ANALYSING THE POTENTIAL OF BLE TO SUPPORT DYNAMIC BROADCASTING SCENARIOS

International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.9, No.1, February 2018
DOI : 10.5121/ijasuc.2018.9101 1
ANALYSING THE POTENTIAL OF BLE TO SUPPORT
DYNAMIC BROADCASTING SCENARIOS
Miran Borić1
Ana Fernández Vilas2
and Rebeca P. Díaz Redondo3
123
Information & Computing Lab., AtlantTIC Research Centre,
School of Telecommunications Engineering,
University of Vigo, 36210, Vigo(Spain)
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we present a novel approach for broadcasting information based on a Bluetooth Low Energy
(BLE) ibeacon technology. We propose a dynamic method that uses a combination of Wi-Fi and BLE
technology where every technology plays a part in a user discovery and broadcasting process. In such
system, a specific ibeacon device broadcasts the information when a user is in proximity. Using
experiments, we conduct a scenario where the system discovers users, disseminates information, and later
we use collected data to examine the system performance and capability. The results show that our
proposed approach has a promising potential to become a powerful tool in the discovery and broadcasting
concept that can be easily implemented and used in business environments.
KEYWORDS
Bluetooth Low Energy, Broadcasting, ibeacons, Internet of Things, Experiments
1. INTRODUCTION
The main characteristics of a smart environments is their adaptability and awareness of their
surroundings. Such adaptable ability provides the Internet of Things concept by its linking the
virtual with the physical world. This whole process presents a challenge since the smart
environment is heterogeneous and supported by many different technologies[1][2]. One of these
technologies on the rise is a BLE beacon, which found a place in many aspects of human needs
and living. Such technique enables smartphones, tablets, and different wearables to perform a
particular kind of action when near a beacon. Nowadays, many companies are involved in the
beacon production[3][4]. However, the price is controlling the beacon solution, especially if it
supports some enhanced capabilities. Also, many companies with the hardware part include their
application solution. That is to say; the application often comes incombination with the hardware
they offer. Because of that, beacons are not usually capable of analysing the surrounding around
them (user discovery) without some previously installed app on a user’s smartphone[5].
This paper presents a fully customized solution for user discovery and dynamic beacon
information broadcasting according to the discovered user. In our case, a single beacon device is
capable of supporting a dynamic broadcasting by predefining user profiles through the use of
some background intelligence. Therefore, without any extra equipment, a single beacon device
can serve different profiles at the same moment. Also, the possibility of monitoring user’s
movements, without any additional proprietary app installation, gives us an opportunity to gather
more information about the space analytics and user behaviour.
This solution can be used in any message dissemination environment and integrated into the
existing infrastructure with minimum investments. In our case, we have tested it as an indoor

2
solution for broadcasting faculty information to students, faculty visitors, and faculty personnel.
We verify the system through the experiment in a particular period and obtain the data. Later, by
analysing the data, we extract and examine the results by giving a better insight of system
performance and system usage. Furthermore, we investigate the capability of the system to
receive interactions during the experiment period and how these interactions can show different
activities in the area.
We divide this paper into several sections. Section 2 gives the related work and what motivated us
for this paper. In section 3 we give the system explanation and the architecture. Section 4 deals
with pilot experiment and shows us all the details regarding the experimented. The last part draws
the conclusions, current and future work.
2. RELATED WORK
In [6]authors offered a crowd sensing solution where users receive a corresponding information
by wearing a Bluetooth bracelet, which connects to their smartphones. Furthermore, specific
bracelets connect to the beacon devices placed along the experiment area. Also, a dedicated
server controls all the beacon devices and that way it manages a user-bracelet-beacon
interaction.However, in our case, the interaction is almost similar but without Bluetooth bracelets.
Our system makes a direct connection between beacon advertising device and a user's
smartphone, which eases the whole process.
