5 an-overview-of-financial-inclusion-through-dbt-in-india

Jan-Mar 2020 ISSN: 0975-9999 (P), 2349-1655(O)
SELP Journal of Social Science Volume XI, Issue 43
25
Available online @ www.iaraindia.com
SELP Journal of Social Science - A Blind Review & Refereed Quarterly Journal
ISSN: 0975-9999 (P) 2349-1655 (O)
Impact Factor: 3.655(CIF), 2.78(IRJIF), 2.77(NAAS)
Volume XI, Issue 43
January - March 2020
Formerly UGC Approved Journal (46622), © Author
AN OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION THROUGH DBT IN
INDIA
Dr.C.Paramasivan
Assistant Professor& Research Advisor
Department of Commerce, Periyar E.V.R.College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli
G.Arunkumar
Ph.D. Full Time Research Scholar
Department of Commerce, Periyar E.V.R.College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli
Abstract
Financial Inclusion is one of the effective and innovative approach which helps to reach
the financial services, assistance and subsidies to the real beneficiaries. Government of India
introduced the Scheme on financial inclusion to provide financial services to the unreached people
at an affordable or free of cost. RBI instructed to all the commercial banks to open No frills
accounts to all the people those who are don’t have bank account. To speedy and digitalised
financial inclusion in the country, Government implemented a new scheme in the name of Pradhan
Mantri Jan DhanYojana in August, 2014. With this effects total number of beneficiaries amounted
to 320215027 with the deposits of Rs. 793711.06 Lakhs. And 240921418 Rupay cards have been
issued to beneficiaries as on up to April 2018. The present paper discusses about the financial
inclusion through Direct Benefit Transfer in India with respect to the major social defence
schemes such as PratyakshaHastaantaritLaabh (PAHAL) or Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG,
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, National Social Assistant
Programme, Scholarship scheme, Public Distribution System and others. The major social
defence schemes are highlighted such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) and
PratyakshaHastaantaritLaabh (PAHAL) or Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG (DBTL).
Keywords: Direct benefit transfer, Financial inclusion, Digital transaction.
Introduction
Direct Benefit Transfer is one of the
new approaches where the Government funds
reach the beneficiaries bank account directly
and systematically. The Direct Cash / Benefit
Transfer scheme provides for direct transfer of
money into the bank accounts of eligible
persons for pension, scholarship, payments
under the Employment Guarantee Scheme and
benefits/subsidies under other Government
welfare programs. This can facilitate the
beneficiaries to use this money to buy goods
and services in quantity and of quality from
the market at competitive prices. Under the
scheme the difference between the market
price and subsidized price is directly

Jan-Mar 2020 ISSN: 0975-9999 (P), 2349-1655(O)
26
transferred to the beneficiary in cash in
proportion to the quantity uplifted from the
market. The scheme depends upon basic two
requirements viz. Aadhaar, the Unique
Identification (UID) Number and Bank
Account. Aadhaar is a 12-digit individual
identification number issued by the Unique
Identification Authority of India [UDAI] to
serve as proof of identity and address. The
cash transfer will be enabled through
‘Aadhaar,’ a numerical biometric
identification that is currently being given to
all citizens of the country. The bank account is
the most important criterion for the scheme.
Direct Benefit Transfer Mission was
created in the Planning Commission to act as
the nodal point for the implementation of the
DBT programmes. The Mission was
transferred to the Department of Expenditure
in July, 2013 and continued to function till
14.9.2015. To give more impetus, DBT
Mission and matters related thereto has been
placed in Cabinet Secretariat under Secretary
w.e.f. 14.9.2015. First phase of DBT was
initiated in 43 districts and later on 78 more
districts were added in 27 schemes pertaining
to scholarships, women, child and labour
welfare. DBT was further expanded across the
country on 12.12.2014. 7 new scholarship
schemes and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
was brought under DBT in 300 identified
districts with higher Aadhaar enrolment.
Electronic Payment Framework was
laid down vide O.M. dated 13.2.2015 and
19.2.2015. This Framework is to be followed
by all Ministries/ Departments and their
attached Institutions/PSUs and is applicable on
all Central Sector (CS)/ Centrally Sponsored
Schemes (CSS) and for all schemes where a
component of cash is transferred to individual
beneficiaries. Aadhaar is not mandatory in
DBT schemes. Since Aadhaar provides unique
identity and is useful in targeting the intended
beneficiaries, Aadhaar is preferred and
beneficiaries are encouraged to have Aadhaar.
