Discourse analysis
- 2. WHAT IS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS? ✿ Discourse can be defined in three ways; 1 - Language beyond the level of sentence. 2 - Language behaves linked to social practices. 3 - Language as a system of thought. ✿ Discourse analysis usually defined .. as the analysis of Language “beyond the sentence” ✿ And the analysis of discourse is typical concerned with the study of language in text , conversation.
- 3. BASIC IDEAS IN DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ✿ Text analysis ( writing) structure of a discourse speech events . ✿ Conversation analysis (speaking)Turn-taking . ✿ The cooperative principle Background knowledge.
- 4. BASICS OF TEXT ANALYSIS ✿ Cohesio n ✿ Coherenc e ✿ Speech events
- 5. BASICS OF CONVERSATION ANALYSIS ✿ Turn –taking ✿ The cooperative principle ✿ Hedges ✿ Implicatures ✿ Background knowledge ✿ Schemas and scripts
- 6. COHESION ✿ It’s the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a text. ✿ Examples: ▪ My father once bought a Lincoln Convertible. He did it by saving every penny he could. That car would be worth a fortune nowadays. However, he sold it to help pay for my college education. Sometimes I think l'd rather have the Convertible. ▪ Cohesive ties {In reference} : ▪ Father- he- he- he; "A" Lincoln convertible- that car- it- "the" convertible.
- 7. EXAMPLE ✿ My father bought a Lincoln convertible. The car driven by the police was red . The color doesn’t suit her. She consists of three letters. However, a letter isn’t as fast as a telephone call. ✿ Many cohesive devices, but a text very hard go interpret. ✿ Here we don’t see any coherence but there is a cohesion. ✿ Cohesive ( with many cohesive ties ) ✿ Coherent ( easy to interpret )
- 8. COHERENCE ✿ Coherence is the relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text. ✿ Example: HER: That's the telephone HIM: I'm in the bath HER: O.K. ✿ There are certainly no cohesive ties within this fragment of discourse. Here we see coherence but no cohesion.
- 9. COHESION AND COHERENCE ✿ Cohesion helps to create coherence. ✿ Cohesion does not entail coherence. ✿ Coherence can be made with/out cohesive ties/ devises.
- 10. CONVERSATION KNOWLEDGE ✿ To interpret the conversation above, we need to possess knowledge of the followings: - Speech event includes interactions such as a conversation at a party or ordering a meal. Any speech event comprises several components. debate, lecture, interview, game, daily routine, etc. - Interlocutors ( the speaker & the hearer ): the social distance, interpersonal status, age, gender, etc. - Topic of a conversation. - Setting wherein a conv occurs or frame. - Culturally specific factors.
- 11. CONVERSATION ANALYSIS ✿ The basic structure of a conversation: Turn(s) • The speaker and the hearer take TURNs talking. • one person speaks at one time,and the other listens,and then they switch places. • Example: A: Hello. B: Hi. A: How are you ? B: Fine.
- 12. THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE ✿ Assumption: interlocutors are cooperative in constructing a conversation. ✿ “Gricean Maxims” , for supporting the principle. ✿ The Quantity maxim: Make ur contribution as informative as is required, but not more, or less, than is required. ✿ The Quality maxim: Do not say that which u believe to be false or for which u lack adequate evidence. ✿ The relation maxim: Be relevant. ✿ The Manner maxim: Be clear, brief and orderly.
- 13. HEDGES ✿ Hedges can be defined as words or phrases used to indicate that we are not really sure that what we are saying is sufficiently correct or complete. ✿ We can use sort of or kind of as hedges in the accuracy of our statements, as in descriptions such as: ✿ His hair was kind of long. ✿ The book cover is sort of yellow ( rather than It is yellow ).
- 14. BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE. ✿ Background knowledge is an information that is not in a text, but is used from memory by a reader to understand the text. ✿ Example: ➢ John was in his way to school last Friday. ➢ He was really worried about the math lesson.
- 15. SCHEMAS AND SCRIPTS ✿ schema is a conventional konwledge which exists in memory. ✿ If you hear s.o. describe what happened during a visit to a supermarket, u don't have to be told what is normally found in a supermarket. U already have a supermarket schema (food displayed on shelves , arranged in aisles, shopping carts and baskets, check -out counter and etc) as part of your background knowledge. ✿ Examples: school, classroom, supermarket, bus, department store, airport and etc.
- 16. SCRIPT ✿ Script is essentially a dynamic schema in which conventional actions take place. ✿ Example: Trying not to be out of the office for long, Suzy went into the nearest place, sat down and ordered an avocado sandwich. It was quite crowded, but the service was fast, so she left a good tip. ✿ Examples: taking the train, traveling on an airplane, eating at a restaurant, talking to s.o. On the phone. ✿ Clearly. Our understanding of what we read is not only based on what we see on the page (language structures), but also on other things that we have in mind (knowledge structure).
- 17. PRESENT BY
- 18. THANK YOU