The most significant influence and motivator of our work is a commercial solution offered by
Cisco Systems, Inc. called Cisco Connected Mobile Experience (CMX)[7]. This product presents
a solution that uses location intelligence gathered from the Wi-Fi network to help companies of
all various industries monetize their network by engaging with their clients and optimizing
marketing operations. It offers to businesses a unique way to communicate with and to better
understand their customers while improving customer experience and their venue. CMX system
can automatically detect the presence and engage their customers on their site and with tailored
messages. Based on a user’s position and by using his smart mobile device, the system can
deliver different content. Ranging from informational updated, indoor maps or any user relevant
information this location data also increases the efficiency by understanding new versus repeat
customers.
Besides being a powerful mobile solution the price can be its disadvantage. Not all organizations
are ready to invest in such solution. Implementing it usually requires a Cisco proprietary devices
and its core, e.g., Cisco 3365 Mobility Services Engine. In our case, we offer an inexpensive
system installed on a Raspberry Pi device that can discover users and distribute them the
corresponding information to improve organizational and operational efficiency. Also, it can
understand a user pattern, send different data to identified users, etc.
3. ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW
The reason we choose BLE beacon technology is the fact that presents a lightweight protocol that
does not ask for prior connection between two devices that need to share some data. BLE beacon-
enabled device broadcasts the signal to anyone who is configured to listen. In case of the Wi-Fi
direct and classic Bluetooth, they ask for secure pairing to unknown devices[8]. Furthermore, if
we want to connect multiple clients to Wi-Fi network, devices also require a specific data routing
protocol that is self-organized[9].A beacon represents a BLE class, and sometimes it is called a
BLE flavor. It became popular thanks to its Bluetooth low power capability to stay active for
years and it is powered only by coin cell battery[10]. Among many beacon solutions[11], for our

system implementation, we use the Apple version (i
our pilot project. The technology is
transmit-only technology built for
configuration into the beacon device.
understandable, ibeacon, while advertising packets, it is doing nothing more than saying to
everyone around that it is present and identified by three numerical identifiers: Universal Unique
Identifier (UUID), Major number and Minor number. Comb
representa specific information, and by advertising this combined identifier, it can trigger a
particular action on a device that reads it. What is interesting
part, usually installed on a user’s phone.Such app
with the action that starts after discovering the
a user’s phone is the primary product throughout the whole
to show some information regarding advertised products in the
else more complicated.
We implement and test the solution at the Faculty of Engineering and Telecommunications
Vigo in Spain. We divide its infrastructure into two main parts, which are the front
part) and the back-end (Wi-Fi part). The front
sending multiple user info advertisements, while the back
through the Faculty Wi-Fi infrastructure to the ibeacon user profile database (see Fig. 1). Single
user, in other words, a user's device, is discovered when enters the beaconing area. Beaconing
area contains several Raspberry Pi
Module on a single Raspberry Pi device is responsible for the user discovery process and is
continually scanning for new MAC addresses over a BLE protocol. When the beacon device
discovers a user, it learns a user's device MAC address and saves it to the ibeacon database.
For this process, we are using two technologies. First, a user is discovered through the BLE
protocol and sent to the database by using a Wi
an input for a specific user, it associates the user with a beacon configuration advertisement
(UUID, Major and Minor combination) and again through the Wi
configuration advertisement to the beacon device. From that point, a
protocol to deliver configuration advertisements to a specific discovered user. User's smartphone
reads the configuration advertisement and triggers a particular action (see Fig. 1). Moreover,
ibeacon database saves all the user's in
Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.9, No.1, February 2018
system implementation, we use the Apple version (ibeacon), which we found most suitable
The technology is pretty much straightforward to explain. It
only technology built for broadcasting data, where receiving option demands additional
device. However, the protocol itself is transmit-only. P
, while advertising packets, it is doing nothing more than saying to
Identifier (UUID), Major number and Minor number. Combining these three numbers we can
specific information, and by advertising this combined identifier, it can trigger a
particular action on a device that reads it. What is interesting about the ibeacon is the application
’s phone.Such app can read the ibeacon identifier and associate it
with the action that starts after discovering the beacon. In this manner, an application function on
phone is the primary product throughout the whole beacon process, whether it is designed
to show some information regarding advertised products in the beacon proximity or something
Figure 1. System architecture
We implement and test the solution at the Faculty of Engineering and Telecommunications
Vigo in Spain. We divide its infrastructure into two main parts, which are the front
Fi part). The front-end is taking care of the user discovery and
sending multiple user info advertisements, while the back-end connects all the beacon devices
Fi infrastructure to the ibeacon user profile database (see Fig. 1). Single
area contains several Raspberry Pi beacon configured devices places along the Faculty area. BLE
, it learns a user's device MAC address and saves it to the ibeacon database.
