Toni Menninger

sustainability mathematics global warming food security population growth quantitative sustainability statistics energy efficiency united states growth rate economics doubling time economic growth exponential growth agricultural productivity energy sustainability urbanization inferential statistics confidence interval externalities climate change conservation food and agriculture organization fractional growth rate semilogarithmic scale health expenditures gdp exponential function energy renewable energy carbon cycle food system stock and flow model feedback loops system model climate system energy crisis laws of thermodynamics population consumption descriptive statistics solar energy growth common property open access privatization garrett hardin tragedy of the commons census elinor ostrom census block geospatial data population density urbanized area index of dissimilarity geography metropolitan area urban geography kreisellinie torsion frenet theory land consumption population weighted density census geographies u.s. census census tract photovoltaics global population demographic crisis overpopulation nuclear energy eroi demographics energy return on investment mercantilism united nations peak oil india zero population growth china population stabilization japan birth control wind energy biofuels clean energy water heating pv solar water cooker 7 billion fossil fuels statistical significance hypothesis testing iq racism charles murray richard herrnstein the bell curve curve theory; general helix; slant helix; curves o food production energy intensity quantitative analysis decoupling energy use spreadsheet resource use efficiency resource consumption sustainability science radioactive decay energy consumption income age gap polls election forecast models random sampling election forecasting voter turnout elections spatial distribution of population urban growth urban extent city limits excel percentiles central tendency deciles variation quartiles five-number summary energy literacy ecosystem services external costs tax bads not goods ecology pigouvian taxes genuine progress indicator gpi frenetsche ableitungsgleichungen curves of constant precession spherical helix helix kurventheory slant helix frenet equations kruemmung boeschungslinie curvature curve theory logarithm global justice systems approach green revolution food waste world hunger energy crops meat consumption grain-based diet photosynthesis meat-based diet efficiency practice problems education ethanol science numeracy energy security quantitative competence