prevent engine from failing Prevent the fire from spreading Safety

Materials for engine cowlings of 7/12/12 aircraft engine

Aluminium outside and composite honeycomb structure on the inside. This are materials that are heat resistance and can contain a fire, preventing the widespread of fire to other parts of the aircraft

Continuous type fire detectors 7/12/12

There are 2 types which is thermistor and pneumatic. Pneumatic fire detection uses continuous loop for the detector but the loop is made up of stainless steel that contains elements which absorb gas when cold but releases it when heated. There are 2 configuration of thermistor type continuous loop: single and two conductor Single conductor: an electrical connection made to the conductor and grounded to the airframe. When the outside tubes gets hot enough to melt the salt, the resistance drops and allows the current to flow too ground and warning signal is initiated. Two conductor: 2 parallel wires are embedded in a thermistor material where the resistance decrease as temperature increase. One of the wire is grounded to the outer tube while the other terminates in a connector that is connected to a control unit.

Fenwal Continuous Sensing Element

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It is a slender Inconel with a nickel wire center Surrounded by a continuous string of beads. When temperature increases in an overheat condition at any point of the wire length, resistance of the eutactic salt within the sensing element drops sharply as it melts Causing current to flow between the outer sheath and the center wire. This current flow is sensed by the control unit, which produces a signal to actuate the output relay. Fenwal System automatically goes to Standby alert , ready to detect any subsequent fire or overheat condition.

Systron-Donner

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Pneumatic System

Continuous-length system

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Systron-Donner

The sensing element consists of a stainless steel tube containing two separate gases plus a gas absorption material in the form of wire inside the tube. Normally the tube is filled with helium gas under pressure.

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Systron- Donner

The titanium center wire, which is the gas absorption material, contains hydrogen gas. The wire is wrapped in a helical fashion with an inert metal tape for stabilization and protection. Gaps between the turns of tape allow for rapid release of the hydrogen gas from the wire when the temperature reaches the required level.

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Systron-Donner

The sensor acts in accordance with the law of gases

After the situation is corrected the titanium reabsorbs the hydrogen and the system returns to a stand-by mode.

If the volume is held constant, its pressure will increase as temperature increases. The helium gas in the tube exerts a pressure which closes the pneumatic switch and operates the warning system.

Single loop detection system 7/12/12

What is a single loop detection system?

- A single loop system has just 1 loop of element which loops through the system and goes back to the control unit.

7/12/12 Dual loop detection system

What is a dual loop detection system? - A dual loop system has 2 loop of element which loops through the system and goes back to the control unit.

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And/Or Logic

And logic:, all detectors needs to be activate in order for the alarm to sound

Or Logic: Activation of anyone of the detection device will sound the alarm

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And/Or logic

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Fire Extinguishing Agents

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Liquid Nitrogen

CO2 is heavier than air. When sprayed on a fire, it remains on the surface and excludes oxygen from the combustion process. This extinguishes the fire. Older aircrafts. More effective than CO2 but because it is a cryogenic liquid, it must be kept in a Dewar bottle.

7/12/12 Halogenated Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with atoms of one of the halogen elements such as fluorine, chlorine or bromine. In the combustion process, the molecules of the fuel combine with those of the oxygen in an orderly fashion, but if one of the halogen compounds is mixed with the oxygen, this orderly combination is interrupted or stopped and the fire is extinguished. Both are very effective as fire-extinguishing agents. They are: noncorrosive, evaporate rapidly, have a very low toxicity and require no clean up or neutralization.

Discharge cartridge tests

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Date of manufacture Insulation checking. Resistance of fuse elements. Extinguisher discharge heads should be tested, in addition it should be mounted on another fixture for additional safety.

High rate of discharge (HRD)

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The powerplant area is protected with two or more HRD bottles. Usually consist of compressed nitrogen for quick dispersal.

High rate of discharge (HRD)

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Extinguisher is contained in pressurized steel container. Bottle pressure gauge provided to indicate the readiness of system. Discharge valves ore having diaphragms, which are ruptured by electrical cartridge so extinguisher gushes out. Thermal fuse is installed in each bottle, which will melt and release the contents. If the bottle is discharged due to high temperature. "Red blow out disc (environmental issues) on the side of

7/12/12 Visual Inspections on fire protection system

Check for abrasion of the loop causes by the elements rubbing on the cowling, accessories, or structural members. No pieces of safety wire or metal particles which could short circuit to spot detector. Check rubber grommets in mounting clamps to indicate damage from oil or overheating and installed properly. Check for loose nuts or broken safety wire at end of sensing elements. For thermocouple sensor, ensure wires connected

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Various test

Fire & overheat system tests. (switches) e.g. lights, warning bell sounds Extinguisher tests. Cargo fire tests.

Weight of the extinguishing container below required value

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It is important that bottles of fire-extinguishing agent to be kept fully charged Had to check every time before take-off The weight,pressure and temperature are all linked.

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Pressure check

Because fire extinguishers are constantly in high pressure, there might be a point where the contents will leak out and there will be an insufficient pressure inside the container. The extinguishers need a certain pressure to operate, and if the pressure falls below the needed, the extinguishers might need a recharge.