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- 1. 1- Protein supplements of plant origin The most important commercial sources of plant protein concentrates are derived from soybeans and cottonseed with lesser amounts from flax (linseed), sunflower, peanuts, sesame & various legume seeds.
- 2. a- Oilseed cakes and meals Oilseed cakes and meals are the residues remaining after removal of the greater part of the oil from oilseeds. They include soybean, cottonseed, linseed, sunflower, peanut and sesame seeds.
- 3. Linseed cake Soybean meal Cotton seed cake
- 4. Methods of oil extraction from oilseeds: Oil is extracted from the seeds by one of the following methods: • Hydraulic process, oil remaining is about 6 – 8 %. • Expeller process, oil remaining is about 5 – 8 %. • Solvent process, oil remaining is about 0.5 – 1 %.
- 5. Cottonseed cake or meal The cotton plant (Gossypium spp) grows well in hot areas, thus cottonseed meal (CSM) is available in Egypt.
- 6. There are two types of cottonseed cake or meal Average composition and nutritive value: Cottonseed cake Cottonseed meal (undecorticated) (decorticated) NR 1 : 2.5 1 : 1.2 Crude protein 24.0 % 41.0 % Ether extract 5.0 % 7.2 % Crude fiber 22.0 % 8.0 % Ash 6.1 % 7.6 % Ca 0.17 % 0.26 % P 0.64 % 0.83 % NFE 33.0 % 28.9 % TDN 60.7 % 63.2 % SE 50.8 % 65.5 % the average composition is afeacted by presenatge of reamaning fat and presaens or absens of the huls aftar having further prosising from cake
- 7. • Like other seed products, cottonseed meal or cake lacks vitamin D and also has no vitamin A value. • It has a fair content of B-complex vitamins. • Cottonseed meal or cake tends to produce milk fat of high melting point and hard body fat (hard tallow, light in colour and poor in flavour). • A limited quantity has a little effect on butter and is even helpful with cows producing soft butter. abpposit to the rice bran and rice poliche
- 8. • It may be slightly constipating in effect but not so clear when it is fed with such feeds as legume hay or silage. • It is one of the best protein supplements for dairy cows, beef cattle, and sheep in properly balanced ration. • CSC or meal is one of the most valuable and cheapest sources of protein and has an excellent mineral value. • The feeding of whole cottonseed to lactating dairy cows has become popular in recent years. It has a good effect on milk production.
- 9. Cottonseed hulls: • It is used as a roughage. Chiefly fed to cattle and sometimes to sheep and work stock. § Cottonseed hulls also may be useful to increase the bulkiness of a heavy concentrate, when bulky concentrates as wheat bran are not available. They are less useful for sheep than for cattle.
- 10. The ordinary kinds of CSM. are very poisonous for poultry, other young animals, and rabbits. Except for sheep & goats. • This is be due to a yellow compound called “gossypol”. • Fortunately, in heating that occurs in the process of oil manufacture most of the gossypol is changed into a substance called D-gossypol, which is much less poisonous. • The addition of iron in the form of ferrous sulfate can overcome the toxic effect of gossypol at the rate 1 – 4 parts of ferrous sulfate to 1 part of free gossypol. Gossypol
- 11. Judgment: A good unadulterated sample of CSC should have: 1-A light yellow colour. A dark colour may be due to: A-Age. B-Adulteration with hulls. C-Overheating during the cooking process. D-Fermentation. All these injure its feeding value and should never be fed.
- 12. 1- It should also have a sharp nutty odour, a sour or musty odour indicates bad quality. 2- C.S.M. of good quality must be finely ground, and be free from excessive lint. 3- Free from weevils and foreign bodies.
