Flowers and their structures.pptx
- 1. FLOWERS & THEIR STRUCTURES Prepared by Dr. K. Vanangamudi Formerly Dean (Agriculture), Dean Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Professor & Head, SeedScience & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore Inflorescence: Group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem; composed of a main branch or complicated branches Simple inflorescence: Sessile disc florets forming the capitulum Indeterminate: called racemose. Main kind is the raceme. Determinate: called cymose. Main kind is the cyme. Compound inflorescence: composed of branched stems Inflorescence types
- 2. Inflorescence types in Agricultural crops and Horticultural crops – AT A GLANCE S.No . Inflorescence Flower type Agricultural crops Horticultural crops 1 Panicle A branched raceme in which each branch has more than one flower. Perfect (Hermaphrodite / bisexual/complete ) Cereals - Rice, wheat Millets – Finger millet, foxtail millet, little millet, kodo millet, proso millet, sorghum, bajra (head/panicle ) Fruits - Mango, avocado, grapes, litchi (branched), loquat Vegetables – Lettuce (Corymbose) Spices - Cinnamon (teriminal or axillary), cardamom Imperfect (Unisexual) Litchi (branched), yam (axillary/panicle ), cinnamon (teriminal or axillary) Intermediate panicle (Polygamomonoeciou s – male, female & bisexual flowers) Cashew nut coconut 2 Tassel and cob Monoecious Maize (male inflorescence ) – tassel
- 3. Maize (female inflorescence ) – cob 3 Raceme An unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with pedicellate (having short floral stalks) flowers along the axis Perfect (Hermaphrodite / bisexual/complete ) Pulses – Redgram, blackgram (Axillary), Oilseeds – Castor, sesamum Vegetables – Cauliflower, cabbage and potato (terminal raceme) Spices – Vannila, mustard, cinnamon Nuts – Pistachios Fruits – Longan 4 Racemose An unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence that is flat-topped or convex due to their outer pedicels, which are progressively longer than inner ones. Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Pulses – Greengram Vegetables – Radish, knol khol Flowers – Orchids 5 Solitary Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Pulses – Bengal gram, soyabean Oilseeds – Groundnut Fibre – Cotton Fruits - Sapota, guava, citrus (cluster cyme), custard apple, passion fruit, persimmon, apple, almond, peach, plum, Vegetables – Bhendi, ribbedgourd, sweet potato Flowers – Tulip, gerbera (protandrous) Plantation crops – Tea Andromonoecious (Staminate & bisexual Fruits – Pomegranate
- 4. flowers in same plant) Vegetables – Ribbedgourd Androdioecious (Staminate & bisexual flowers in different plant) Spices – Garcinia Monoecious (Staminate & pistilate flowers in same plant) Vegetables – Pumpkin, bittergourd, ribbedgourd, snakegourd, ashgourd, bottlegourd, spongegourd, chow-chow 6 Spathe Monoecious Fruits - Banana Dioecious (Staminate & pistillate flowers in different plant) Fruits – Date plum 7 Cymes Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Fruits – Citrus, durian Flowers – Lilium, carnation Vegetables – Tomato, brinjal Spices – Curry leaf Monoecious Plantation crops - Rubber 8 Cymose Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Spices – Clove Flowers – Liatris 9 Umbel A type of raceme with a short axis and multiple floral pedicels of equal length that appear to arise from a common point Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Vegetables – Onion, carrot Spices – Dill, fennel, aniseed, fenugreek, nutmeg (axillary) Flowers – Lilium,
- 5. amaryllis 10 Corymbose Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Fruits – Pear Flowers – Golden rod (protoandrous) 11 Spike A type of raceme with flowers that do not have a pedicel Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Vegetables – Amaranthus, beetroot Spices – Pepper, ginger Flowers – Bird of paradise, freesia (actinomorphic – radial symmetry) Monoecious Spices – Pepper Flowers – Gladiolus (protoandrous) Dioecious Spices – Pepper 12 Spadix A spike of flowers densely arranged around it, enclosed or accompanied by a highly specialised bract called a spathe. Monoecious Fruits – Banana Flowers - Anthurium Plantation crops – Coconut, arecanut Dioecious Plantation crops – Palmyrah (axillary) 13 Compound umbel Spices – Fennel, fenugreek, celery, coriander