protocol and sent to the database by using a Wi-Fi protocol. Later, when ibeacon data
(UUID, Major and Minor combination) and again through the Wi-Fi protocol sends a
configuration advertisement to the beacon device. From that point, a beacon device uses BLE
ibeacon database saves all the user's input records, and it is updated every time a user enters the
3
), which we found most suitable for
straightforward to explain. It represents a
, where receiving option demands additional
only. Put it more
, while advertising packets, it is doing nothing more than saying to
ining these three numbers we can
specific information, and by advertising this combined identifier, it can trigger a
is the application
identifier and associate it
. In this manner, an application function on
r it is designed
proximity or something
We implement and test the solution at the Faculty of Engineering and Telecommunications of
Vigo in Spain. We divide its infrastructure into two main parts, which are the front-end (BLE
end is taking care of the user discovery and
cts all the beacon devices
Fi infrastructure to the ibeacon user profile database (see Fig. 1). Single
beacon configured devices places along the Faculty area. BLE
, it learns a user's device MAC address and saves it to the ibeacon database.
Fi protocol. Later, when ibeacon database saves
Fi protocol sends a
beacon device uses BLE
put records, and it is updated every time a user enters the

4
area. It does this by keeping track of a user's beacon entrance timestamps. User discovery process
is customizable and configured according to the needs of the organization. In our case, a single
beacon device works in a discovery mode for five seconds, and after one second it restarts again.
We have to mention that when a beacon device discovers a particular user’s device, it
immediately makes a connection to the ibeacon database and saves the user’s MAC address as the
database input. It also saves the timestamp of the user’s entrance to the broadcasting (beaconing)
area.
Along the Faculty area, several beacon advertisers were implemented and continuously served
users while entering and exiting the Faculty area. For beacon devices, as already mentioned, we
use a Raspberry Pi hardware devices[12]. The reason why we choose Raspberry Pi over many
others, ready to implement commercial solutions, is the fact that they lack in customization
abilities, where Raspberry is Linux based[13], and it is open to customization. Hardware part
consists of few components. The primary element is a Raspberry Pi 3, and it represents a beacon
device, but the ibeacon database as well.Every beacon device has two pieces of Bluetooth CSR1
4.0 USB2
dongles and one Wi-Fi USB dongle installed on its chassis. The reason why we need
two BLE dongles is that of discovery and advertising process. Beacon device is continuously
scanning the beacon area on one BLE dongle why the other has a function of the advertising
process. Wi-Fi dongle connects the beacon to the internal Faculty infrastructure, and that way
communicates with the ibeacon database. For the ibeacon database, we use Raspberry Pi 3 model
B with MySQL version 5.5 but any computer that supports MySQL installation will serve the
purpose.
4. PILOT EXPERIMENT
Faculty as a building presents a complex environment, where we had to take care of the BLE
coverage, which reduces if the signal encounters an obstacle (walls, doors, inventory, etc.). After
positioning all the beacon devices and making sure that we conceived a full coverage, we
connected them all through the Faculty Wi-Fi infrastructure. The main idea was also to build a
system and satisfy the broadcasting coverage area by using a minimum number of devices. In our
case, we conceived it with 13 devices.We evaluate the performance of the proposed system by
collecting and extracting real-time data. We experiment on the premises of the Faculty and in 27
days, from 05/05/2017 to 31/05/2017, when the Faculty as an institution was in its usual working
routine process (professors dealing with students, students attending classes, exams, studying in
the Faculty library, etc.). After collecting and extracting all the data from the ibeacon database,
we discovered that the total number of inputs in the database was 70,046. This info also means
that the interactions of all the identified users and the system were the same as the number of
database inputs previously mentioned. By interaction, we express discovery and broadcasting
process altogether. Also, a total number of discovered and served users during the experiment
period was 120. It is important to mention that no influence on users was done, regarding their
smart devices and activating the BLE protocol, whatsoever.
