03 iq and immigration
- 1. IQ Testing and Immigration
- 2. IQ Tests, SAT, ACT…Ingrained in American cultureMeasure and then give opportunitiesIQ was first developed in the Eugenics era
- 3. History of IQ TestingAlfred Binet in 1905 in FranceHow well students will do in elementary school – tips for teachersLong list of task for students between 3-12Placed an age on each task for what they thought the youngest age a child could complete taskScale that measured ability at that point in their life
- 4. History of IQ TestingBinet’s warningThinkers of his time believed “that an individual’s intelligence is a fixed quantity, a quantity that cannot be increased. We must protest and react against this brutal pessimism…it is founded upon nothing”Henry Goddard from U.S. thought differently
- 5. Henry GoddardSuperintendent of a lab at a school for the feebleminded in New JerseyGoddard translates test and gives it to students at his schoolSaw this test as an easy way to measure and identify the “feebleminded”Believed Binet’s test produced reliable results that indicated a permanent intelligence
- 6. Henry GoddardDevelops IQ (Intelligence Quotient)Took the mental age reached by Binet’s test and divided by chronological age (x100)100 represents mental age = age0-25 – Idiots26-54 – Imbeciles55 – 75 – morons
- 7. Goddard’s StudyGoddard takes his test to Ellis Island in 1913“pass by the obviously normal” immigrant and choose individuals from the great mass of “average immigrants.” 35 Jews, 22 Hungarians, 50 Italians, and 45 Russians. 83%, 80%, 79%, 87%Tremendous uproar and debate over results and application
- 8. Stnaford -BinetAs debates raged on, Lewis Terman creates a new version that will come to be known as the Stanford-Binet test.A 5th version of this test is still used in IQ testing today.A version of Stanford-Binet was used in 1917 to test WWI American soldiers to determine ability to become officers or if they were unfit to serve
- 9. Army TestsArmy Alpha – given to literate potential soldiersFive hundred is played with rackets pins cards diceThe Percheron is a kind of goat horse cow sheepArtichoke is a kind of hay corn vegetable fodderCarrie Nation is known as a singer temperance agitator suffragist nurse
- 10. Army TestsArmy Beta – given to illiterate potential soldiersYou get to take part of it3 minutesHow did you do?
- 11. IQ and IntelligenceGet in groups of 2-3Define IntelligenceDo IQ tests test your definition of intelligence?What are the issues?How would you test what you think intelligence is?
- 12. More QuestionsBinet wrote that “a French peasant may be normal in a rural community but feebleminded in Paris.” Is the reverse also true? Is this thought still accurate today?Even with tests that are statistically normed, what are your thoughts on IQ testing today?
- 13. Immigration Restriction1890 - 1914, over 15 million immigrantsIn some large cities 1 out of 3 people were foreign-bornAmericans felt threatened by newcomers“according to all evidence available” American intelligence was declining as a result of the presence of “inferior races”Even President Coolidge
- 14. Immigration Restriction“Who should be allowed to settle here?” and “What are the proper qualifications for citizenship?”Early in this country’s history, the words white male were used to describe qualifications for citizenship.So it should not come as a surprise that people eventually began to call for immigration restriction
- 15. Immigration Restriction1917 – Congress enacts bill to require a literacy test for all immigrantsEugenics officials were called upon to testify at government hearings for more restrictionsDisplayed the IQ test results1924 – President Coolidge told the American people that restriction was “purely a defensive action”’
- 16. Immigration Restriction“We cast no aspersions on any race or creed, but we must remember that every object of our institutions of society and government will fail unless America be kept American” -President Coolidge
- 17. National Origins Act 1924Limited number of immigrants from any country to 2% of people from that country who were already living in U.S.Southern and Eastern European countries targeted as well as Asia1900-1910 – 200K Italians/year – 4,000 quotaSenator David Reed – earlier legislation "disregards entirely those of us who are interested in keeping American stock up to the highest standard-that is, the people who were born here.”
- 18. Until 1965The quota system based on national origins existed until 1965Immigration Act of 1965 was passed into law.300,000 visas granted annually, 170K from Eastern Hemisphere with no more than 20,000 per country