JAM i.e. Jan Dhan, Aadhaar and Mobile are
DBT enablers. These provide a unique
opportunity to implement DBT in all welfare
schemes across country including States &
UTs.
Schemes covered under DBT
The scope of DBT include all
welfare/subsidy schemes operated by all the
Ministries/ Departments of Government of
India directly or through implementing
agencies, which involve cash / kind benefits'
transfers to individuals. Accordingly, the
scope of DBT covers the following categories
of schemes.
Cash Transfer
This category includes schemes or
components of schemes wherein cash benefits
are transferred by Government to individual
beneficiaries. Example PAHAL, MGNREGA,
NSAP etc. This transfer of cash benefits from
Ministry/Department to beneficiaries happens
through different routes, as given below:
Directly to beneficiaries
Through State Treasury Account to
beneficiaries
Through any Implementing Agency as
appointed
Centre/State Governments to beneficiaries
In-kind
This category includes schemes or
components of schemes wherein kind benefits
are given by the Government to individuals
through an intermediate agency. Typically,
Government or its agent incurs expenditure
internally to procure goods for public
distribution and make services available for
targeted beneficiaries. Individual beneficiaries
receive these goods or services for free or at
subsidised rates.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Some of the review of literature have
been undertaken to understand the financial
inclusion DBT and social defence schemes.
The following review has been categories into
financial inclusion, DBT etc.
Sarah, F., Pearce, D., &Sebnem, S.
(2015), Financial inclusion strategies are the
roadmaps of actions, decided and defined at
national or sub national level which
stakeholder follows to achieve financial
inclusion objectives. More than 50 countries
across the globe has made commitments
towards the financial inclusion and many of
them including India has already developed
the National Financial Inclusion Strategies
(NFIS) and remaining nations are developing
the same to accelerate the level of financial
inclusion in that specific nation.
Rajasekaram N (2018), In his article
he has concluded and suggested that The
Reserve Bank of India and Government of
India has taken many initiatives to include the
people those who financially excluded. This
paper outlines the various barriers that impede

Jan-Mar 2020 ISSN: 0975-9999 (P), 2349-1655(O)
27
financial inclusion in India. The government
of India has overcome the barrier of “Lack of
legal documents” by issuing Aadhaar number
to everyone. Now the banks are accepting the
Aadhaar card as a legal document for opening
bank account. RBI has identified five target
groups of people for improving the financial
literacy level and conducted many outbound
camps. No Frill and Basic Services Demat
Account (BSDA) were created for serving the
poor people.
Gwalani and Parkhi (2014), have
studied the financial inclusion in the Indian
context. They pointed out that poverty,
unavailability of banking services, complex
procedures, financial illiteracy, traditional
cultural values and lack of faith in the banking
system are the reasons for financial exclusion.
They discussed the different models such as
lead bank system, correspondent banking,
mobile banking, microfinance model to
include the financially excluded people.
Jisha Joseph and Titto Varghese
(2014), have studied the role of financial
inclusion in the development of Indian
economy. They made this study based on
secondary data from RBI, GOI and another
review of the literature. They pointed out that
the RBI and Government of India (GOI) have
taken many initiatives to include the
financially excluded people such as Branch
expansion, business correspondent, business
facilitator model, Relaxed KYC norms,
acceptance of Aadhaar card for opening a bank
account, opening no-frill accounts, General
Purpose Credit Card (GCC) and Kisan Credit
Card (KCC) and direct benefit transfer etc.
Mahasweta M. Banerjee (2016), has
indicated that the opportunity to earn, save,
borrow, and invest money as well as the ability
to understand and manage one’s finance skill
fully are critically important for family well-
being. Policy recommendations to address the
FC of poor people in India require significant
research evidence. Longitudinal, randomized,
mixed-methods research should examine
existing FC programs and disentangle the
effects of occupation, gender, marital status,
family size, family type, education, and health
in both financial inclusion and abilities.