Next, we examine a basic system usage from several points of view and divide it by days and
hours. Usage tells us at what specific time was the system involved in a message dissemination
process, as well as in the user discovery process. From Fig. 2 we can see that the peak time of
system usage was 15th of May with 8,884 total interactions. Some predictions regarding such
system behavior could be that the number of Faculty visitors was the same, but not all users had
BLE protocol activated on their phones. However, taking into account that the exam period at the
Faculty started on 15th of May, we can conclude that starting from that day, a Faculty was less
1
Cambridge Silicon Radio
2
Universal Serial Bus

crowded place than before. The reason for this is because not all students were taking the exams,
and by that, they were not present like in the time wh
2). More in-depth inspection of user system usage will give us a better insight of the day with the
high user interactions.
Figure 3. System usage
If we dive a little bit more into this specific date (15th of May), we see that the total number of
users involved in system usage was 24 (see Fig. 3). Figure 3 gives us a better insight into
user interaction. More specifically, two users, named Liss
in system interaction, comparing to
of the most active user and its behavior during the experiment. It is important to mention that
every user identification, in our case
the sake of user's anonymity. In a real
unique device MAC address, as well as user's device
wanted to know the hour peak time of system usage. According to Fig. 4 and the closer insight,
we can tell that the users mostly interact from 10 AM until 12 PM. Peak time also shows that the
Faculty as the institution had usual working hours convent
and by that, they were not present like in the time when they were attending their classes (see Fig.
depth inspection of user system usage will give us a better insight of the day with the
Figure 2. System usage per days
Figure 3. System usage – 15th
of May
users involved in system usage was 24 (see Fig. 3). Figure 3 gives us a better insight into
interaction. More specifically, two users, named Lissa and Suzan, were pretty much involved
in system interaction, comparing to the others. In the following part, we will give a closer insight
ation, in our case a user’s device MAC address, we changed for username, for
the sake of user's anonymity. In a real-world scenario, every username presents a specific and
unique device MAC address, as well as user's device identification (phone name
Faculty as the institution had usual working hours conventional to the world's working hours. We
5
en they were attending their classes (see Fig.
depth inspection of user system usage will give us a better insight of the day with the
users involved in system usage was 24 (see Fig. 3). Figure 3 gives us a better insight into every
a and Suzan, were pretty much involved
others. In the following part, we will give a closer insight
MAC address, we changed for username, for
world scenario, every username presents a specific and
identification (phone name). Next, we
ional to the world's working hours. We

can see when the day goes down
of around 850 interactions per hour until the next morning at about 8 AM. This information tells
us that the users used system resources also during non
during night time is the fact that Faculty has employees who leave their electronic equipment
(device's BLE protocol) in active mode. In the following paragraphs, we examine more closel
involved users in this system usage process.
Figure 5. User Lissa interactions with the system
The user that we examined was user Lissa. This user had the most number of interactions with the
system (20,476) during the experiment period of 27 days. From Figure 5 we notice that user was
active from 5th of May until 19th of May and usually was leaving his BLE device turned on, even
during night time when the Faculty does not operate for the public. This behavior
8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th 15th and 16th of May. Notably, this action we see on 15th and 16th of
May when user's device was mostly active during night period (see Fig. 5). This why we had
deviation on these days (see Fig. 2).
down, in the same manner, the system usage slowly drops to the point
stem resources also during non-working hours. Why users use the system
(device's BLE protocol) in active mode. In the following paragraphs, we examine more closel
involved users in this system usage process.
