AV2.pdf
- 1. KAMINENI INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES COLLEGE OF NURSING, NARKETPALLY, NALGONDA. MSC NURSING AV-AIDS FILE
- 2. NURSING EDUCATION NAME: CLASS: SUBJECT: TOPIC: REG.NO: SUBMITTED TO: SIGNATUTE OF THE SIGNATURE OF THE COORDINATOR: PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE OF THE SIGNATURE OF THE INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER
- 4. S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PURPOSES & PRINCIPLES OF AV AIDS 3 COMMUNICATION 4 CONE OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES 5 LETTERING TECHNIQUE AND SPACING 6 SPACING 7 COLOURING 8 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND SYMBOLS 9 CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS PROJECTED AV AIDS • SLIDES • OVER HEAD PROJECTOR • VCDVCR • LCD • FILM • TV • CAMERA • MICROSCOPE 10 NON-PROJECTED AV AIDS • CHALK BOARD • CHARTS • GRAPHS • POSTERS • FLASH CARDS • FLANNEL GRAPH • BULLETIN BOARD • CARTOONS 20 3-D AIDS 21 PRINTED AIDS
- 6. AUDIO VISUAL AIDS INTRODUCTION Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the learning process as a whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio visual material and teaching learning process. Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation. A.V. aids are multi-sensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic and clarity. It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning. Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.
- 7. DEFINITIONS 1. Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic. 2. According to Burton: Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning. 3. According to Carter V. Good: Audio visual aids are those aids which help in completing the triangular process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation. 4. According to Good’s dictionary of education: Audio visual aids are anything by means of which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight. 5. According to Edger Dale: Audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also as multi-sensory materials. 6. According to McKown and Roberts: Audio visual aids are supplementary devices which can the teacher, through the utilization of more than one sensory channel is able to clarify, establish and correlate concepts, interpretations and appreciations. 7. According to KP. Neeraja: An audio-visual aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard as well as seen.
- 8. PURPOSES To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching- learning more concrete To serve an instructional role in itself. To create interest among the group To make teaching as an effective process ADVANTAGES A.V. aids help in effective perceptual and conceptual learning A.V. aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students A.V. aids arouse interests and motivate students to learn A.V. aids are helpful in new learning A.V. aids help in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and student’s A.V. aids provide near realistic experience A.V. aids can meet individual demands A.V. aids are useful in for education of masses
- 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS Teaching aids should be Meaningful Purposeful Accurate in every aspect Simple and cheap Improvised Large in size Up to date Easily portable Motivates the learners ACCORDING TO INTELLECTUAL LEVEL OF STUDENT SOURCES OF A.V. AIDS Government Educational institutions Professional organizations Non-governmental organizations Voluntary organizations (National and international) Commercial producers of educational material Commercial advertisement In nursing organizations like TNAI, INC. etc. A.V. material should be carefully located to eliminate duplication, easy accessibility and convenient use A.V. material should be available whenever and wherever they needed for effective utilization as an integral part of curriculum Budget appropriations should be made regularly for A.V. education programs
- 11. DEFINITION COMMUNICATION Communication is transfer of information from the sender to the receiver. So that it is understand in its right context. OR Communication is the process of initiating, transmitting and receiving information. OR Communication is the process of exchange of ideas or feelings from one person to another person or interchange of information. PURPOSE To share ideas, values, thoughts of the person with others For social life It should be expressed in terms of human behaviour To establish inter personal relationship It helps to change of attitude of persons, groups It helps to achieve desired results ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION Sender Message Receiver Feed back Noise
- 12. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION a) One way communication b) Two-way communication c) Inter personal communication d) Serial communication e) Mechanical communication f) Physiological communication g) Psychic communication h) Verbal communication i) Non-verbal communication j) Formal communication k) Informal communication COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- 13. A. ONE WAY COMMUNICATION One-way communication is most often used to give factual information or to persuade or manipulate the receiver to act a certain way. One-way communication has several advantages. It allows the sender to control the message without interference, and it's fast and cost effective. B. TWO WAY COMMUNICATION Two-way communication is a form of transmission in which both parties involved transmit information. Two-way communication has also been referred to as interpersonal communication. Common forms of two-way communication are: Amateur radio, CB or FRS radio contacts
- 14. C.INTER PERSONAL COMMUNICATION It is process in which the communication engages in face-to-face interaction E.g.: Interview, group discussions D.SERIAL COMMUNICATION Person to person the message will be passed like a chain; sender pass the message to one person then the receiver passes the information to other.