Kumar Bijoy (2018), has
recommended to policy makers to concentrate
on the creation of job opportunities for all
through financial inclusion in India. There is a
need to strengthen the financial infrastructure
for delivery of financial services at the
doorstep of all. However, the study finds
through primary survey that the low income
groups are even not able to utilize the existing
financial structure due to lack of sufficient
sustainable income. Government efforts can
put efforts to only open bank accounts for the
poor in an active way through Fund Transfer.
Grakolet Arnold Zamereith
Gourène and Pierre Mendy(2017), In their
articles would stimulate the economic growth
by increasing savings and therefore
investments. At the same time, they should
strengthen and liberalize the investment
regulatory framework and create an
environment conducive to exports by
facilitating administrative procedures and
fighting against corruption. All of this will
promote the economic growth which in turn
will increase the supply of available financial
services. Policymakers and financial
authorities should promote the financial
inclusion, simulate macroeconomic growth,
giving its strong positive impact on financial
inclusion.
Onaolapo (2015), studied the effects
of Financial Inclusion on the economic growth
of Nigeria. He found a significant positive
relationship between financial inclusion and
economic growth. The author also showed that
Financial Inclusion greatly influenced poverty
reduction and financial intermediation through
positively impacted Bank Branch Networks,
Loans to Rural Areas and small enterprises.
Das and Bhattacharjee (2016),
revealed that DBT is to bring transparency and
terminated pilferage from distribution of funds
sponsored by Central Government. DBT in
Food Grains is an essential commodity. It
helps the 60 percent households of the country
to provide necessary food. But still there are
some problems and challenges like subsidy
transfer, information gap and financial
inclusion.
Sakthivel Nand Mailsamy R, (2018),
have revealed about LPG PAHAL scheme is a
result of an intensive Information Education
Campaign comprising advertising through
various means, direct reaching out to
consumers, and dealer level campaigns. The
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has
undertaken several innovative measures such
as guardian officers for each district,
deployment of technology by use of SMS, and
a single window portal to enable consumers to

Jan-Mar 2020 ISSN: 0975-9999 (P), 2349-1655(O)
28
join the scheme. This portal is an important
step in bringing transparency and gives details
of who is benefiting from subsidy.
Neha Sharma (2017), has concluded
that at an implementation level, there still
exists scope for improvement. Also,
improvement in financial awareness can
indirectly help in successful implementation of
this scheme. DBT Policy is pro-poor policy
which can surely accomplish the anticipation
of the stake holders (Both the people and the
government). The scheme may not fully
eliminate the all anomalies but will surely
bring some principal changes in the delivery of
benefits. It will surely eliminate the growth of
black marketing. Also, it will enhance the
standard of living of people or provide some
really deprived ones the basics of the life by
providing them access to cash.
Amiya (2015), stressed the Direct
Benefit Transfer as an initiative for inclusive
growth and suggested its merits and future
probability of the schemes. The researcher
says that the schemes have potential to control
much rooted corruption in public distribution
system its success in fact depends upon
institutional and infrastructural development in
the rural and urban areas. Although the scheme
comes with best of intentions, there is a spring
of impractical idealism in the way proposed
has been drafted and no fool proof measures
have been taken to cater the benefits as desired
and perceived.
Combined Progress Report of Key Programme under DBT
Name
of
the
Scheme
Total
number
of
Beneficiaries*
Total
number
of
Beneficiaries
data
seeded
with
Aadhaar
Percentageof
Beneficiaries
seeded
with
Aadhaar
(%) Fund Transferred
Using
Aadhaar
Bridge
Payment
Electronic
Fund
Transfer
W/o
Aadhaar
Bridge
Payment
Total
MGNREGS 11.15 9.11 81.75% 13,354.11 69,829.68 83,183.79
NSAP 2.76 1.44 52% 2,963.09 17,767.15 20,730.24
PAHAL
(DBTL)
18.73 15.32 81.79% 35,546.30 16,530.54 52,076.85
All
Scholarship
Schemes
2.27 1.18 52% 873.73 21,022.86 21,896.59
Other Schemes 0.81 0.3 37% 263.79 4,520.12 4,783.91
Grand Total 35.71 27.35 76.60% 53,001.01 129,670.35 182,671.36
Source: DBT Progress Report, March 2018, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India, New Delhi.
