alzheimers-disease
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This document provides information about Alzheimer's disease from the anatomy department of Menoufia Faculty of Medicine. It discusses the anatomy of brain memory areas, physiology of memory, history of Alzheimer's, epidemiology, causes, pathogenesis, stages, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis. Key points include that Alzheimer's is an incurable neurological disease that leads to brain cell death and dementia. While there are some treatments to stabilize symptoms, there is currently no cure for the disease.
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alzheimers-disease
- 1. Alzheimer‘s disease Menoufia faculty of medicine Anatomy department of 2nd year students(group 25)
- 2. Project Team Supervisor Prof. Dr. Hanaa Nooh Dr. Sara Gamal Dr. Hadeer Elnaggar Designer 5/9/2017
- 3. Contents Anatomy of brain memory areas. Physiology of memory What is Alzheimer’s disease ? History. Epidemiology Causes pathogenesis Stages diagnosis Treatment. Complications Prognosis 2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement 5/9/2017
- 4. Anatomy of brain memory areas 4 regions in the cerebral cortex charring in memory process 1. “prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobe; involved in conscious thought & higher mental function . has role in processing short term memories which aren’t task-based . 2. The parietal lobe>>involved in integration sensory information & manipulation of objects. 3. The occipital lobe>> involved with sense of vision. .4. The temporal lobe>> involved in sense of smell and sound, processing of semantics in both speech & vision & in the formation of long-term memory through the limbic system 5/9/2017 2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement
- 5. limbic system It lies in a deep region inside the medial temporal lobe 1-The hippocampus: transference from short to long-term memory & control of spatial memory & behavior . 2-Dentate gyrus : dense dark layer of cells at the tip of the hippocampus. 3- The amygdala also performs a primary role in the processing & memory of emotional reactions. the basal ganglia” is essential for formation & retrieval of procedural memory. 5/9/20172nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement
- 6. Physiology of the memory Memory: processes storing and retrieving information in the brain. Retrieval of information . It is 4 types : (recollecting, recall, recognition, relearning ) Memory process 5/9/2017 2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement
- 7. Classification of memory: Short term memory: stores a limited amount of information for about 30 sec. . Contain recently processed sensory input or items recently retrieved. Immediate memory: lasting less than 2 sec. . Act as buffers for stimuli received through senses like visual & auditory senses (if ignored - >forgotten .if attention is paid ->passed into STM). Long term memory: lasting for days, months, years. Can store very large quantity of information like (facts, events, attitudes, etc..)& maintain them for long time. 5/9/2017 2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement
- 8. Alzheimer Disease 2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department
- 9. Alzheimer‘s disease is an incurable neurological disease in which changes in the nerve cells of the brain result in the death of a large number of cells. This destruction of brain cells Eventually leads to serious mental deterioration, dementia and death. Alzheimer‘s cause neurons to die which leads to shrinking of the brain. This leads to a loss of functioning capabilities in almost all parts of the brain, not just the ones that affect the memory. The cortex shrivels up, damaging areas involved in thinking, planning & remembering. Shrinkage is especially severe in the hippocampus , An area of the cortex that plays a key role in information of new memories. Introduction 5/9/20172nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement
- 10. Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers and physicians associated old age with dementia. In 1901 that German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case (Auguste D; 50 ys) of what became known as Alzheimer's disease. During the next five years, eleven similar cases were reported in the medical literature, some of them already using the term Alzheimer's disease. Historical background 5/9/20172nd year students (group25) Anatomy department
- 11. It’s an international disease spreads in the 7 world major markets. US, Japan, Germany,France,Italy,Spain and UK. In Japan specially, women are more likely to have Alzheimer‘s other than men. This may be the result of differential survival rates between genders with increasing age. It’s about 24 million worldwide and predicted to double every 20 years. 95% of patients are aged > 65 so it’s called late onset. Epidemiology 5/9/2017 2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department
- 12. • Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. • atrophy of certain parts of the brain, • inflammation, production of unstable molecules (free radicals) • mitochondrial dysfunction. Age related changes in brain • The (APOE) gene is involved in late-onset Alzheimer‘s, it has several forms. • Most cases are caused by an inherited change in one of three genes. Genetics For example, in the relationship between congnitive decline and vascular conditions such as heart disease, strock and high blood pressure. Health, life style and environmental factors Causes
