applications of rs and gis in solid waste management

INTRODUCTION
With rapid urbanization and ever increasing population
growth there has been a substantial increase in the
generation of solid waste & contamination of air, water
and land resources.
 The solid wastes from different municipalities, not
managed properly, have been creating problems for
human health and environment.
 Some of the solid wastes have been proved to be
extremely toxic and infectious.
 The uncontrolled dumping of such wastes have not only
brought about increasing number of incidents of health
hazard but also causing the surface and ground water
contamination and thus posing serious environmental
threat to the human being.




The present study would deal with, how
Geographical Information System (GIS)
and Remote sensing techniques can be
used as a decision support tool for
planning waste management.

Source of information


The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation ward
boundary map from Town Planning Department of
GVMC.



Assessment of the existing solid waste management
system in the study area through interview with the
employee working with waste management, survey
conducted through the questionnaire to the case study
area residents,



Survey Of India Toposheet of the Study Area



Satellite Image



The other various information was collected through
online source.

Scope
The efficiency of solid waste disposal depends
upon selection of proper site and there are
several issues that have impacts for site
selection.
 The two main reasons for undertaking the
present study are rapid growth in population
and urban sprawl leading to an increase in the
amount of waste generated.
 The scope of the work is to use the latest
techniques of GIS and Remote Sensing to select
a favorable site for solid waste disposal in urban
area like Visakhapatnam.


Objectives







To study the existing system of storage, collection,
transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW in the
Study Area, Visakhapatnam City.
Quantitative assessment of solid wastes generated
from different sectors in the study area.
To create spatial digital database consisting of base
map, land use/ land cover, drainage, road network
maps with the help of merged product of LISS III &
PAN of IRS-1D, SOI toposheets and ground data on
ARC/INFO GIS platform.
To select a site where the greatest protection of
environment is provided using the latest techniques of
GIS and Remote Sensing

Study Area


The present study entitled “USE OF GIS
IN IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITE
FOR LANDFILL IN VISAKHAPATNAM” was
carried out in Visakhapatnam, “the city of
destiny”.

LAND USE DETAILS OF VISAKHAPATNAM CITY
Land Use

Area, Ha

Percentage to total

Residential

4027.78

53.75

Commercial

99.48

1.34

Industrial

163.40

2.18

Transportation

550.20

7.34

Recreational

582.38

7.77

Water Courses

158.91

2.12

Restricted Area

130.00

1.73

Agricultural

719.85

9.61

Public and Semi-Public

662.50

8.84

Vacant Land

398.72

5.32

Total

7493.20

100.00

CHART SHOWING LANDUSE DETAILS
OF VISAKHAPATNAM CITY
Land Use Of Visakhpatnam City
Public & SemiVacant Land, 5%
Public, 9%

Residential
Commercial
Industrial

Agricultural, 10%

Transportation
Restricted Area, 2%
Water Courses, 2%

Recreational
Residential, 54%

Water Courses
Restricted Area

Recreational, 8%

Agricultural
Public & Semi-Public

Transportation, 7%
Industrial , 2%
Commercial, 1%

Vacant Land

Contribution of GIS in SWM
There are several phases in solid waste
management, right from the stage where
it is generated till it reaches its final
destination or at a stage where it is no
more a threat to the environment.
 It is observed that solid waste
management can be bifurcated into mainly
two phases.
 One is the waste management in the area
where it is generated and second is the
management of waste at dumping


GIS could help in dealing with several
factors simultaneously which needs to be
considered while planning waste
management.
 “GIS is a system of computer hardware
and software, designed to allow users to
collect, manage, analyse and retrieve
large volume of spatially referenced data
and associated attribute data collected
from a variety of sources.”




Thus, the purpose of this paper is to
demonstrate the use of GIS and remote
sensing techniques to identify appropriate
areas which are suitable for reasonable,
convenient, and administratively
transparent waste-disposal siting in
Visakhapatnam.