Total number of beneficiaries
amounted to 35.71 crore, of which 27.35 crore
of beneficiaries data seeded with Aadhaar
which constitutes 76.60 percentage. Total fund
transfer amount through using Aadhaar Bridge
payment and electronic fund transfer amount
to Rs. 182671.36 crore from 01.01.2013 to
31.03.2017.
Total funds disbursed and fund disbursed through Aadhaar Payment Bridge from 01.01.2013 to
31.03.2017.
No. of Scheme
Total Fund
Transfer
Fund Transfer
Through
Aadhaar
% of Fund
Transfer Through
Aadhhar
MGNREGS 83183.79 13354.11 16.05%
NSAP 20730.24 2963.09 14%
PAHAL (DBTL) 52076.85 35546.3 68.26%
All Scholarship Schemes 21896.59 873.73 4%
Other Schemes 4783.91 263.79 6%
Total 182671.36 53001.01 29.01%
Source: Direct Benefit Transfer, Government of India.

Jan-Mar 2020 ISSN: 0975-9999 (P), 2349-1655(O)
29
Nate: The figures are indicating the percentages of total fund transfer through Aadhaar
Total funds transferred amounted to
Rs. 182671.36 crore of which MGNREGS,
amounted to Rs. 83183.79 crore, NSAP
amounted to Rs. 20730.24 crore, PAHAL
amounted to Rs. 52076.85 crore, All
Scholarship Schemes amounted to Rs.
21896.59 crore and others amounted to Rs.
4783.91 crore.
Fund transfer through Aadhaar
amounted to Rs. 53001.01 of which
MGNREGS, amounted to Rs. 13354.11 crore,
NSAP amounted to Rs. 2963.09 crore,
PAHAL amounted to Rs. 35546.30 crore, All
Scholarship Schemes amounted to Rs. 873.73
crore and others amounted to Rs. 263.79 crore.
Total funds disbursed and funds disbursed through Aadhaar payment Bridge from 01.01.2013
to 31.03.2017
Sl. No No. of Scheme Total Fund Transfer
% In Share of Major
Schemes
1 MGNREGS 83183.79 46
2 NSAP 20730.24 11
3 PAHAL (DBTL) 52076.85 28
4 All Scholarship Schemes 21896.59 12
5 Other Schemes 4783.91 3
Total 182671.36 100
Nate: The figures are indicating the percentages in share of major schemes
MGNREGS constitutes 46 percent of
the total fund to the major schemes followed
by PAHAL (28 %), all Scholarship schemes
(12 %), NSAP (11 %) and other schemes (3
%).
Total beneficiaries & Beneficiaries with Aadhaar seeding from 01.01.2013 to 31.03.2017
Sl. No No. of Scheme
Total No. of Beneficiaries
in Cr
% In Share of Major
Schemes
1 MGNREGS 11.15 31
2 NSAP 2.76 8
3 PAHAL (DBTL) 18.73 53
4 All Scholarship Schemes 2.27 6
5 Other Schemes 0.81 2
Total 35.71 100
Nate: The figures are indicating the percentages in share of major schemes
PAHAL constitutes 53 percent of the
total fund to the major schemes followed by
MGNREGS (31%), NSAL (8%), all
scholarship schemes (6 %) and other schemes
(2 %).
Total beneficiaries & Beneficiaries with Aadhaar seeding as of 31.03.2017
Sl. No No. of Scheme Total Beneficiaries
No. of Beneficiares
data Seeding with
Aadhaar
Aadhaar
seeding %
1 MGNREGS 11.15 9.11 81.75%
2 NSAP 2.76 1.44 52%
3 PAHAL (DBTL) 18.73 15.32 81.79%
4 All Scholarship Schemes 2.27 1.18 52%
5 Other Schemes 0.81 0.3 37%
Total 35.71 27.35 76.60%
Nate: The figures are indicating the percentages in Aadhaar Seeding Beneficiaries
Total beneficiaries of PAHAL amounted to 18.73 crore of which 15.32 crore

Jan-Mar 2020 ISSN: 0975-9999 (P), 2349-1655(O)
30
(81.79 %) beneficiaries data seeding Aadhaar
followed by total beneficiaries of MGNREGS
amounted to 11.15 of which 9.11 crore (81.75
%), total beneficiaries of NSAP amounted to
2.76 of which 1.44 crore (52 %), total
beneficiaries of all scholarship schemes
amounted to 2.27 of which 1.18 crore (52 %)
and total beneficiaries of other schemes
amounted to 0.81 % of which 0.3 crore (37 %).
