Anatomy introduction
- 2. Anatomy • Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome) • Disciplines of anatomy – Macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental – Neuroanatomy • Approach to study of gross anatomy Upper extremity Back Head and neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and perineum Lower extremity
- 3. Why do you need to study anatomy? • A doctor should be able to localize symptoms and signs – Pains – Lumps/bumps – Withdrawing of blood & giving injections – Basic medical procedures
- 4. Why do you need to study anatomy? • Surgeons need to know what they cut – Where to cut – How to find the structures/organs – Relationship of structures/organs – Normal variations
- 5. Basis for Terminology • Terms informative • Nomina anatomica • Use of eponyms Use correct terminology on exams; avoid nonspecific, general terms, like “front,” “up,” and “behind.”
- 6. Disciplines of Anatomy • Gross Anatomy: structures studied with the naked eye. – Systematic anatomy: organized by systems, e.g., digestive, nervous, endocrine, etc. – Regional anatomy: study of all structures in an area of the body, e.g., upper extremity bones, muscles, blood vessels, etc. • Microscopic anatomy (histology) • Cell biology • Developmental anatomy (embryology) • Pathological anatomy • Radiologic anatomy (x-ray, CT, MRI) • Other areas? (surgery)
- 7. Levels of Structural Organization • Biochemical (atoms, molecules) • Cellular • Tissue • Organ • Organ system • Organism
- 8. Medical Imaging Techniques • X-rays • CT Scan • PET • Ultrasound imaging • MRI • Anatomy is important!
- 9. Anatomical Planes • Median = vertical, front to back in midline • Frontal (coronal) = vertical, perpendicular to median • Horizontal (transverse) = parallel to floor, perpendicular to median, coronal • Sagittal = vertical, parallel to median • Midsagittal (R-L) • Parasagittal (unequal R-L)
- 10. Reference positions • Anatomical position – most widely used & accurate for all aspects of the body – standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, & palms facing forward • Fundamental position – is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides & palms facing the body
- 11. Anatomical Position • Body erect • Head, eyes, toes directed forward • Limbs at sides of body • Palms directed forward
- 12. Anatomical directional terminology • Anterior – in front or in the front part • Anteroinferior – in front & below • Anterosuperior – in front & above • Posterior – behind, in back, or in the rear • Posteroinferior – behind & below; in back & below • Posterolateral – behind & to one side, specifically to the outside
- 13. Anatomical directional terminology • Contralateral – pertaining or relating to the opposite side • Ipsilateral – on the same side • Bilateral – relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right & left extremities
- 14. Anatomical directional terminology • Inferior (infra) – below in relation to another structure; caudal • Superior (supra) – above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic • Distal – situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin • Proximal – nearest the trunk or the point of origin • Lateral – on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane • Medial – relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane • Median – Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane From Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill
- 15. Anatomical directional terminology • Caudal – below in relation to another structure; inferior • Cephalic – above in relation to another structure; higher, superior • Deep – beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue • Superficial – near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
- 16. Anatomical directional terminology • Prone – the body lying face downward; stomach lying • Supine – lying on the back; face upward position of the body • Dorsal – relating to the back; being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface of • Ventral – relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of • Volar – relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot • Plantar – relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
- 17. Directional Terms •Toward the upper part •Superior Cephalic •Toward the lower part •Inferior Caudal •Front •Ventral Anterior •Back •Dorsal Posterior
- 18. Directional Terms •Front Down •Prone •Toward Midline •Medial •Away from Midline •Lateral •Same-Ipsilateral •Opposite-Contralateral •Between •Intermediate •Near •Proximal
- 19. Directional Terms •Far •Distal •On the Surface •Superficial •On the Inside •Deep •On the Wall of the Body Cavity •Parietal •On an Organ •Visceral
- 20. The Skeleton • Consists of – Bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments • Composed of 206 named bones grouped into two divisions – Axial skeleton (80 bones) – Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
- 21. The Axial Skeleton • Formed from 80 named bones • Consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax Figure 7.1a
- 22. Planes and Sections • A plane is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body. • A section is one of the 2 surfaces (pieces) that results when the body is cut by a plane passing through it.
- 24. Median plane Of body Of hand Of foot Sagittal plane
- 25. Sagittal Plane • Sagittal plane – divides the body or an organ into left and right sides • Midsagittal plane – produces equal halves • Parasagittal plane – produces unequal halves Other Planes and Sections • Frontal or coronal plane – divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions • Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane – divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions • Oblique plane – some combination of 2 other planes
- 26. • Medial – nearer to the midline of the body – The heart lies medial to the lungs. • Lateral – farther from the midline of the body – The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand. • Proximal – nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk – The knee is proximal to the ankle. • Distal – farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk – The wrist is distal to the elbow.
- 27. Head-Cephalic •Skull Cranial •Forehead--Frontal •Roof--- Parietal •Side---Temporal •Back--- Occipital
- 28. Head-Cephalic • Face Facial • Eye---Ocular, orbital •Nose---Rhino, nasal •Ear---Otic •Mouth---Oral •Cheek----Buccal •Chin---Mental
- 29. Neck-Cervical Area between shoulder and base of skull. Includes 7 neck vertebrae. “C” collar used for whiplash.
- 30. Trunk • Front Ventral Anterior • Chest---Thoracic, pectoral •Collar Bone---Clavicular •Shoulder---Acromial •Breast bone---Sternal •Belly---Abdominal •Navel---Umbilical •Pelvis---Pelvic •Pubis---Pubic • Back Dorsal Posterior •Backbone---Vertebral •Loin---Lumbar •Tail Bone---Sacral, Coccygeal
- 31. Arm-Upper Extremity •Armpit--- Axillary •Upper Arm---Brachial •Forearm---Antebrachial •Wrist---Carpal •Hand---Manual •Palm---Metacarpal,volar •Front of Elbow---Antecubital •Back of Elbow---Cubital Olecranal •Back of hand---Dorsal •Finger---Digital,Phalangeal •Thumb---Pollex
- 32. Leg-Lower Extremity •Hip---Coxal •Buttock---Gluteal •Thigh---Femoral •Knee cap---Patellar •Back of Knee---Popliteal •Shin---Crural •Calf---Sural •Ankle---Tarsal •Heel---Calcaneal •Foot------Pedal, metatarsal •Top of Foot---Dorsal •Sole of Foot---Plantar •Toe---Digital,Phalangeal •Great Toe---Hallux
- 33. Cardinal planes of motion • 3 basic or traditional – in relation to the body, not in relation to the earth • Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane • Lateral or Frontal Plane • Transverse or Horizontal Plane
- 34. Body Sections
- 35. Body Sections
- 36. Body Regions
- 37. Regional Terms Used for Places