Functional elements
Solid waste Managem ent
Waste Generation

W aste handling, S eperation
S torag e
Collection

Separation
P rocessing
Tran sfer and tran sport

Disposal

WASTE GENERATION –
MATERIAL BALANCE
INFLOW

STORED MATERIAL
(raw material, products, solid waste)

OUTFLOW

OUT FLOW: Materials, products, Solid wastes,
Combustion gases and ashes

ON-SITE HANDLING






Handling of solid waste until they are
placed in the containers used for their
storage before collection
Domestic Solid Waste
Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste

ON-SITE STORAGE
a) Types of containers
b) Container location
c) Public Health & aesthetics
d) Collection method

ON-SITE PROCESSING
a) Recover usable material : Manual sorting
b) Reduce the volume
: Compaction
c) Alter the physical form
: Incineration

Waste storage


Providing the system of waste storage on
the road side the major activity Primary
Waste Storage facilities are made available
by GVMC along streets and near
commercial complexes. In addition,
shopkeepers at a few commercial
complexes provide bins for public use.
GVMC has about 598 dumper placer
container for storage of waste

DISTRIBUTION OF DUMPER PLACER
CONTAINERS BY ZONE
ZONE NUMBER
1

DUMPER PLACER
CONTAINER
19

2

3

180

4

146

5

55

6
TOTAL

170

28
598

applications of rs and gis in solid waste management

Collection and transportation
Primary collection
 Secondary collection


Primary Waste Collection


Primary waste collection is the important essential step
of solid waste management activity. Primary collection
system is necessary to ensure that the waste stored at
source is collected regularly and it is not disposed of on
the streets, drains, water bodies, etc.



The collection of solid waste from the door to door
households, shops, and establishment is called primary
collection. GVMC has provided Pushcarts (6 tubs),
Tricycles to collect the solid waste from the households,
commercial establishments etc

Secondary collection
collection of solid waste for the second time,
i.e. from community collection points,
prior to its transport (often as part of a
collection round by larger vehicles) to a
transfer station, treatment facility or
disposal site.

WASTE TRANSPORT




Transportation of waste stored at waste storage depots
at regular intervals is essential. The collection and
transportation of waste is practiced on all the days of the
year including the public holidays. In GVMC, waste
stored in open spaces is either loaded manually or with
the help of loaders in trucks.
The vehicles involved in the solid waste
transportation in Visakhapatnam include dumper placers,
tractors, mini vans, tippers (big & small). Dumper
placers will carry the bin and unload the waste at the
transfer station and will perform on an average of 12
trips per day. Mini tippers transport the waste from the
open secondary collection points to transfer stations.

VEHICLE S AVAILABLE FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MSW IN
VISAKHAPATNAM
Types of Vehicles

Number

1

Dumper Placer Vehicle

43

2

Big Tipper

10

3

Mini Tipper

2

4

Tractors

1

5

Dead Body Van

1

6

Vans

13

S. No

Vehicles at Disposal Site
1

JCB

3

2

Bull Dozer

1

TRANSFER STATION








Being Visakhapatnam is the big city and waste generation is more
and the disposal site is far from the city, transfer station is
established to transfer the waste from dumper placers and trucks.
The transfer station is located at town road. The collection vehicle
like dumper placers, tippers and tractors will pick up the waste from
the secondary open collection points and dumper bins and transfer
the waste directly in transfer stations.
A ramp facility is also provided to facilitate unloading of vehicles or
dumper placer containers, directly into large containers at transfer
station.
Waste is weighed at Weigh Bridge at the entrance gate, a record is
being maintained for in time, out time, weight of the solid waste
disposing in to the transfer station and vehicle number. The big
tipper (20 ton capacity) transport the waste to disposal site located
at Kapuluppada which is 25kms away from the city.

DISPOSAL OF WASTE


Currently, the city disposes all of their waste at a Kapuluppada
disposal site. This site is operating for the last 5 years with 100
acres.



3 JCB and 1 bulldozer are employed at GVMC for solid waste
management, including the operation of the waste disposal site.



The existing waste disposal site is a dumpsite with no leachate
collection and treatment system and does not meet the current
requirements of the MSW 2000 Rules.



Open burning of waste, indiscriminate disposal, presence of stray
animal & rag pickers at the disposal site and leachate migration into
the river are common occurrences.

COMPOSTING


Composting: The controlled biological
decomposition of organic matter, such as
food and yard wastes, into humus, a soillike material.



Composting is nature's way of recycling
organic wastes into new soil

BENEFITS OF COMPOSTING








Keeps organic wastes out of landfills.
Provides nutrients to the soil.
Increases beneficial soil organisms (e.g.,
worms).
Suppresses certain plant diseases.
Reduces the need for fertilizers and
pesticides.
Protects soils from erosion.
Assists pollution remediation.

COMPOSTING

Geosynthic Clay Layer

DETAILS OF RECYCLABLES
S. N0

Category

1.

plastics

Waste generation in kg per
month
150-180

2.

milkcover

250-300

3.

cardboard

350

4.