- 6. 14 Catkins A catkin is a scaly, generally drooping spike or raceme Monoecious Temperate nuts – Pecans 15 Axillate Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Vegetables – Cucumber 16 Cauliflorous Producing flowers from the main stem or older branches. Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Plantation crops – Cocoa 17 Corymboid Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Flowers – Golden rod 18 Head A flower head or capitulum is a much contracted raceme in which the single sessile flowers is borne on an enlarged stem Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete ) Oilseeds – Sunflower Outer ray florets are sterile Centre disc florets are bisexual Flowers – Aster 19 Axillary cluster Perfect (Hermaphrodite/ bisexual/complete) Spices – Chicory Floral biology in different crops S. No. Crops Inflorescence Flower I. AGRICULTURAL CROPS 1. Cereals Rice Panicle Perfect
- 7. S. No. Crops Inflorescence Flower Wheat Panicle Perfect 2. Millets Cumbu Head Perfect Maize Male inflorescence: Tassel Female inflorescence: Silk Monoecious Finger millet Panicle Perfect Little millet Panicle Perfect Kodo millet Panicle Perfect Foxtail millet Pancile Perfect Proso millet Panicle Perfect Sorghum Panicle Perfect Bajra Panicle Perfect 3. Pulses Red gram Axillary receme Bisexual Black gram Axillary raceme Bisexual Green gram Racemose Bisexual Bengal gram Solitary Bisexual Soybean Solitary Perfect Floral biology in different crops (contd..) S. No. Crops Inflorescence Flower 4. Oilseeds Groundnut Solitary Bisexual Sesame Receme Bisexual Sunflower Capitulum Perfect Castor Raceme Monoecious 5. Fibre crops Cotton Solitary Perfect 2. HORTICULTURAL CROPS 1. Fruits
- 8. Floral biology in different crops (contd..) S. No. Crops Inflorescence Flower Sub tropical fruits Pineapple Compound Bisexual Custard apple Solitary Hermaphrodite Pomegranate Solitary in clusters Andromonoecious Avocado Panicle Bisexual Durian Cymes Bisexual Grapes Panicle Dioecious Fig Synchonium Monoecious / Gynomonoecious Litchi Branched panicle Male/female /hermaphrodite Mangosteen Solitary flowers in clusters Monoecious/male /hermaphrodite Longan Compound raceme Male/female /hermaphrodite Loquat Panicle Bisexual Passion fruit Solitary Bisexual Persimmon Solitary flowers in clusters Dioecious / Monoecious Strawberry Solitary Bisexual Date palm Spathe Dioecious Temperate fruits Almond Solitary clusters Bisexual Apple Solitary Hermaphrodite Plum Solitary/umbel like clusters Bisexual Peach Solitary Hermaphrodite Tropical fruits Mango Panicle Hermaphrodite Banana Flowering stalk/spathe Unisexual/monoecious Sapota Solitary Bisexual/hermaphrodite Guava Solitary Bisexual Citrus Cluster cyme /solitary Bisexual Papaya Branched inflorescence Dioecious or hermaphroditie Jack fruit Cauliflorous Monoecoius / Dioecious
- 9. Pear Corymbose Hermaphrodite Floral biology in different crops (contd..) S. No. Crops Inflorescence Flower Temperate nuts Pecans Catkins Monoecious Pistachios Axillary raceme/panicle Unisexual/ dioecious 2. Vegetables Tropical vegetables Tomato Racemose cyme Hermaphrodite Brinjal Cyme Hermaphrodite Bhendi Solitary Hermaphrodite Chilli Hermaphrodite Pumpkin Solitary Monoecious Bitter gourd Solitary Monoecious Ribbed gourd Solitary Monoecious/andromonoecious, hermaphrodite Snake gourd Solitary Unisexual / monoecious Ash gourd Solitary Monoecious Bottle gourd Solitary Monoecious Onion Umbel Perfect Sponge gourd Solitary Monoecious Amaranthus Spike Perfect Sweet potato Solitary axillary Bisexual Floral biology in different crops (contd..) S. No. Crops Inflorescence Flower Sub tropical vegetables Cabbage Terminal raceme Perfect Cauliflower Raceme Perfect Knol kohl Racemose corymb Hermaphrodite Turnip Raceme Hermophrodite Carrot Umbel Bisexual
- 10. Beetroot Spike Perfect Radish Racemose Bisexual Cucumber Axillate Unisexual Chow– chow Cluster solitary Monoecious Radish Racemose Monoecious Lettuce Corymbose panicle Bisexual Potato Terminal inflorescence Perfect Yam Axillary panicle Dioecious 3. Plantation crops Coconut Spadix Monoecious Arecanut Spadix Monoecious Palmyrah Axillary spadices Dioecious Coffee Axillary clusters Cocoa Axillary clusters Floral biology in different crops (contd..) S. No. Crops Inflorescence Flower 3. Plantation crops Tea Solitary or cluster Bisexual, Rubber Panicles of small cymes Unisexual, Monoecious Cashew nut Indeterminate panicle Polygamomonoecious Cocoa Cauliflorous Hermaphrodite 4. Spices Allspice Umbel Hermaphrodite/polygamodioecious Aniseed Umbel Hermaphrodite Pepper Spike Monoecious/dioecious/hermaphrodite Cardamom Panicle Hermaphrodite/bisexual Celery Compound umbel Chicory Axillary cluster Bisexual Clove Cymose Bisexual Nutmeg Dioecious Cinnamon Terminal or axillary
