Candida
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This document outlines a study to isolate and identify yeast from oral swabs of patients suspected of having oral thrush. The objectives are to isolate yeast from oral swabs and identify the isolated yeast. Oral thrush is caused most commonly by Candida albicans but can also be caused by other Candida species. Yeast will be isolated by culturing oral swabs on SDA plates and identified via microscopic examination and a germ tube test. The germ tube test helps identify C. albicans by detecting formation of germ tubes after incubating the yeast in serum at 37°C.
Candida
- 1. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF YEAST FROM ORAL SWAB OF ORAL THRUSH SUSPECTED PATIENTS PRESENTEDBY- SANJU SAH ST. XAVIER’S COLLEGE, MAITIGHAR, KATHMANDU DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
- 2. OBJECTIVES • To isolate the yeast from oral swab of oral thrush suspected patient. • To identify the isolated yeast.
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Oral thrush also known as oral candidiasis, is a yeast/fungi infection of the Candida that develops on the mucus membrane of the mouth. • It is most commonly caused by Candida albicans, but may also caused by Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis. • The risk group for oral thrush are those who have diabetes, anaemia or HIV ,who have an illness that cause dry mouth, who use chemotherapy, radiations or drugs to treat cancer.
- 4. Candida albicans • C. albicans is an opportunistic fungus (or form of yeast), or normal part of gut flora of human. • Budding yeast cell, 3-6µm . • It produces true hyphae called pseudohyphae or germ tube. • Disease that attack immune system such as HIV, AIDS and leukemia also increase the risk for oral thrush .
- 5. CONTD… • APPEARANCE OF ORAL THRUSH • Oral thrush in adult generally appears as thick, white or cream color deposits (spots) on the mucus membrane of the mouth. • The mucus may appear swollen and slightly rod, spot may be raised, there may be discomfort or burning sensation. • Oral thrush is sometimes divided into 3 groups based on their appearance: a) Pseudomembranous- White or cream colour spots. b) Erythematous- Red spot usually associated with HIV infected patients. c) Hyperplastic- Also referred to as ̎plaque-like candidiasis” or ̎̎nodular candidiasis” due to presence of hard solid white plague.
- 6. PRINCIPLE Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen found in the gut of the human but sometimes it causes growth on the lining of the buccal mucosa, tongue, hard and soft palate, inner cheeks etc causing oral thrush. It is isolated by taking oral swab and culture on SDA and identified by microscopic examination and germ tube test. Formation of germ tube is associated with increased synthesis of protein and ribonucleic acid. Germ Tube solutions contains tryptic soy broth and fetal bovine serum, essential nutrients for protein synthesis. It is lyophilized for stability. Germ tube is one of the virulence factors of Candida albicans. This is a rapid test for the presumptive identification of C. albicans.
- 7. PROCEDURE • The sterile cotton swab will be taken and the lesional tissue will be rubbed gently over the oral area. • Firstly direct microscopic examination will be performed from the specimen collected on a swab and then cultured on SDA . • The plates will be inoculated at 37ºC for 24-48 hours. • On the next day colony morphology will be noted .
- 8. GERM TUBE TEST • 0.5ml sheep or human serum is put into a small tube • Using a Pasteur pipette, a colony of yeast was touched and was emulsified gently. • The tube was then inoculated at 37ºC for 3-4 hours. • A drop of serum was transferred to a sterile slide and examined microscopically under the low and high power objectives.
- 11. INTERPRETATION
- 12. PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE • It is useful in study purpose. • It helps in the isolation and identification of candida causing oral thrush. • It is useful in diagnosis and treatment of oral thrush. PRECAUTION • Oral swab should be taken from lesional area. • Small inoculum should be taken, large inoculum may inhibit germ tube formation.
- 13. REFERENCES • https://microbiologyinfo.com/germ-tube-test-principle-procedure-results- interpretation-and-limitations/ • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205665/ • https://microbeonline.com/candida-albicans-pathogenesis-diagnosis/