Broken glasses

1000

5.

Mica papers

1000

6.

Waste papers

2500

7.

iron

50-60

8.

Tube lights

400-500no/month

9.

aluminum

1-2

10.

Blubs

400-500 no/month

TOTAL WASTE GENERATED
s.no

Type of waste

Waste
Percentage waste
generated(tons/day) compostion

1.

Domestic house hold
waste

464.00

62.87

2.

Commercial
Establishments waste

36.00

4.87

3.

Hotels & Restaurants

16.79

2.27

4.

Institutional waste

3.94

054

5.

Parks & Gardens

4.50

0.60

6.

Street sweeping waste

61.08

8.28

7.

Waste from Drains

63.28

8.58

8.

Markets

60.00

8.10

9.

Temples

2.24

0.30

8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.

Drains
Markets
Temples
Chicken,
Mutton, Beef.
Fish stalls
Slaughter
houses
Cinema halls
Function halls
Total Waste

60.00
2.24

8.10
0.30

4.91

0.67

2.40

0.35

0.22
18.60
738

0.04
2.53
100

SOURCES OF WASTE GENERATION
IN VISAKHAPATNAM

Solid Waste Site Selection
Criteria
A number of essential factors are considered in
locating landfill sites. Such factors include both
physical and social environments.
 The essential factors: Topography, Climate,
Surface and Ground Water Hydrology, Geology,
Cover material (Land Cover), and Land Uses.
 Due to data constraints, we used Topography,
Surface hydrology, Existing settlements,
Sensitive area and Land development (Roads
etc.) of the area as guides to site selection.


Landfill criteria









Must not be located within 160 meters of a wetland
Must not be located within 160 meters of a sensitive
area.
Must not be located within 200 meters of an existing
waste site.
Must not be located within 1000 meters of an existing
settlement.
Must be located within 300 meters of major road.
No landfill should be constructed within critical habitat
area.
No landfill should be constructed within 3048 m(10,000
ft) of any airport.
Not be located on or within 500 m of sites of historic
importance.

WASTE DISPOSAL


LAND FILLING
Process by which residual solid waste is placed in a
landfill



LAND FORMING
Biological, chemical, and physical processes that occur in
the surface of the soil are used to treat the
biodegradable industrial wastes



DEEP WELL INJECTION
Injection of the wastes deep in the ground into
permeable rock formation or underground caverns.

WASTE DISPOSAL- LANDFILL






LAND FILLING involves the controlled
disposal of solid waste on or in the upper
layer of the earth’s mantle.

TYPES OF LANDFILLS
Sanitary Landfill
Engineered Landfill
Secured Landfill

WASTE DISPOSAL- LANDFILL
CELL is used to describe the volume of material
placed in a landfill during one operating period,
usually one day
LIFT a complete layer of cells over the active
area of the landfill
Landfills for
 Municipal Solid Waste
 Milled waste
 Monofills
 Fills for gas production

LANDFILLS
METHODS
 Excavated Cell or Trench method
 Area or Mound method
 Canyon/Depression method

Excavated Cell or Trench Method
Suitable to areas where:
 Adequate depth of cover material is
available at the site
 The water table is not near the surface
 Typical trench: 60 to 300 m x 5 to 20 m x
1 m; SS: 1.5 to 2:1

Area Method
Suitable to areas where:
 The terrain is hard to excavate
 High ground water table
 Haul the cover material from other borrow
pits nearby
 Leachate control system is necessary

Canyon or Depression Method
Suitability:
 When canyons, dry borrow pits, quarries,
mine pits or holes, natural depressions
are available
 Cost of surface drainage
 Availability and haul distances of the cover
material

LANDFILLS- DESIGN











Land requirement
Types of wastes handled
Evaluation of seepage potential
Drainage and seepage control facilities
Leachate management plan
Gas collection system
Solid waste filling plan
Development of operation plan
Equipment requirements

Methodology
The figure demonstrates the
methodology adopted for the use of GIS in
identification of landfill in the study area.
 The flow of the model indicates the
different steps carried in the methodology.


Endangered Areas (500 m Buffer)

Sensitive Areas (160 m Buffer)

Residential Areas (1000 m Buffer)

Software Used

81

Monday, February 03, 2014

Software Used

82

Monday, February 03, 2014

applications of rs and gis in solid waste management

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