HOW TO BRING BACK EXTINCT DINOS BACK !!
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The document discusses the history and extinction of dinosaurs, detailing their evolutionary success over 165 million years and the theories behind their extinction 65 million years ago. It highlights ongoing research efforts to extract dinosaur DNA from fossils, including recent findings of possible preserved soft tissues and blood cells. The document also outlines potential methods for reviving extinct species through DNA extraction and transfer techniques.
![ Dinosaurs went extinct about 65 million years ago (at the end of the
Cretaceous Period), after living on Earth for about 165 million years. If all
of Earth time from the very beginning of the dinosaurs to today were
compressed into 365 days (1 calendar year), the dinosaurs appeared
January 1 and became extinct the third week of September. (Using this
same time scale, the Earth would have formed approximately 18.5 years
earlier.) By comparison, people (Homo sapiens) have been on earth only
since December 31 (New Year's eve). The dinosaurs' long period of
dominance certainly makes them unqualified successes in the history of
life on Earth .[2]
Most theories pertaining to this extinction are based on climate change,
perhaps brought on by volcanism, lowering sea level, and shifting
continents or even asteroid hitting the earth. But hundreds of other
theories were developed, some reasonable but others rather far-fetched](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anweshabanerjeepptforrdnatechnology-150724150932-lva1-app6892/85/HOW-TO-BRING-BACK-EXTINCT-DINOS-BACK-4-320.jpg)
![Dinosaurs became extinct about 65millions years ago, but the
search for their DNA has continued , for there is a glimmer of hope
that may be one day dinosaur DNA may be isolated and the once
gigantic beasts could be brought back to life .
There is a problem to this , that is, the half life of DNA is 521 years
[4].so according to known knowledge, biochemically it is
impossible to extract DNA from a 65 million years old DNA sample
with the help of existing technology.
Most of the isolated dinosaur DNA are contaminated by other
microorganisms or environmental factors .
But in 2005 Mary Schweitzer and colleagues announced that they
had found remnants of blood vessels in a thigh bone
from Tyrannosaurus. Four years later, Schweitzer and coauthors
described other soft tissue tidbits from the
hadrosaur Brachylophosaurus. These weren’t fresh flesh. They
had been altered over the course of time. Nevertheless, they](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anweshabanerjeepptforrdnatechnology-150724150932-lva1-app6892/85/HOW-TO-BRING-BACK-EXTINCT-DINOS-BACK-5-320.jpg)
![And now, just in time for the release of Jurassic World,
(THE MOVIE) , Sergio Bertazzo, Susannah Maidment,
and colleagues have offered a look at possible 75 million
year old dinosaur blood cells. [7]
The researchers didn’t pop the champagne on first sight
of the microscopic structures. There were other possible
explanations. Perhaps someone had accidentally bled
on the fossil while it was in storage, for example. But
through visual and biochemical investigations, the
researchers were able to rule out human contamination.
Additional studies will hopefully test the idea, but, for
now, there’s a good chance that the scrappy bones at
the center of the study really do preserve some
degraded dino blood.[5]
This wasn’t an isolated find. Out of eight dinosaur bones
the researchers examined, they found some kind of soft
tissue structure – be it blood cells, collagen fibers, or
unknown carbon-rich structures – in six of them. This
came as a shock. The bones were fragments. The sort
of scrap curators are ok with paleontologists using for](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anweshabanerjeepptforrdnatechnology-150724150932-lva1-app6892/85/HOW-TO-BRING-BACK-EXTINCT-DINOS-BACK-6-320.jpg)
![[8]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anweshabanerjeepptforrdnatechnology-150724150932-lva1-app6892/85/HOW-TO-BRING-BACK-EXTINCT-DINOS-BACK-8-320.jpg)
![) [11]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anweshabanerjeepptforrdnatechnology-150724150932-lva1-app6892/85/HOW-TO-BRING-BACK-EXTINCT-DINOS-BACK-16-320.jpg)
![[1] http://www.cmw.co.za/wool/clip_advice/dinosaurs.txt
[2] http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dinosaurs/extinct.html
[3]http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/info/everything/why.html
[4] https://www.icr.org/article/7160/
[5] Schweitzer, M., Wittmeyer, J., Horner, J., Toporski, J. 2005. Soft-tissue
vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science. 307, 5717:
1952-1955. doi: 10.1126/science.1108397
[6]http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/16/scrappy-fossils-yield-
possible-dinosaur-blood-cells/
[7] Bertazzo, S., Maidment, S., Kallepitis, C., Fearn, S., Stevens, M., Xie, H.