Figure 4. System usage per hour
Figure 5. User Lissa interactions with the system
during the experiment period of 27 days. From Figure 5 we notice that user was
during night time when the Faculty does not operate for the public. This behavior
on on these days (see Fig. 2). During different periods of time the user was acting
6
, in the same manner, the system usage slowly drops to the point
working hours. Why users use the system
(device's BLE protocol) in active mode. In the following paragraphs, we examine more closely
during the experiment period of 27 days. From Figure 5 we notice that user was
we notice on
periods of time the user was acting

7
according to the behavior of other scanned users, either not present in the area (out of the
Faculty), or either present but with inactive BLE protocol on his device.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposes an innovative solution for broadcasting information using BLE beacons.
Field experiment shows how the system behavesto discover users and to broadcastthe information
to them. However, to correctly receive the information, a userhas to install the app that can
process a beacon signal. The results gave a closer look into system performance while users
interact with the system. The developed system is flexible and can be incorporated easily into
already built infrastructure, not ruining its scalability. The proposed system also presents an
inexpensive alternative to the Cisco CMX solution, previously mentioned in the related work
section.
Currently, the solution can offer a user profile categorization by applying a predefined user
interest taxonomy to the system and in that way using fewer devices to advertise different data to
users found in beacon proximity. That is to say, a single beacon device in our solution can operate
in a mode where it associates with different advertisements and in the same moment can
broadcast multiple information to nearby smart devices. Categorization process demands to
predetermine the users in the ibeacon database by creating separate profiles for specific user.
However, even if we do so, we have to assign them to the discovered users. That way, the system
can identify them the next time they enter the beaconing area. This process asks for applying
different methods for identifying users and predefining their profiles. We are currently working
on a method where we try to categorize the users by analysing their movements along the
building area and learning their behaviour. This way, we want to combine the dynamic
broadcasting solution with the user and space analytics.
This approach enables to obtain users’ movement around a specific area and, consequently, it
might support discovering patterns of users’ behaviour. Previously mentioned motivates as to
develop and experiment more in the area of BLE beacon message dissemination. We plan to
continue our work on this concept and combine our broadcasting system with space monitoring
where extracting data of discovered users from beacon devices can help us to understand the
surrounding behaviour, and to improve the efficiency and the logistics in the particular building.
Furthermore, this approach has some numerous cases where it can be applied, such as social
network, where people can search for other people around them and get some extra knowledge
about the others. Also, by accessing the real-time statistic, beacons can be used to recognize
different hotspots and send alerts to whom it may concern about locations that are overcrowded
and a subject to security flaws.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is funded by: the EU Regional Development Fund, and the Galician Government under
agreement for funding the (AtlantTIC); the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
(TEC2014-54335-C4-3-R); and the EU Commission under the Erasmus Mundus Green-Tech-WB
project (551984-EM-1-2014-1-ES-ERA MUNDUS-EMA21).Thanks to the Communications
Department of the ATIC (UVIGO) for its collaboration in the pilot deployment
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Authors
Miran Borić
Erasmus Mundus Green-Tech-WB Ph.D. student since September 2015 at
University of Vigo (Spain). I obtained the diploma in “Multisensor Intrusion
Detection System” from the Faculty of Informational Technologies,
University of “Džemal Bijedić” Mostar, Bosnia & Herzegovina. I have
previous work experience as a Network specialist and System administrator at
UniCredit Group Bank Mostar and Faculty of Informati
Mostar. I am also an active Cisco Certified Network Academy instructor at
Cisco Local Academy Mostar since 2010. My area of interest includes Smart
network technologies, Internet of Things, Bluetooth Technologies, Switching networks, Rout
and Quality of Service in computers networks.
“Bluetooth Low Energy for Use with MEM Sensors by Clinton Francis Hughes A Thesis.” [Online].
https://pdfsecret.com/download/bluetooth-low-energy-for-use-with-mem-sensors
-presented-in-_59f70296d64ab20a751134a4_pdf. [Accessed: 28
“Estimote.” [Online]. Available: http://estimote.com/. [Accessed: 28-Nov-2017].