- 15. E. MECHAINICAL COMMUNICATION By using the mechanical devices, the communication will be sent. E.g.: Internet and websites F. PHYSIOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION If a stimulus received by the body, immediately the brain receives the information and transmits to the receptive organ through the neurons where it has to be passed.
- 16. G. PSYCHIC COMMUNICATION The person perceives and predicts the information in advance is called a psychic communication. H. VERBAL COMMUNICATION Interact with the other and exchange of ideas will take place and information can be passed through language.
- 17. I.NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION Through gestures, body movements, postures and facial expressions etc. the ideas of the processes will be communicated. J. FORMAL COMMUNICATON Formal communication is also known as official communication and informal communication is also known as grapevine communication.
- 18. K. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION Informal communication is casual communication between co-workers in the workplace. It is unofficial in nature and is based in the informal, social relationships that are formed in a workplace outside of the normal hierarchy of business structure.
- 19. KINDS OF COMMUNICATION There is main four kinds of communications all illustrated 1. Speaking-Listening The sender speaks and the receiver listens Eg: Listening to a lecture Listening to talk Listening to a tape 2. Visualizing-Picture observing The sender uses visual symbols and receiver observes Eg: Diagrams 3. Speaking-Listening, Visualizing-Observing The sender combines speaking and visual symbols while the receiver listens Eg: An educational T.V. programme 4. Writing-Reading The sender uses written words and symbols while the receiver reads and feels those. Eg: Hand out on a given topic, Silent reading from text book.
- 20. CONE OF LEARNING
- 21. CONE OF LEARNING Edgar Dale's “Cone of Experience”, alternatively known as the “Cone of Learning” or the “Learning Pyramid”. Devised in the 1940s, this model illustrates the premise that how much understanding a person retains depends on which senses are involved in the learning process.
- 23. LETTERING TECHNIQUE There are over hundred lettering techniques and aids in the markets today. Each is designed to assist the producer to make chart, graphs, maps and posters, transparencies etc. But only few of them are most effective. One can do with little practice to produce professional lettering. While lettering, the following points are to be observed. Legible- So that the letter can be read easily Visible- So that the letter can be seen and perceived easily Simple- Should be plain, straight forward and ordinary Spacing- To be appropriate SPACING: It should appear to have equal or uniform distance letters. Spacing should be eye measurement, not mechanical? Badly spaced letters make words difficult to read. Good spacing is the result of diligent practice. LAYOUT: The arrangement and form given to letters, contribute a great deal to preparation of visual materials Timing Running commentary Emphasizing main points Directions Discussion Prompt practice DESIGN: It should be brief, simple, and meaningful and attract the minds of readers. COLOUR: Limit the number of colours and make sure that you’re lettering standout well from the back ground. Black and yellow are the combination with most contracts.
- 24. TECHNIQUE OF LETTERING 1. Rule of 8’ for formulating principle of legibility Distance Size 64’ 2’ 32’ 1’ 16’ ½’ 8’ ¼’ 2. Contrast High contrast-Black and white Medium contrast-Blue and red 3. Spacing Mechanical spacing Optical spacing 4. Style Formal style Informal style Decorative style Principles 1. Follow the rule of 8’ lettering 2. Letter end in order 3. Too much order gives monotony 4. Headings are better with bold letters 5. Space letters evenly 6. Colour should be pleasing for contract and determination
- 25. SPACING
- 26. S P A C I N G RULES HAVE 8’ IN LETTERING View distance Size of the letter 8 feet ¼ inch 16 feet ½ inch 32 feet 1 inch 64 feet 2 inch A B C D E F G ABCDEFG ABCD ABCD
- 27. COLOURING
- 28. COLOURS USE OF COLOURS COLOUR is an important element in preparing the instructional materials. Synonyms of colour are chrome, glue, shape lint and tinge. It has universal appeal and irritable charm. LIST OF COLOURS: To contrast parts, differentiate, discriminate To emphasize points To show relationships To get realistic effect To attract attention To create interest To achieve harmony To increasing carrier power of message TYPES OF COLOURS: Warm colours: Stand out, attract attention and appear to advance. Eg: Red, Orange, and Yellow Cool colours: Appear to recede and make better back ground. Eg: pale blue, Green, Violet COLOUR AND MOODS Colour can produce certain feelings and moods