2015.Fibres and cellular structures preserved in 75-million-year-old dinosaur
specimens. Nature Communications. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8352
[8] http://www.icr.org/article/dinosaur-DNA-research-tale-wagging/
[9] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
[10] http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalw2/
[11] http://www.DNAdarwin.org/casestudies/10/FILES/MammothSG2.0.pdf
[12] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278091/](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anweshabanerjeepptforrdnatechnology-150724150932-lva1-app6892/85/HOW-TO-BRING-BACK-EXTINCT-DINOS-BACK-23-320.jpg)
HOW TO BRING BACK EXTINCT DINOS BACK !!
- 1. C O M I N G B A C K T O L I F E
- 2. I would like to thank my professor Upasana Datta ( Dept of Oceanography), for providing me the opportunity to present such a innovative task, that required imagination and hard work to complete this presentation. I would like to thank you for providing me the opportunity to learn new things about paleontology , Anthropology and history of earth. Learning about evolution and extinction of Dinosaurs was exciting and knowledgeable.
- 3. During the “Mesozoic Era”- an era of reptiles , there lived huge animals called Dinosaurs . The largest dinosaurs were over 100 feet (30 m) long and up to 50 feet (15 m) tall (for example–Ultrasauros,Argentinosaurus). The smallest dinosaurs, like Compsognathus, were about the size of a chicken. Most dinosaurs were in-between. There were lots of different kinds of dinosaurs that lived at different times. Some walked on two legs (they were bipedal), some walked on four (they were quadrupedal). Some could do both. Some were speedy (like Velociraptor), and some were slow and lumbering (likeAnkylosaurus). Some were armor-plated, some had horns, crests, spikes,or frills.Some had thick,
- 4. Dinosaurs went extinct about 65 million years ago (at the end of the Cretaceous Period), after living on Earth for about 165 million years. If all of Earth time from the very beginning of the dinosaurs to today were compressed into 365 days (1 calendar year), the dinosaurs appeared January 1 and became extinct the third week of September. (Using this same time scale, the Earth would have formed approximately 18.5 years earlier.) By comparison, people (Homo sapiens) have been on earth only since December 31 (New Year's eve). The dinosaurs' long period of dominance certainly makes them unqualified successes in the history of life on Earth .[2] Most theories pertaining to this extinction are based on climate change, perhaps brought on by volcanism, lowering sea level, and shifting continents or even asteroid hitting the earth. But hundreds of other theories were developed, some reasonable but others rather far-fetched
- 5. Dinosaurs became extinct about 65millions years ago, but the search for their DNA has continued , for there is a glimmer of hope that may be one day dinosaur DNA may be isolated and the once gigantic beasts could be brought back to life . There is a problem to this , that is, the half life of DNA is 521 years [4].so according to known knowledge, biochemically it is impossible to extract DNA from a 65 million years old DNA sample with the help of existing technology. Most of the isolated dinosaur DNA are contaminated by other microorganisms or environmental factors . But in 2005 Mary Schweitzer and colleagues announced that they had found remnants of blood vessels in a thigh bone from Tyrannosaurus. Four years later, Schweitzer and coauthors described other soft tissue tidbits from the hadrosaur Brachylophosaurus. These weren’t fresh flesh. They had been altered over the course of time. Nevertheless, they
- 6. And now, just in time for the release of Jurassic World, (THE MOVIE) , Sergio Bertazzo, Susannah Maidment, and colleagues have offered a look at possible 75 million year old dinosaur blood cells. [7] The researchers didn’t pop the champagne on first sight of the microscopic structures. There were other possible explanations. Perhaps someone had accidentally bled on the fossil while it was in storage, for example. But through visual and biochemical investigations, the researchers were able to rule out human contamination. Additional studies will hopefully test the idea, but, for now, there’s a good chance that the scrappy bones at the center of the study really do preserve some degraded dino blood.[5] This wasn’t an isolated find. Out of eight dinosaur bones the researchers examined, they found some kind of soft tissue structure – be it blood cells, collagen fibers, or unknown carbon-rich structures – in six of them. This came as a shock. The bones were fragments. The sort of scrap curators are ok with paleontologists using for
- 7. Dinosaur DNA can be mainly extracted from dinosaur fossils. Fossils are preserved samples of beings that lived thousands or millions of years ago , in an intact form. The fossils provides bones, from these bones or shards of bone some DNA can be extracted(as preserved connective
- 8. [8]
- 16. ) [11]
- 18. Extracted DNA from samples of dinosaurs can be transferred via vectors or by vector- less (direct)method to multipotent cells(eggs of female) and then placed into a closely related species(into the uterus). Then they are allowed to grow and after the required amount of gestation period , baby dinosaurs will be born. The basic procedure is : Extraction of dinosaur DNA from fossils . The DNA is transferred to a enucleated egg of a donor female of the related species . The egg is transferred to a surrogate mother , where it will be fertilized by a male.
- 19. DIRECT TRANSFER VECTOR-MEDIATED TRANSFER Electroporation Particle Bombardment(biolistics) Micro-injection Liposome mediated transformation PEG mediated DNA transfer DEAE mediated DNA transfer Calcium-Phosphate co- precipitation mediated Adeno-associated DNA transfer DNA –molecular conjugates Human artificial chromosomes. Lipoplexes(liposome mediated DNA transfer)
- 20. EXAMPLES OF DNA TRANSFER TECHNIQUES MICRO- INJECTION ELECTROPORATION BIOLISTICS
- 21. DNA extracted from fossils are amplified by PCR. Then the DNA is transferred to a enucleated eggs cell of either a Asiatic elephant or African elephant , since they have evolutionary relationship. The eggs are transferred to a surrogate mother, then fertilized by a male elephant, The fertilized grow inside the surogate mother. After the required amount of time (gestation period) Baby Mammoth will be born
- 22. Pterodactylus fossil Extracted DNA from fossils is amplified by PCR, then it is transferred to a enucleated egg cell of a Bat or Drosophila melanogaster. The egg is then transferred to a surrogate mother womb where it is fertilized by the donor sperm by the male . Baby “Pterodactylus“ will be born from the surrogate mother.
- 23. [1] http://www.cmw.co.za/wool/clip_advice/dinosaurs.txt [2] http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dinosaurs/extinct.html [3]http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/info/everything/why.html [4] https://www.icr.org/article/7160/ [5] Schweitzer, M., Wittmeyer, J., Horner, J., Toporski, J. 2005. Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science. 307, 5717: 1952-1955. doi: 10.1126/science.1108397 [6]http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/16/scrappy-fossils-yield- possible-dinosaur-blood-cells/ [7] Bertazzo, S., Maidment, S., Kallepitis, C., Fearn, S., Stevens, M., Xie, H. 2015.Fibres and cellular structures preserved in 75-million-year-old dinosaur specimens. Nature Communications. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8352 [8] http://www.icr.org/article/dinosaur-DNA-research-tale-wagging/ [9] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ [10] http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalw2/ [11] http://www.DNAdarwin.org/casestudies/10/FILES/MammothSG2.0.pdf [12] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278091/