“Kontakt.io Blog,” Kontakt.io. [Online]. Available: https://kontakt.io/blog/. [Accessed: 28
“Location based content delivery solution using iBeacon,” Umeå University, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Chuang, and Huang Yennun, “Crowdsensing traces visualization in
sed sensor network using wearable device,” Proceeding SA 16 SIGGRAPH ASIA
Cisco Mobility Express Solution,” Cisco. [Online]. Available:
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/enterprise-networks/mobility-express/mobility-
Trifunovic, B. Distl, D. Schatzmann, and F. Legendre, “WiFi-Opp: Ad-hoc-less Opportunistic
D. J. Dubois, Y. Bando, K. Watanabe, and H. Holtzman, “Lightweight Self-organizing Reconfiguration
-mode WiFi Networks,” in 2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on
Organizing Systems, 2013, pp. 247–256.
N. Newman, “Apple iBeacon technology briefing,” J. Direct Data Digit. Mark. Pract., vol. 15, no. 3,
“Google Eddystone vs. Apple iBeacon: Big Clash Between Tiny Bluetooth Beacons : Business Tec
Tech Times.” [Online]. Available: http://www.techtimes.com/articles/68932/20150715/google
big-clash-between-tiny-bluetooth-beacons.htm. [Accessed: 28
E. Upton and G. Halfacree, Raspberry Pi User Guide. John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
M. Shacklette, “Linux Operating System,” in Handbook of Computer Networks, H. B. Editor
Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007, pp. 78–90.
WB Ph.D. student since September 2015 at
University of Vigo (Spain). I obtained the diploma in “Multisensor Intrusion
on System” from the Faculty of Informational Technologies,
ć” Mostar, Bosnia & Herzegovina. I have
previous work experience as a Network specialist and System administrator at
UniCredit Group Bank Mostar and Faculty of Informational Technologies
Mostar. I am also an active Cisco Certified Network Academy instructor at
Cisco Local Academy Mostar since 2010. My area of interest includes Smart
network technologies, Internet of Things, Bluetooth Technologies, Switching networks, Rout
and Quality of Service in computers networks.
8
A Thesis.” [Online].
sensors-by-
pdf. [Accessed: 28-Nov-
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“Location based content delivery solution using iBeacon,” Umeå University, Faculty
Chuang, and Huang Yennun, “Crowdsensing traces visualization in
sed sensor network using wearable device,” Proceeding SA 16 SIGGRAPH ASIA
Cisco Mobility Express Solution,” Cisco. [Online]. Available:
solution.html.
less Opportunistic
organizing Reconfiguration
mode WiFi Networks,” in 2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on
N. Newman, “Apple iBeacon technology briefing,” J. Direct Data Digit. Mark. Pract., vol. 15, no. 3,
 : Business Tech :
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beacons.htm. [Accessed: 28-Nov-2017].
M. Shacklette, “Linux Operating System,” in Handbook of Computer Networks, H. B. Editor-in-Chief,
network technologies, Internet of Things, Bluetooth Technologies, Switching networks, Routing protocols

9
Ana Fernández Vilas
I am Associate Professor at the Department of Telematics Engineering of
the University of Vigo and researcher in the Information & Computing
Laboratory (AtlantTIC Research Center). I received my PhD in Computer
Science from the University of Vigo in 2002. My research activity at I&C
lab focuses on Semantic-Social Intelligence & data mining. I look for
applying both to Ubiquitous Computing and Sensor Web; urban planning
& learning analytics. Also, I am involved in several mobility &
cooperation projects with North African countries & Western Balkans
Rebeca P. Díaz Redondo
Rebeca P. Díaz Redondo is an Associate Professor at the Department of
Telematics Engineering of the University of Vigo and researcher in the
Information & Computing Laboratory (AtlantTIC Research Center). She
received her PhD in Telecommunications Engineering from the same
university. She currently works on applying social mining and data
analysis techniques to characterize the behavior of users and communities
to design solutions in learning, smart cities and business areas. She is
currently involved in the scientific and technical activities of several
national and European research & educative projects. Besides, she is
involved in several mobility & cooperation projects with North African
countries & Western Balkans.

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