- 11. panicle Coriander Compound umbel Protandrous Cumin Umbel Bisexual Curry leaf Cyme Bisexual Floral biology in different crops (contd..) S. No. Crops Inflorescence Flower 4. Spices Dill Umbel Bisexual Fennel Compound umbel Hermaphrodite Fenugreek Compound umbel Garcinia Solitary Androdioecious Ginger Spike Mustard Raceme Nutmeg Axillary umbellate Hermaphrodite Turmeric Spike Bisexual Vanilla Raceme 5. Flower crops Anthurium Spadix Amaryllis Umbel Aster Head Bird of paradise Spike Carnation Cyme Bisexual Gerbera Solitary Protandrous Floral biology in different crops (contd..) S. No. Crops Inflorescence Flower 5. Flower crops Gladiolus Spike Protandrous Golden rod Corymboid
- 12. Freesia Spike Actinomorphic Lilium Raceme/umbel Liatris Cymose Orchids Racemose Rose Solitary corymb Tulip Solitary Flower Reproductive structure of some seed-bearing plants Having either male (stamen) or female organs (pistil) or both male and female organs, enclosed in an outer envelope of petals and sepals. Parts of flower Calyx: Green cover formed out of the sepals. Calyx lobes: Sepals Corolla: Tube of petals Corolla lobes: Petals Peduncle: Stalk of the flower Bract: Any modified leaf, or scale, on a flower stalk or at the base of a flower Sepal: A structure that cannot be distinguished as a sepal or a petal (lillies and tulips) Stamen: pollen producing part of a flower, having filament and anther, where pollen is produced. Pistil: ovule producing part of a flower; consisting of ovary, where ovules are produced, long style and stigma, where pollen germinates.
- 13. Flower Placentation Method of arrangement of ovules in the ovary. Types of placentation Types Description Figure Examples Marginal placentation Unilocular and ovules are on ventral suture Dolichos, peas Parietal placentation Ovules are on the inner walls of ovary Mustard Cucurbita, poppy, argemone Axile placentation Ovules on central axis Tomato, Lemon, Hibiscus, china rose Free central placentation Develops from axile, septa degenerates, becomes unilocular, with ovules around Dianthus, primrose
- 14. central axis Basal placentation Ovary unilocular, ovules few or one at base of ovary Sunflower, Marigold, Tridax, Helianthus Apical placentation Ovules attached to roof of ovary Superficial placentation Ovary is multilocular, ovules develop all round inner surface of septa Nymphea Stamen position Types Description Figure Examples Epipetalous Stamens are attached to or inserted upon the petals or gynoecium Solanum, brinjal Antisepalous Point of stamen attachment is in line with the sepals
- 15. Antipetalous Point of attachment is in line with the petals Diplostamonous Two whorls stamen; inner stamen is attached opposite to each petal; & outer stamen is attached to each sepal. Types of gynoecium Types Description Figure Examples Monocarpous Gynoecium has a single carpel Rice, wheat Apocarpous Gynoecium has multiple, distinct (free, unfused) carpels Strawberry, buttercup
- 16. Syncarpous Gynoecium has multiple carpels fused into a single structure Tomato, Mustard, tulip Ovary position Types Description Figure Examples Superior ovary (hypogynous) Ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts Legumes - Peas, beans; mustard, chinarose, brinjal Inferior ovary (epigynous) Ovary lies below the attachment of other floral parts Orchids, banana, sqash, melons, cucurbitaceae Half-inferior ovary (perigynous or half-epigynous) Sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to middle of ovary Peach, plum, rose Flower types Types Description Figure Examples Bisexual or perfect flowers or androgynous Have both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) Lily, rose, tulip, mustard, brinjal, tomato, chilli, mango,
- 17. Unisexual Either functionally male or functionally female Papaya, coconut, maize, cucumber. Watermelon, musk melon, castor, snake gourd, bitter gourd, pumpkin, tapioca Staminate or male: Flowers with an androecium, but no gynoecium Cucumber, chrysanthemum, squash, maize Pistillate, carpellate or female: Flowers with a gynoecium, but no androecium Cucumber, chrysanthemum, squash, maize Neutral or agamic Sterile flowers with abortive or no sexual organs Sepals and petals types Types Description Polysepalous or polypetalous All the sepals or petals are free, i.e., they can be removed individually Gamosepalous or gamopetalous All the sepals or petals are fused, i.e., they can be removed only in
- 18. one group Perianth The sepals and petals are not distinguishable Eg. onion Stamens types Types Description Figure Examples Monoadelphous Filaments are fused together to form one group and anther are free China-rose Diadelphous Filaments are fused to form two bundles Peas Polyadelphous Filaments are fused to form many bundles Lemon Syngenesious Filaments are free, but anthers are fused together Sunflower