Direct Benefit Transfer and total number of
transaction as on 2018-19
Schemes
Total DBT
in Cr
Total No. of
Transaction
in Cr
PAHAL 95372.87 387.89
MGNREGS 92795.16 73.32
NSAP 14338.61 17.73
Scholarship
Schemes
11274.37 0.40
PDS 73788.19 127.49
Others 152634.35 21.45
Total 440203.54 628
Source: Direct Benefit Transfer, Government
of India.
Note: The figures are indicating the Total No.
Transaction, 2018-19 is not considered as it is
not completed
DBT amounted to Rs. 95372.87 crore
with 387.89 crore of transaction under
PAHAL schemes, PDS amounted to Rs.
73788.19 crore with 127.49 crore transaction,
MGNREGS amounted to 92795.16 with 73.32
crore transaction, other schemes amounted to
Rs. 152634.35 crore with 21.45 crore
transaction, NSAP amounted to Rs. 14338.61
crore with 17.73 crore transaction and
Scholarship schemes amounted to Rs.
11274.37 with .40 crore transaction. On the
whole, total DBT amounted to Rs. 440203.54
crore with 628 crore transaction during the
year 2018-19.
MAJOR FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
Financial inclusion is one of the
sustainable inclusive scheme which helps to
eradicate the financial untouchability among
the people in the country. With this aspects
Financial Inclusion schemes was initiated in
the year 2006 and it extended as PMJDY on
2014. As on 31.03.2018, there are 236784654
bank accounts opened under PMJDY in India.
Public sector banks play a major role
in opening of bank accounts under the
PMJDY. As the end of April, 2018, total
number of beneficiaries amounted to
314521825 with the deposit of 8054569.93.
Total number of beneficiaries under
DBT from 01.01.2013 to 31.03.2017
amounted to 35.71 crore the fund transfer of
Rs. 182671.36 crore, which resulted that,
beneficiaries are able to avail their financial
subsidies through DBT.
Total funds transferred amounted to
Rs.182671.3.6 crore of which Rs.53001.01
crore fund transferred through Aadhaar
(29.01%).
46 percent of the total funds
transferred to the MGNREGS followed by
PAHAL (28 %) and scholarship scheme
(12%).
PAHAL constitutes 53 percent of the
total fund to the major schemes followed by
MGNREGS (31%), NSAL (8%), all
scholarship schemes (6%) and other schemes
(2%).
Total number of beneficiaries
amounted to 35.71 crore, of which 27.35 crore
of beneficiaries data seeded with Aadhaar
which constitutes 76.60 percentage.
DBT amounted to Rs. 95372.87 crore
with 387.89 crore of transaction under
PAHAL schemes, PDS amounted to Rs.
73788.19 crore with 127.49 crore transaction,
MGNREGS amounted to 92795.16 with 73.32
crore transaction, other schemes amounted to
Rs. 152634.35 crore with 21.45 crore
transaction, NSAP amounted to Rs. 14338.61
crore with 17.73 crore transaction and
Scholarship schemes amounted to Rs.
11274.37 with .40 crore transaction.
CONCLUSION
Direct benefit transfer is a scheme
which enable with the help of digitalisation of
the financial transaction with a common and
the accessible network. Digital India facilitates
the DBT made easy to perform financial
inclusion in a digital format. More than 80
percent of the population in the country have
bank account with Aadhaar seeding to avail
incentives, subsidies and benefits through
DBT. DBT provide an opportunity to utilise
banking and financial services to empower the
people economically and also it reduces
corruption and commission by middleman. It
ensures beneficiaries directly enjoy the
schemes of the Government with this aspects,
it is conducted that DBT is one of innovate
player is the field of financial inclusion with
the help of information and communication

Jan-Mar 2020 ISSN: 0975-9999 (P), 2349-1655(O)
31
technology.
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