- 13. Soybean meal (SBOM) ØWhole soybeans (Glycine max) contain 15 – 21 % oil, which is usually removed by solvent extraction during preparation of the meal. ØThe meal is toasted, a process which improves the biological value of its protein. SBOM is generally regarded as one of the best sources of protein available to animals and poultry. help in increass the digastbilty value
- 14. NR 1 : 0.7 – 1.1 Soybean meal normally contains 40 – 50 % protein, depending on the amount of hull removed. • Average composition and nutritive value: and oil extractoin from it
- 15. SBOM SBOM SBOM (exp. & hyd. ext.) (solv. ext.) (dehull. sol. ext.) DM 90.0 % 89.0 % 89.8 % CP 43.8 % 45.8 % 50.9 % EE 4.7 % 0.9 % 0.8 % NFE 29.8 % 30.5 % 29.7 % CF 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.8 % TDN 76.0 % 72.0 % 75.0 % Ash 5.7 % 5.8 % 5.6 % Ca 0.27 % 0.32 % 0.26 % P 0.63 % 0.67 % 0.62 %
- 16. Ø The protein contains all the essential amino acids, but the concentration of cystine and methionine are suboptimal. Methionine is the most limiting amino acid for monogastric species. In overall soybean meal is the best plant protein source in many rations used for broiler and swine.
- 17. • Soybean meal is a better source of calcium and phosphorus than the cereal grains. • SBOM is a poor source of B-vitamin and does not supply vit. A value or vit. D. • Soybean meal is a highly favored feed, as it is quite palatable, highly digestible and results in excellent performance when used for different animal species.
- 18. Soybeans have a number of toxic stimulatory or inhibitory substances. Raw soybeans are of lower nutritional value than heat-treated soybeans or soybean meal. For example:
- 19. 1-Antitrypsin factor which reduces protein digestibility. 2-Saponins and hemaglutinin which cause agglutination of red blood cells in laboratories. 3-Genistein, a plant estrogen, which may account, in some cases, for part of the high growth-inducing properties of the meal. 4-A goitrogenic material in SBOM and its long term use at high level may result in goiter. 5-Phytic acid in some meals which may interfere with Zn utilization.
- 20. • Fortunately, most of the toxic materials are inactivated by heat treatment especially antitrypsin and saponins and hemaglutinin. • Currently, there is interest in feeding whole soybeans after appropriate heat processing (110 ºC for 3 minutes) to inactivate the trypsin inhibitors. • This whole bean product is known in the feed trade as full fat soybean meal
- 21. • It contains about 38 % CP, 18 % fat and 5 % fiber and has a higher energy value because of the high oil content. • Such meal has found some favor in dairy cow rations and in moderate amount for swine and poultry.
- 22. Linseed meal (LSM) • Linseed meal is made from flax seed (Linum usitatissimum). It contains about 35 % protein (33 – 37 %). • The crude protein is of poorer quality than that of soybean or cottonseed meals, having a lower methionine and lysine content.
- 24. • It has a moderate content of Ca (0.44 %), but rich in P (0.89 %) part of which is present as phytate. • It is a useful source of B-vitamin, but it lacks carotene and vitamin D. • It contains about 76 % TDN, while linseed has TDN over 100 % (oil content is about 36 %).
- 25. • Linseed meal is unique among the oilseed residues in that it contains from 3 – 10 % of mucilage, which is completely indigestible by non-ruminants but can be broken down by the microbial population of the rumen. • It is readily dispersible in water, forming a viscous slime.
- 26. • Linseed meal in poultry diets must be not more than 3 %, otherwise will lead to retardation of chick growth at 5 % level and death of turkey poults at a 10 % level. • These adverse effects can be avoided by autoclaving the meal or by increasing the levels of B6 in the diet, as the untreated meal is thought to contain unidentified anti-pyridoxine factor.
- 27. • Linseed and its byproducts, especially the immature seeds, may contain a compound which is a cyanogenetic glucoside (linamarin) which when acted upon by an enzyme in the seeds (linaze) yield the poison prussic acid. • This enzyme will be destroyed by heat to which the ground seeds are ordinarily subjected in oil extraction.
