Avr microcontrollers training (sahil gupta - 9068557926)
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The document discusses AVR microcontrollers, including their specifications, uses, manufacturers, development platforms, instruction set, registers, memories, additional functionality, compilers, operating systems, and loading methods. Key points include that AVR microcontrollers are low-cost 8-bit microcontrollers commonly used in consumer electronics, appliances, and hobbyist projects. They have features like flash memory, EEPROM, analog/digital converters, and I/O pins. Popular development boards include Arduino, which uses the ATmega microcontroller. AVR microcontrollers emphasize low power consumption and cost effectiveness.
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Avr microcontrollers training (sahil gupta - 9068557926)
- 1. AVR Microcontrollers What is a microcontroller? − microprocessor − Read-write memory − Flash memory − EEPROM − Input/Output Control − Peripheral Devices (AD/DA) Billions sold per year, most processors Emphasis is on cost. (pennies) Alternative/paired to ASIC/DSP Emphasis on power consumption
- 2. ATMega32 Specifications Low-Power 8-bit AVR Microcontroller Modified Harvard Architecture Around $4 individual, $2.50 in Volume 32 8-bit general-purpose registers 131 Instructions, Multi-cycle Implementation − Most are single-cycle − 2-cycle multiply, 2-cycle memory access − Thus up to 1MIPS/MHz 20MHz, up to 20MIPS 16KB self-programmable Flash 512 Bytes EEPROM 1KB SRAM
- 3. Uses Consumer electronics Appliances Automotive Electrical/Heating Computers / Hard Drives Hobbyist projects! − Installation art − Musical instruments − Home automation − Audio Distribution − Web Server!! − MANY MORE!!
- 4. Manufacturers Intel, Freescale, Microchip (PIC), TI, Zilog Atmel AVR − Many Types, tinyAT, megaAT, automotive − Lighting, LCD − Share unified platform − Different #s of I/O control − Built-in Pull-up resistors − Ethernet, Serial Data, Auxiliary Power, USB − Analog I/O, Packaging, Interrupts, Math, JTAG − Get the right amount of memory for the job
- 5. Development Platforms Everything Needed, All-In-One Arduino / Diecimila − ATMega8 / ATMega168 based − Open source, multiplatform IDE − Cheap ($33 assembled!) − Great Online Community − USB, power, protoshield available, breadboard, LEDs Parallax (PIC) PICAXE (PIC) ArmExpress Many Others
- 6. Cheaper A Transistor Saved is a Transistor Earned No Lack Floating Point Non-Pipeline No cache Limited Math / Branching Very Slow (1 to 32MHz) Very Little Memory (64bytes to 256KB) From under a dollar to $20 for advanced − Cheaper in volume − Important for large product runs
- 7. AVR History Conceived by two students at Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) − Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan Originally Known as μRISC (Micro RISC) Sold to Atmel, continued working under Atmel Norway subsidiary AVR supposedly not acronym − May mean Advanced Virtual RISC Beauty in simplicity − Can wrap mind around entire CPU
- 8. ATMega32 IO 6 PWM Shared Input/Outputs (Analog) 8 digital input/outputs SPI-serial, 2-wire serial, ISP, others − Monitoring, debugging, programming, power USART serial interface − (interfaces with USB on Arduino)
- 11. Instruction Set Mostly unified across all AVR − With exceptions for feature differences 32 or 16 bit instructions 8-bit fields, vary depending on instructions I/O manipulation treated in similar fashion to registers − Allows for clean and simple usage Parallel Instruction Fetch Uses Skip instead of Branches Use software libraries for more complex functionality (divide)
- 12. Registers 32 general purpose registers Addressable as first 32 memory addresses 4 Different Simultaneous Access Schemes X, Y, Z registers for indirect memory − Dual-purpose, 16 bit − 26/27, 28/29, 30/31 200+ I/O, settings, timers, interrupts registers Overflow at 256 / 65K!
- 13. Registers
- 14. Memories 3 different memories − SRAM − Flash − EEPROM Direct/Indirect Addressing (5 modes total) Flash is divided into two 8KB sections − Independently addressable Flash has reserved Bootloader section for software security
- 15. Additional Functionality Registers for serial access Interrupts External Interrupts Power Management Timers Analog Comparators Other Goodies All handled via special registers − Some settings via bit-flags
- 16. Compilers Meant for Assembly Programming − Many environments available BASIC and FORTRAN compilers available Open Source Tools and Compilers avr-GCC for C/C++ support AVR Studio Assembler / Simulator − Supported, official, Windows-only IDE
- 17. Operating System? No common operating systems available None would work! EEPROM Bootloader / Initializer Real-Time Operating Systems Commercial Systems: − Salvo − AVRX − NutOS − Proc
- 18. FreeRTOS Free and Open Source Operating System − Portable across many platforms − Royalty Free 1-2KB storage 50-100Bytes Memory Can spawn off “tasks” − Guaranteed timings, simple “Coroutines” − Less memory, more complex, coexist, portable Commercial Sister Projects
- 19. Loading EEPROM burner / custom Programmer ISP-interface − Serial / Parallel Programming (AVRdude) USB tty support Most IDE's available will make this job easy
- 20. Future Smaller, Better, Faster, Cheaper Many new products become possible − Children's toys − Ubiquitous Computing − Physical Computing Becoming very popular among Hobbyists Great introduction for CS people into EE-land
- 21. A/D CONVERTER An Analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital number that represents the quantity's amplitude. The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error. Instead of doing a single conversion, an ADC often performs the conversions (“samples" the input) periodically. The result is a sequence of digital values that have converted a continuous-time and continuous- amplitude analog signal to a discrete time and discrete- amplitude digital signal.