Cabling

Cabling

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  Network Ah. Fawad ‘Saiq’ E-mail: [email protected]
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  IP Addresses To keepall of the machines on the Internet straight, each machine is assigned a unique address called an IP address. IP stands for Internet protocol and these addresses are 32-bit numbers normally expressed as four "octets" in a "dotted decimal number." A typical IP address looks like this: 216.183.103.150 The four numbers in an IP address are called octets because they can have values between 0 and 255 (28 possibilities per octet).
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  Types of Cablesused in Networks Every machine on the Internet has its own IP address. A server has a static IP address that does not change very often. A home machine that is dialing up through a modem often has an IP address that is assigned by the ISP when you dial in. That IP address is unique for your session and may be different the next time you dial in. In this way, an ISP only needs one IP address for each modem it supports, rather than for every customer.
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  Twisted Pair Twisted paircabling comes in two varieties:Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school networks • The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high- speed cable. • The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices. • The tighter, the twisting, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost per foot. • The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication Industry Association) has established standards of UTP and rated six categories of wire (additional categories are emerging).
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  Categories of UnshieldedTwisted Pair CategoryCategory SpeedSpeed UseUse 1 1 Mbps Voice Only (Telephone Wire) 2 4 Mbps LocalTalk & Telephone (Rarely used) 3 16 Mbps 10BaseT Ethernet 4 20 Mbps Token Ring (Rarely used) 5 100 Mbps (2 pair) 100BaseT Ethernet 1000 Mbps (4 pair) Gigabit Ethernet 5e 1,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 6 10,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector. This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector RJ stands for RegisteredRegistered JackJack
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  Shielded Twisted Pair(STP) Cable  Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency interference (it should not be too close to electric motorselectric motors, fluorescent lightsfluorescent lights, etc.)  If you must place cable in environments with lots of potential interference,or  if you must place cable in extremely sensitive environments that may be susceptible to the electrical current in the UTP, shielded twisted pair may be the solution. Shielded cables can also help to extend the maximum distance of the cables.
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  Shielded twisted paircable is available in three different configurations:Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different configurations: 1)Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil. 2)There is a foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires (as a group). 3)There is a shield around each individual pair, as well as around the entire group of wires (referred to as double shield twisted pair). Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
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  Coaxial cabling hasa single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield . The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers. Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial. Thin coaxial cableThin coaxial cable • s also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2 refers to the specifications for thin c coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. Coaxial Cable
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  •The 2 refersto the approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In actual fact the maximum segment length is 185 meters. •Thin coaxial cable has been popular in school networksschool networks, especially linear bus networks.linear bus networks. Thick coaxial cableThick coaxial cable • is also referred to as thicknet. 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. •The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500 meters. •Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center conductor. This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths in a linear bus network. • One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is difficult to install. Coaxial Cable
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  •The most commontype of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-Neill-ConcelmanBayone-Neill-Concelman (BNCBNC) connector. •Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a T-connectorT-connector, barrel connectorbarrel connector, and terminator. •Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any network. To help avoid problems with your network, always use the BNC connectors that crimp, rather screw, onto the cable. Coaxial Cable Connectors
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  •Fiber optic cablingconsists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials .It transmits light rather than electroniclight rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of electrical interference. •This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting. •Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxialcoaxial and twisted pairtwisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. •This capacity broadens communication possibilities to include services such as video conferencing and interactive services. Fiber Optic Cable
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  •The cost offiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling; however, it is more difficult to install and modify. 10BaseF refers to the specifications for fiber optic cable carrying Ethernet signals. •The center core of fiber cables is made from glass or plastic fibers. A plastic coating then cushions the fiber center, and kevlar fibers help to strengthen the cables and prevent breakage. The outer insulating jacket made of teflon or PVC. Fiber Optic Cable (CON…)
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  •There are twocommon types of fiber cables single mode and multimode.single mode and multimode. Fiber Optic Cable Multimode cable has a larger diameter; however, both cables provide high bandwidth at high speeds. Single mode can provide more distance, but it is more expensive.
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  Fiber Optic Cable SpecificationCable Type 10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 10Base2 Thin Coaxial 10Base5 Thick Coaxial 100BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100BaseFX Fiber Optic 100BaseBX Single mode Fiber 100BaseSX Multimode Fiber 1000BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 1000BaseFX Fiber Optic 1000BaseBX Single mode Fiber 1000BaseSX Multimode Fiber
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  Installing Cable Guidelines Whenrunning cable, it is best to follow a few simple rules: Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of slack. Test every part of a network as you install it. Even if it is brand new, it may have problems that will be difficult to isolate later. Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and other sources of electrical interference. If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the cable with cable protectors. Label both ends of each cable. Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the same location together.
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  Cabling
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  Cabling Tools Network-wiring toolkits tester Cabletester Crimping Tool Crimping Tool connectors punch-down tools
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  Installing a NetworkAdapter Card
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  Network Cabling Guide Pooror incorrectly installed network cabling can cause numerous problems with your computer network. •To make your own network cables, you need some raw CAT 5, 5e, or CAT 6 cable some RJ45 connectors, and a proper crimping/wire- cutting tool. •Ideally, you also want a network-cable tester, to easily confirm that your custom cables are correctly wired and working properly. •A cable tester isn’t a necessity, but it will save time and prevent headaches down the line should you have a problem with a cable or connection.
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  Wiring Schemes •You'll finda couple of standard wiring schemes and types of network cables. •The Telecommunications Industry Association's T568A and T568B standard wiring schemes define the order of the individual wires and pin-outs for eight-pin modular connectors and jacks, such as those used for network cables. •Depending on how you wire the cables, you can make ,“straight-throughstraight-through” or “crossover”crossover” cables T568A wiring scheme T568B wiring scheme It is essential that you DO NOT MIX T568a and T568b on the same network.
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  Ethernet Cable There aretwo basic Ethernet cable pin outs.There are two basic Ethernet cable pin outs. •A straight through Ethernet cable, which is used to connect to a unlike device •crossover Ethernet cable, which is used to connect to a unlike device Standard, Straight-Through Wiring Diagram(both ends are the same)
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  Ethernet Cable Crossover CableWiring Diagram(T568B)