- 29. The following chart shows the association usually credited to certain colours. RED Exciting, arousing, stimulating ORANGE Healing, adds warmth, lively YELLOW Joy, gaiety, bright and cheerful GREEN Restful, neutral, relaxing, soothing PURPLE Richness, royalty, and elegance BLUE Cooling, serene, refreshing WHITE Purity, spirituality, immaculateness BLACK Darkness, gloom, death
- 30. COLOUR AND VISIBILITY COLOUR contrast will have an effect on visibility using black as back ground. Visibility is reported as follows. PURPLE is least visible YELLOW has 12 times visibility of purple ORANGE has 9 times visibility of purple GREEN has 7 times visibility of purple RED has 5 times visibility of purple BLUE has 3times visibility of purple
- 31. COLOUR HARMONY Good way to see colour relationships is to look at the colour wheel. The placement of the colours around the wheel are not random. They are arranged in spectral order (like the rainbow) bend into a complete circle. Each colour’s placement on the wheel can help you to identify harmonious colour combinations. MONOCHROMATIC HARMONY Monochromatic colour schemes are derived from a single base hue and extended using its shades, tones and tints. Tints are achieved by adding white and shades and tones are achieved by adding a darker colour, grey or black.
- 32. COMPLEMENTORY HARMONY Two colours on opposite sides of the hue wheel are called a complementary colour harmony. Three colours adjacent to each other are defined as analogous colour harmony. ANALOGOUS HARMONY Three colours that are next to each other on the colour wheel define an analogous harmony. We can combine 5B (Blue), 5BG (Blue Green), and 5G (Green) to produce an adjacent colour scheme on the Munsell colour wheel.
- 33. HINT OF USING COLOURS Keep colour scheme simple Achieve harmony in colour scheme Use minimum number of colours Use colour to emphasize the instructional message Consider colour and back ground together to increase the carrying power of message Use colour for grouping or categorizing information visually Use colour to enhance the quality of material used for teaching
- 34. COLOUR WHEEL The colour wheel was invented in 1666 by Isaac Newton, who mapped the colour spectrum onto a circle. The colour wheel is the basis of colour theory, because it shows the relationship between colours. Colours that look good together are called a colour harmony. Artists and designers use these to create a particular look or feel. You can use a colour wheel to find colour harmonies by using the rules of colour combinations. Colour combinations determine the relative positions of different colours in order to find colours that create a pleasing effect. There are two types of colour wheel. The RYB or red, yellow, blue colour wheel is typically used by artists, as it helps with combining paint colours. Then there is the RGB, or red, green and blue colour wheel, which is designed for online use, as it refers to mixing light – like on a computer or TV screen.
- 35. COLOUR COMBINATIONS A colour scheme consists of a combination of colours used in a range of design disciplines, from fine art to interior design to graphic design. Each colour scheme consists of one or more of the twelve colours present on the colour wheel. By pairing different colours with each other, you can create endless colour palettes to use in any composition. Different colour combinations evoke different moods or tones by using colour theory and colour psychology.
- 36. SYMBOLS
- 37. SYMBOLS A study conducted in the 1980s by Giacomo Pizzolatto on macaque monkeys discovered a class of neurons later known as the mirror neurons which are activated in response to different actions whether the actions are carried out by ourselves or others. It is one of the neural bases to of connecting to others. These mirror neurons are also known to be activated when “symbolic” representations of actions such as mime, speech and reading are experienced. This allowed our ancestral primates to learn and transmit basic forms of symbolic representations to communicate. Written communication first emerged through the use of pictograms which slowly developed standardized and simplified forms. Shared writing systems were then developed leading to adaptable alphabets.
- 39. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS Facial expressions can display personal emotions and indicate an individual's intentions within a social situation. They are extremely important to the social interaction of individuals. Background scenes in which faces are perceived provide important contextual information for facial expression processing. Facial expressions are one of the more important aspects of human communication. The face is responsible for communicating not only thoughts or ideas, but also emotions.
- 41. A.V. AIDS According to the Webster dictionary, audio-visual aids is defined as "training or educational materials directed at both the senses of hearing and the sense of sight, films, recordings, photographs, etc. used in classroom instructions, library collections or the likes". The concept of audio-visual aids is not new and can be traced back to seventeenth century when John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), a Bohemian educator, introduced pictures as teaching aids in his book Orbis Sensualism Pictus ("picture of the Sensual World") that was illustrated with 150 drawings of everyday life. Similarly, Jean Rousseau (1712–1778) and JH Pestalozzi (1746–1827) advocated the use of visual and play materials in teaching. More recently, audio-visual aids were also widely used during and after World War II by the armed service. The successful use of pictures and other visual aids in U.S armed forces during World War II proved the effectiveness of instructional tools. There are various types of audio-visual materials ranging from filmstrips, microforms, slides, projected opaque materials, tape recording and flashcards. In the current digital world, audio-visual aids have grown exponentially with several multimedia such as educational DVDs, PowerPoint, television educational series, YouTube, and other online materials. The goal of audio-visual aids is to enhance teacher's ability to present the lesson in simple, effective and easy to understand for the students. Audio-visual materials make learning more permanent since students use more than one sense. It is important to create awareness for the state and federal ministry of education as policy makers in secondary schools of the need to inculcate audio-visual resource as main teaching pedagogy in curricula.
- 42. Activity aids CLASSIFICATION OF A.V. AIDS i. Audio aids: Audio materials are those which can be heard Eg: Radio, tape recorder, Walkman, I-pod ii. Visual aids: Those are helpful to visualize the things Eg: Graphic aids, 3D aids, display boards and print material iii. Audio visual aids: These aids can be heard and seen simultaneously Eg: Projected aids, T.V, films A.V. aids Audio visual aids Non projected A.V. Aids Projected A.V. aids Graphic aids 3D aids Display boards Print material
- 43. TYPES OF A.V. AIDS I. Simple A.V. aids: It includes graphic aids, display boards, 3D aids, print material etc. II. Sophisticated A.V. aids: Includes audio-visual aids Principle to be followed for the effective use of A.V. aids: Audio-visual material should function as an integral part of the educational program A.V. aids should be centralized under specialized direction and leadership in educational programs An advisory committee consisting of representative from all areas of curriculum should be appointed to assist in selection and coordination of A.V. aids. An educational program should be flexible.
- 45. PROJECTED A.V. AIDS OVER HEAD PROJECTOR The Overhead projector is most used in all A.V. aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable to use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency while teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP. DURING THE PRESENTATION Keep the screen above the heads of the participants Keep the screen in full view of participants Make sure you are not blocking any one’s view when presenting Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming near by Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two Talk to the audience, not to the screen PURPOSES To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can carry without exposing them to class To test students’ performances while other classmates observe To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting colour To give the illustration of motion in the transparency.
- 46. ADVANTAGES: It permits to teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus enabling her to point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials at the projector itself and at the same time, to observe the students’ reactions to her discussion.
- 47. OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and easy to prepare and easy to operate with the Overhead projector which is light weight. A 10 x10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the projector and a large image is projected on a screen behind you. The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting besides, facing the student. GUIDELINES FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE TRANSPARENCIES: Have one main idea each transparency Include only related figures and diagrams Use simple lettering style in writing Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering Keep the message clear and simple Emphasize the key messages Use colour and lettering with discretion ADVANTAGES: 1. Permits face to face interaction with the students. 2. Can be used in daylight conditions. 3. Can present information in systematic developmental sequences. 4. Easily available
- 48. THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of materials Ex: Book pages, objects, coins, post cards or any other similar flat material that is non transparent The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the originals, printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence derived by the teacher. It requires a dark room as projector is large and not reality moveable. ADVANTAGES: 1. Stimulates attention and arouses interest 2. Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when one copy is available 3. Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps 4. Does not require any written or typed material, hand written material can be used 5. Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period 6. Review instructional problems 7. Test knowledge and ability 8. Simple operation
- 49. SLIDE PROJECTOR A Slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. Slides are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still pictures on positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a film laboratory. The standard size of the slides is 2x2 any 35mm camera will make satisfactory slides. TYPES OF SLIDES 1. Photogenic slides: 2” x 2” 3” x 4” Black and white coloured 2. Handmade slides: can be made with a) Acetated sheet b) Cellophane c) Etched glass d) Plain glass e) Lumarith Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking photographs and snapshot when they go on field trips for historical, geographical, literacy or scientific excursions. The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is an important aspect of teaching with them.
- 50. ADVANTAGES: 1. Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory 2. Results in colourful, realistic, reproduction original subject 3. Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses 4. Easy to revise and up date 5. Easily handled, stored and re arranged for various uses 6. Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion 7. May be adopted to group or individual use.
- 51. FILM STRIPS Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on 35mm film. A tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip. Each strip contains from 12-18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film. PRINCIPLES 1. Preview film strips before using them and selected carefully to meet the needs of the topic to be taught. 2. Show again any part of the film strip needing more specific study 3. Use film strip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up problems 4. It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of the study brought out 5. Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen TYPES OF FILM STRIP Discussion filmstrip: It is continuing strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles. Sound slide film: It is similar to films strip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.
- 52. ADVANTAGES: 1. Compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence 2. Can be supplemented with recordings 3. Inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required 4. Useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by instructor or user 5. Projected with simple light weight equipment
- 53. RADIO In purely auditory aids, sound recording and reproduction and transmission and reception equipment’s some, which include radio receivers and recording equipment’s like disc, tape and cassette players. These pieces of equipment be extremely useful for languages and social studies lessons. The most common form of public education and entertainment is radio receiver. These days transistorized radio receivers are cheaply available, which can be run with dry batteries and these are easily portable. Using radio programs for classroom instruction The teaching procedure of a radio lesson should be in the following steps Procure and study in advance the nature and content of the radio lesson Prepare students for the radio lesson by informing them about the back ground of the lesson Allow the students to listen to the radio lesson and you as a teacher note down the important points covered by it Make use of the noted down points to be discuss the radio lesson with the students. Clarify and amplify the main points of the radio lesson using other a.v. aids
- 54. KINDS OF RADIOS Kind of program Description Talk A talk is a sequential narration about a topic by a single speaker. A good radio talk is characterised by naturalness of voice, pleasant tone punctuated by humorous incidents, human interest stories and word pictures. Discussion In a discussion a group of participants share their views in the form of panels, interviews and debates. A numbers of voices make a discussion followed by a summery to review the major points which emerge out of the discussion or debate. Dramatisation It has various interesting sound effects to amplify emotions and give the mental pictures the characters in a plot. Lessons on stories or dance would make use of special sound effects. ADVANTAGES: 1. Radio programs are good for mass education 2. There are effective for distance education 3. The dramatic effects can arouse positive emotions and reinforce positive attitudes 4. Through the radio programs, the effective and expert teachers can be made to reach out to a large majority of students 5. It can be used for introducing a lesson as well as for reviewing a previous lesson 6. A good radio lesson can be recorded for use at an appropriate time. DISADVANTAGES 1. It will have only auditory perception 2. Visual perception is not possible 3. It requires an instrument to be purchased.
- 55. VCR (VIDEO CASETTE RECORDER) These are useful for teaching wide range of motor, intellectual cognitive and interpersonal skills as well as affective aspects Which helps not only in viewing also in recording Useful where distance educational programmes, useful in teaching training programmes where teaching rehearsal can be recorded and evaluated by student herself All VCR made now record events in colour played back using colour monitors, It is easy to operate and portable LIMITATIONS Cost It is different from entertainment programmes
- 56. VCD (VIDEO COMPACT DISC) it is Standard digital format for storing video on compact disc, can be playable in VCD player, modern DVD players, personal computers, VCD audio incompatible with DVD video standard due to difference in frequency, DVD require 48 KHZ and VCD use 44.1 KHZ
- 57. LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY) A liquid crystal display is thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures Used in computer monitors, TV, gaming devices Polarization of lights is used here to display objects LCD is based on the principle of blocking the light rather than emitting It is passive device means it does not produce any light to display characters, images, video, animations. It simply alters the light travelling through it TYPES 1) polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLCs) a) Scattering PDLCs b) HolograpPolymer stabilized LCDs c) Polymer stabilized LCDs d) absorptive dye doped PDLCs 2) Bi stable LCDs a) Ferroelectric LCs b) B instable ferroelectric LCs c) Cholesteric LCs d) Bi stable cholesteric phase – change LCD e) Nematic LCs
- 58. f) Bi stable nematic displays g) Hic PDLCs ADVANTAGES LCD monitors are valuable teaching aids for lecture, schedule information Consume little electricity and produce little heat LCDs have excellent longevity DISADVANTAGES Resolution: if fine text and graphics at more than one resolution are needed, they do not get an LCD display Interference: for certain display and video boards, digital noise not entirely eliminated Black level: contrast and colour saturation LCDs have difficulty in producing black dark rays, not suitable for dark environment Cost: more expansible
- 59. CAMERA “Camera is a device that record images, either as a still photograph or as moving image known as videos or movies” Camera Obscura Latin word means dark chamber, A majority of camera have lens position in front of cameras opening to gathering the incoming light and focus all or part of the image on the recording surface A typical camera takes one photo each time the user press the shutter button, a typical movie camera continuously takes 24 film frames per second as long as the user holds down shutter button The camera designs are: Plate camera Large format camera Medium format camera Folding camera Box camera Single lens reflex Twin-lens reflex
- 60. TELEVISION Television is the electronic means by which sound and light energy are transmitted from one place to another television was launched in new Delhi in 1959, One of the most accepted, effected enjoyable means of communication in the modern era. In the field of education, it is turned as “educational television”, it facilitates the learning through programmes, telecast through television on various subject topics for various target group FUNCTIONAL CHARECTERISTICS Image multiplication Image magnification Image association Image transportation
- 61. TEACHER & SCHOOL TV Tv cannot be complete substitute for teacher, in television programme teacher is needed at every step Planning stage Production stage Presentation stage Effectiveness of utility Evaluation EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA Educational tv combines sight and sound together and thus makes the experience real, concrete It offers the uniformity of communication It is versatile educational vehicle It stimulate reinforce, ideas, beliefs It can teach large number of students at one time Tv can bring immediate events with great realism It provides excellent learning opportunities for both pre service and in service education of teacher ADVANTAGES Provide education at the door step of people Increase quality of instruction because programmes were designed by experts Change in curriculum and instruction may be possible
- 62. Tv educational programmes make good teaching available to all without any discrimination in children’s Help in service training of teachers also DISADVANTAGES Only one way communication programme there is no opportunity to asthe question All students not learned as per the speed & broadcast All people may not buy television & require power supply
- 64. NON-PROJECTED A.V. AIDS Non-projected pictures are those which require no projection material or any electric power & mostly composed of study prints, charts, posters, maps, flash cards, photographs, textbook illustrations, and illustrations found in magazines and newspapers. The non-projected media can be presented in the classroom or used as part of classroom activity. No need to use equipment for observation so non-projected visual are easy to use. Projected visual are detained as media design in which still images are enlarged and displayed on a screen. CHALK BOARDS It is one of the oldest AV aids, it is simple, cheapest, universally used AV aid The black board is the life of the class room. These days a large variety of chalk boards are available like: Ground glass chalk boards Vitreous coated iron chalk boards Traditional wooden chalk boards The recommended size of chalk board is 5mx6m. For an effective use of the chalk board, the following characteristics of a board should be kept in mind: The surface of the chalkboard should be rough enough to hold the writing on the black board The surface of the chalk board should be dull enough to eliminate glare which hampers visibility of the writing on the board The writing should be easily removable with cloth or foam duster The chalk board should be mounted on an appropriate height within the reach of the teacher and visibility of the students
- 65. USING THE BLACK BOARD The following points should be kept in mind while using the black board effectively Write clearly in cursive hand writing the important points of the topic on the chalk board. Avoid overcrowding of the information on the chalk board The size of the lettering should be large enough to be seen properly by the students at the rear of the class. The recommended height of the letters on the chalk board is between 6cms x 8cms Plan the chalk board work in advance in simple brief phrases and keywords The class room should be lighted properly and chalk board should be glare free Rub off the information already discussed in the class and noted by the students Use shading and underling for stressing the keywords and statements Use other supplementary teaching aids to emphasize and clarify the main concepts For rubbing of the writing on the chalk board while explaining a point to students. Use a pointer to draw attention to the written material on the chalk board. ADVANTAGES: 1. The chalk board is the convenient visual aid for the group teaching 2. Economical teaching as it can be used over and again 3. Accompanied by appropriate actions by the teacher and illustrations drawn on the chalk board, it can capture student’s attention 4. It can work as a good visual aid for drill and revision 5. It can be used for drawing enlarged illustrations from the text books 6. The chalk board can be easily used for giving lesson notes to students
- 66. LIMITATIONS It makes students heavily depends on the teacher It makes the lesson teacher paced It does not care for the individual needs of the students It makes the lesson a dull routine It makes the chalk powder to inhale by the teacher and students TYPES • Fixed black board: fixed in the wall facing the class normally made of wood or concrete cement
- 67. ⚫ Black board on easel: A portable and adjustable black board put on a wooden easel can be taken out of the classroom while taking classes in the outdoor Roller black board: Made of thick canvas wrapped on a roller mostly used for teaching higher classes.