- 13. Several mechanism involved in AD plaque formation over production of TAU protein lead to formation nerofibrally tangles Neuronal cell death Neuron and synapse loss Altered amyloid precursor protein(APP) processing Over production of βAP Plaque formation Neurodegeneration and Neuronal loss Dementia Pathogenesis
- 14. Stages 5/9/2017
- 16. Alzheimer‘s disease is usually diagnosed based on the person’s medical history, history from relatives and behavioral observations. The presence of characteristic neurological and neuropsychological features and the absence of alternative conditions is supportive ,. History 5/9/2017 2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department
- 17. Difficulty performing familiar tasks depression, withdrawal, aggressiveness, change in sleeping habits and delusion Memory loss Misplacing things: Poor or decreased judgement and decisions: Changing in personality and behavior Problems with obstract thinking Disorientation to time, place Clinical picture 5/9/2017 2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department
- 18. Examination Neuropsychological screening tests can help in the diagnosis of AD. In the tests, people are instructed to copy drawings similar to the one shown in the picture, remember words, read and subtract serial numbers. Neuropsychological tests such as the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) are widely used to evaluate the cognitive impairments needed for diagnosis. More comprehensive test arrays are necessary for high reliability of results 5/9/2017
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- 20. with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and with single photon emission computed tomography can be used to help exclude other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia .It may predict conversion from prodromal stages ( mild cognitive impairment) to Alzheimer‘s disease. Axial, T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain reveals atrophic changes in the temporal lobes. Coronal,T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)scan in a patient with moderate Alzheimer‘s disease. Brain image reveals hippocampal atrophy, especially on the right side. Investigations 5/9/2017 2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department
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- 22. There’s no specific treatment for Alzheimer‘s disease completely with the prescribed medecine,as it‘s one of the most complicated diseases ever found in history. There are some prescribted medecines ,food and drugs to treat Alzheimer‘s disease, but they only stabilize the memory and brain function For limited period of time. 5/9/2017 2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department
- 23. There are some drugs that Treat problems with mood, depression and irriability. These include: Citalopram, Fluoxetine & Sertraline. For patients who have anxiety or restlessness , medecines that can help include: Alprazolam , Buspirone & Oxazepam. Doctors also may prescribe some medications to ease confusion or hallucinations, these include: Halopericol & Arepeprazole. medical 5/9/2017 2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department
- 24. As we a complete lifestyle change; to slow the disease down and try to handle its symptoms. fun activities solving a puzzle keep your mind sharp and active Regular Exercis e healthy diet staying out of stress supportive
- 25. educated about the disease. Stimulate your brain. at least 8 hours sleep Stress also puts stress on the brain Manage stress reduces the risk by 50 % Physical Exercise Genger, green tea and fatty fish are some kind of food that feed glial cells that remove toxins Healthy Diet Prevention 5/9/2017 2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department
- 26. Memorizing food 5/9/2017 2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department
- 27. Restlessness and agitation Bladder and bowl problems Depression complications 5/9/2017 2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department
- 28. (cont.) Malnutrition and dehydration; They refuse to eat or drink with difficult swallowing. Infections forgetting how to care with your food and drinks) Falls due to balance and coordination Wandering for their names, addresses, phone numbers and some information due to their distribution in their normal sleep patterns. Cont. 5/9/2017 2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department
- 29. Prognosis: NO CURE !! 5/9/2017 2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department
- 30. Home Massage Alzheimer‘s disease is a neurological disease in which there is a progressive cell death, That leads eventually to serious mental deterioration, dementia and death. There’s no specific treatment for Alzheimer‘s disease completely with the prescribed medicine, as it‘s one of the most complicated diseases ever found in history. There are some prescribed medicines ,food and drugs to treat Alzheimer‘s disease, but they only stabilize the memory and brain function For limited period of time. 5/9/20172nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department
- 31. 5/9/2017 2nd year students Anatomy department 2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement