Artificial_Pacemaker presentation in detailed
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Artificial_Pacemaker presentation in detailed
- 2. It is an electronic apparatus that is used to initiate the heart beat when the SA node is seriously damaged and is unable to act as the pacemaker of the heart. or when the impulses from the SA node and the atria are not adequately transmitted through the A V junction to the ventricle.
- 3. Aims To control cardiac rate and rhythm when the natural pacemaker is defective or destroyed. To initiate cardiac activity in ventricular standstill.
- 4. Indication s To treat partial or complete heart block with stokes- Adams attacks that do not respond to drug therapy. To correct drug resistant bradycardias. To permit administration of high doses of supportive drugs for the prevention of recurrent tachyarrhythmias. To treat ventricular tachycardia (resistant to conventional therapeutic measures ) and cardiac arrest.
- 5. Type s External pacemaker – the pulse generator remains outside the body and the electrical stimulation is conveyed to the heart through the pacing catheter.
- 6. Internal pacemaker – the pulse generator is implanted in the subcutaneous tissues and the electrical stimulation is passed to the heart through the pacing catheters.
- 9. Pacing methods External pacing – this is non invasive cardiac pacing carried out by means of an electrode placed on the chest wall. The magnitude of electrical current required to effect ventricular contraction through the closed chest wall is so great, that the stimulus causes local pain, intense muscle contraction and skin burn.
- 10. Transthoracic pacing – Ventricular contraction is achieved by means of a thin wire electrode inserted directly into the myocardium by way of a needle introduced through the chest wall. Another electrode is placed externally on the chest wall to complete the circuit. The major advantage of this method is the rapidly with which the pacing can be stared. Therefore, this technique is of much use in times of emergency, e.g. when ventricular asystole develops unexpectedly.
- 12. Transvenous pacing – the heart can be effectively stimulated from a small electrode placed within the right ventricle. This pacing electrode is introduced into a superficial vein and then advanced through the vena cava into the right atrium until it is lodged against the endocardial surface of the right ventricle. The electrical stimulus is delivered from a small battery- powered pulse generator. This technique is used routinely in most of the coronary care units.
- 14. Main Elements Power source Memory Antenna Microprocessor
- 15. Pacing Lead The generator is connected to heart through the tiny wires called leads. Leads deliver the pulse to its destination in the heart, sense and carry back information to the pulse generator. Each lead has an electrode on its tip. That tip actually burrows into heart wall Connector Lead Body Active Fixation Mechanism Tip Electrode
- 16. Electrode Material used for electrode tips is titanium Electrode housing is made from silicone rubbers Steroids needed to prevent inflammation process.
- 17. How does a pacemaker take over heart beat?
- 18. How does a pacemaker take over heart beat? Electrical pulses travel through leads to heart. The pulses are timed to flow at regular intervals just like heart's natural electrical signals would. Pacer has 2 functions: pacing and sensing (The third function is programming)
- 19. Types of artificial cardiac pacemakers Unipolar system Single chamber - only one chamber is regulated Bipolar system Dual chamber - two leads are used.
- 21. The procedure is usually done under local anaesthesia. The pulse generator is implanted under the skin. The leads are inserted using x-ray control, via a vein found in this area, and positioned in the appropriate right sided heart chamber. The leads are tested before the pulse generator is attached.
- 22. Living with an artificial cardiac pacemaker
- 23. A person with an artificial cardiac pacemaker can live a normal life and can still do everyday activities. Most pacemakers last longer than five years. Before the pacemaker fails, a battery depletion indicator suggests that the pacemaker should be replaced. This is again performed under local anaesthesia.
- 24. How does magnet application affect a pacemaker?
- 25. Magnet application disables the sensing amplifier, causing it to pace asynchronously. It is recommended that patients with a pacemaker keep at least 15 cm away from possible sources of magnetic interference, e.g. mobile phones, magnetic pain therapy, stereo speakers.