- 68. ⚫ Graphic Boards It has graphic lines, used for teaching mathematics, science, statistics Magna Boards It enables the teacher to make 3D demonstrations with objects on vertical surface, small magnets are used to hold suitable objects whether they are put on this vertical surface.
- 69. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURFACES paint coated pressure wood Dull finished plastic surface Vitreous coated steel surfaces Ground glass boards DIFFERENT COLOURS Green chalk boards: white and yellow chalk may use, Grey board: yellow chalk may used Red chalk board: green, yellow chalk may used Orange chalk board: blue or light green chalk may used Yellow chalk board: blue chalk may be used Black chalk board: any color may used PRINCIPLES OF USING BLACK BOARD Writing on the black board should be legible & clear Only important points of the subject matters should be written on black board Teacher should develop the ability to draw freely on the black board Letters & drawing should be large enough to seen from all parts of the classroom Writing should be started from the top left corner and writing should be in strait rows Extreme lower corners should not be made use of, Teacher should not explain to the group while facing the black board The black board should be cleaned by duster and not with hand While cleaning the black board, cleaned from top to bottom The paint coated wooden black board should be painted once in every year.
- 70. GRAPHIC AIDS It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for the orderly and logical visualizing of relationship between key facts and ideas. Eg: Comparisons, relative amounts developments, processes, classification or organization. It includes charts. CHARTS Introduction: These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting or performing other services in explaining subject matter. A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical material which presents a clear summery. Definition: Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key information in systematic way to summarize, compare. Eg: Anatomical charts and figure, diagrams etc. PRINCIPLES OF USING CHARTS Chart should be so large that every detail depicted should be visible to every people in class wherever he is sitting Charts should display information only about one specific area in a subject On light coloured charts darks sketch pens may use Chart should not contain too much written material Chart should give a neat appearance Chart has to be fixed on board (or) hanged out a point where the entire group can view it The teacher should make use pointer to point out specific factors in the chart
- 71. PURPOSES To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words To highlight important points To provide outline for materials covered in presentation To show continuity in process For creating problems and stimulating thinking For showing development of structure TYPES OF CHARTS Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the process or development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can show an improvement over a period of years.
- 72. Cause and effective chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the relationship between rights and responsibilities or between a complex of conditions and change or conflict Chain chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.
- 73. The evolution chart: Facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items from beginning data and its projections in to future. Strip chart: It enables speaker to present the information step by step. It increases the interest and imagination of the audience. The information on the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been applied either by wax, tape or sticky substance or pins. As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with words or symbols, he removes the appropriate strip or paper. It produces interest. It increases learning and aids recall.
- 74. Pull chart: It consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper. The message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling out the concealing strips. Flow chart: Diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative or functional relationship. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles are connected by lines showing the directional flow.
- 75. Tabulation chart: It shows the schedule of an activity or of an individual. Ex: Time table of a class. These are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where breakdown of a fact or a statement is to be listed. Also, it is a useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinction and contrasts between two or more things. While making the table charts the following points must be kept in the mind. The chart should be 50 x 75cms or more in size The chart should be captioned in bold letters The vertical columns should be filled in short phases rather than complete sentences Write different contrasting features with different color pens or marker pens
- 76. Flip chart: A set of charts related of specific topic have been tagged together and hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages in sequence. The silent points of specific topic will be presented. Pie chart: A circle will be drawn and divisions will be made in to different sections, each section will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of the chart as legend. The circumference is divided in to suitable sections. It is relevant for showing the component parts of the total.