- 28. Judgment: A good sample of LSM must have: 1-Reddish brown colour. 2-Free from starch, sugar and sand. 3-The presence of starch indicates adulteration with some cheap carbonaceous feeds. 4-The cake must be hard and give off a characteristic pleasant smell. 5-Free from weevils and foreign bodies.
- 29. Sunflower seed meal • NR: 1 : 0.6 – 1.2 • The meal is produced when the oil is removed from the sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus). • As a result of the variation in the extent of dehulling before extraction and the method of oil extraction, the meals vary widely in composition and nutritive value.
- 30. • The decorticated products with crude protein contents of 40 – 45 % are useful sources of protein for ruminants and poultry. • The protein tends to be low in lysine but has about twice as much methionine as soybean meal. • The meal may be used at levels of 5 – 10 % of the diet for adult and growing poultry.
- 31. • Its feeding value is nearly equal to cottonseed or soybean meals for ruminants. • It has also been suggested that the whole sunflower seeds are an efficient way of providing nutrients for lactating dairy goats without the risk of producing acidosis and enterotoxaemia (because of the high fiber content).
- 32. Peanut meal • NR: 1 : 1 • Peanut meal (groundnut or monkeynut meal) is available in substantial amounts in many countries • The protein content varies from 45 – 55 %, and the composition of the meal is influenced by the processing as well as the amount of hulls in the meal.
- 33. Ø Peanut meals are quite deficient in lysine, and the protein is low in digestibility, possibly because of tannins found in the skins. Peanut meal is quite palatable to swine and its value as that of soybean meal if fed with feeds not low in lysine. Judgment: A good sample of peanut cake have a pleasant smell and taste, a sharp bitter taste indicates rancidity and decomposition.
- 34. Sesame meal NR: 1 : 1 Sesame meal is produced as a byproduct of extracting oil from sesame seed (Sesame indicum), which is white, reddish or black. The meal contains 38 – 48 % crude protein (dry basis) which is low in lysine but has good levels of methionine.
- 36. • It can be used in limited amounts in diets for simple-stomached animals. • The meal apparently contains enough phytic acid to interfere with Zn utilization under some conditions. • The cake may be of a whitish color with bran- like specks, black if made of black seeds. • Its judgment as that of peanut cake.
- 37. B-Leguminous seeds The leguminous seeds constitute a very valuable group of feeds for livestock and are characterized by: •High protein content (20 % or more). •NFE 50 – 70 %. •Lack carotene and vitamin D. •Low in Ca but rich in P. •Fairly rich in thiamine, low in niacin and B2.
- 38. Horsebeans (vicia faba) Horsebeans “broad beans” are highly nitrogenous seeds, highly digestible and are useful only in combination with grains rich in starch as cereal grains.
- 39. Average composition and nutritive value: NR 1 : 2.6 DM 89.6 % CP 24.0 % EE 1.1 % CF 8.9 % Ash 2.9 % NFE 52.7 % TDN 72.9 % SE 69.5 % Ca 0.13 % P 0.60 %
- 40. • They lack carotene and vitamin D. they contain fair amount of thiamine and low in B2 and niacin. • They may form 25 – 35 % of rations for dairy cattle and 10 – 15 % in case of calves up to 3 months of age. • The amount fed to horses must be not more than 5 lb / head / day because beans have a constipating effect. • For poultry the use of horsebeans is limited because of cystine and methonine deficiency which are required for feather growth.
- 41. • New harvested beans must be fed with care as it contains high moisture content, which may lead to rapid fermentation and gases formation that may cause colic in horses and tympany in cattle. Judgment: Good horsebeans should be: -Not excessively wrinkled. -When they are split opened, they should not show any smell or visible signs of moulds and weevils. NB: It is advisable to crush horsebeans before storage.
- 42. Horsebean byproducts: Horsebean screening Horsebean hulls DM 88.4 % 88.0 % CP 30.9 % 5.9 % EE 1.3 % 0.2 % Ash 10.4 % 4.2 % NFE 37.9 % 35.5 % CF 7.9 % 42.2 %