1 molecules of life
- 2. Biochemistry TermsBiomolecule: contain carbon, produced by living things.Organic Compounds – Carbon containing compounds produced by living organisms.Macromolecule– when smaller molecules join together to form a larger more complex molecule.
- 5. Carbohydrates5. Organic macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1C:2H:1O (i.e. CH2O, C6H12O6, etc.) Source of relatively “quick” energy because bonds store lots of energy.CHO
- 6. 6. Simple CarbohydratesA. Simple = Monosaccharides (C6H12O6)Glucosefrom a plant Fructosefrom fruits on a plantGalactosefrom milkGlucoseFructose
- 7. 7. Complex CarbohydratesA. Complex = Disaccharides(C12H24O12) -- twoSucrose= glucose & fructoseLactose= glucose & galactoseMaltose= glucose & glucose LactoseSucrose
- 8. 8. Very Complex CarbohydratesA. Very Complex =Polysaccharides(CxHyOz) -- manyStarchis stored in parts of plants like grains & potatoesCelluloseis found in plant cell walls & woodGlycogenis stored in animal livers & musclesCellulose
- 9. 9. Interesting Facts about Carbs:Celluloseis made of many glucose subunits.When humans eat cellulose it passes through our body undigested (this is good for dietary fiber).
- 10. C. cows & horses have very tiny microorganisms in their stomachs which can breakdown cellulose. They can digest cellulose and receive its stored energy.
- 11. Lipids
- 12. LipidsCHO10. Organic macromolecules that are not soluble (do not dissolve) in water and are useful for storing energy. A. Composed of C, O, H B. Betterfor storing energy because they have more bondsthan carbohydrates.
- 13. Lipid Types13. There are three basic types of lipids: A. Fats = energy storage B. Steroids = hormones & cholesterolC. Waxes = protective coatings
- 14. 14. Two Types of FatsSaturated – most carbon atoms are bonded to two hydrogen atoms. i. Mostly solids like butter, lard, greaseii. Can lead to heart disease
- 15. 14. Two Types of FatsUnsaturated – most carbon atoms are bonded to one hydrogen atom.i. Mostly liquids like corn oil, olive oil, fish oilii. Usually a healthier alternative
- 16. 15. SteroidsOrganic macromolecules composed of four carbon rings.Found in hormones (increase cell growth), nerve tissues, and plant poisons.
- 17. 16. WaxesOrganic macromolecules that serves as a protective coating and is waterproof.Plants have a thin layer on their leavesAnimals produce earwax
- 18. Proteins
- 19. ProteinsCHONOrganic macromolecules that are the building blocks of cells (muscles, skin, blood, etc.) and enzymes.Contain C, H, O, N atomsOur bodies contain thousands of different proteins. Proteins are made of very long chains of amino acids put together like beads on a necklace.
- 20. 18. Amino Acids (AA)20different types of amino acidsCan form new proteins based upon their order and the number of them present in a protein chain.Generalized Amino Acid
- 22. 19. EnzymesSpecial proteins that help control chemical reactions by acting as catalysts.Catalysts can speed up some reactions by more than a billion fold!
- 23. 19. Enzymesc. Enzymes work by a “lock and key” mechanism between the enzyme and the substrate.d. When connected the enzyme lowers the activation energy needed for the chemical reaction.
- 27. Nucleic Acids
- 28. 20. Nucleic Acids DNA and RNACHONPOrganic macromolecules used to control an organisms genetic or heredity information.Composed of C, H, O, N, PMade up of very long chains of nucleotides.
- 29. 21. Types of Nucleic AcidsDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)directs all cell activities and codes for genesRNA (ribonucleic acid)directs proteins creation and transfers information