- 77. FLASH CARDS DEFINITION: Flash cards are set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed one by one in a logical sequence. Flash cards can be self-made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart of drawing paper, plain paper using colours or ink on them for drawing. PURPOSES To teach students To give health education Useful for small group Used in group discussions PRINCIPLES The message can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and the content will be written in few lines at the back of the each card. 10” x 12” or 22” x 28” is commonly used size 10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more than 20 Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea. Adapted to local condition, use plenty of colour The height of writing on the flash card is to approximately 5cms for better visualization USING THE FLASH CARDS For class room instruction, the flash card is to be properly used. The following steps are used while displaying flash cards. Give brief introduction about the lesson to students Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash cards Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with your hands so that all the students can see it.
- 78. Let the student respond as per instructions already given Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards. Advantages 1. Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics. 2. It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations 3. It can be used to review a topic 4. Can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes 5. To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students 6. It can work as a useful supplementary aid and can be effectively used with other material. Disadvantages 1. Cannot be used for large group 2. Prone to get spoiled soon 3. Preparation is time consuming
- 79. POSTERS DEFINITION: Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with attention capturing paintings PURPOSES To provide general motivation To create an aesthetic or atmospheric effect To communicate a more general idea To thrust the message for leading to action For the class room and community PREPARATION AND RULES To do a special job To promote on point To promote local demonstration Planned for specified people Tell the message at single glance Use bold letters Use pleasing colours It should place, where people pass or gather FEATURES OF A GOOD POSTER Brevity: Message should concise Simplicity: Message should be easily understandable Idea: Should base on single idea and it should be relevant Colour: Suitable colour and combination should be used to make poster attractive and eye catching
- 80. Display: While displaying one should be sure to find a place where there is adequate light and where the larger population will see it. ADVANTAGES: 1. It attracts attention 2. It conveys the message very quickly 3. It does not require a detailed study 4. Good poster leads to action with good motivation 5. It can stand alone and is self-explanatory DISADVANTAGES: 1. Poster does not always give enough information 2. When a poster is seen for longer time, it may not attractive. So, it should be dynamic.
- 81. GRAPHS DEFINITION: Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data and contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes METHOD OF PRESENTATION Before making the bar chart makes a rough sketch of it in a note book For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50 x 72 cms size Use two different colour shades for the two contrasting groups The bars should be equal spaced Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right-hand side corner of the chart paper Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the bars TYPES Pie graph: Is called as circle diagram. The data are presented through the sections of portions of circle.
- 82. In determining the circumstance of a circle, we have to take in to consideration a quantity known as pie. The surface area of a circle is to cover 360 degrees The total frequencies of value us equated to 360 degrees and then the angles corresponding to component parts are calculated Bar graph: A graphic presentation, which extends to the scale horizontally along the length of bars. Each bar must be of the same width, height of the bar over a period represents the corresponding time of the variable. Graphs are available in two forms that is vertical and horizontal.
- 83. Line graphs: To show the trends and relationships. Eg: Single line shows the relation and the variation in the quantity. Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is continuous. The concepts are represented with the help of lines drawn horizontally or vertically. The plotted points are connected to one another, instead of the base thus producing the curve. Pictorial graph: It is an outstanding method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for the expression of ideal; they are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures will be used to create rapid association with the graphic message; each visual symbol may be used to indicate quantity.
- 84. MAPS DEFINITION: A map is graphic and representing the proportionately as a diagram, the surface of the earth, world or parts thereof. It conveys the message by lines, symbols, words and colours. TYPES OF MAPS Political map: These maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a nation. Physical maps: Shows the physical contour of a place, area and region
- 85. Relief maps: It shows the actual elevations and depression in a place, area and region. Weather maps: Shows the number of rains, temperature extremes, humidity in an area.
- 86. Population maps: Shows the distribution of population in various parts of region, country. Picture or Tourist maps: Shows historical spots, monumental sites etc.
- 87. Railway maps: Shows the railway links between various points. Air maps: Shows air routes between various points of airports.
- 88. Sea root maps: Shows the sea routes between various sea ports.
- 89. FLANNEL BOARD The use of piece of picture items or cut outs with sand paper or sticking materials adhering to a flannel board is called flannel graph” ADVANTAGES It is easy to make and use It may be used repeatedly Can be prepared from locally available material Can be adopted for group participation It is stimulating for teacher and audience Colourful and attract attention Low cast and easily available
- 90. DISADVANTAGES Can be used for small group only Skilful handling is necessary MATERIAL NEED TO MAKE FLANNEL BOARD The flannel board can be made from any kind of flat card board or wooden board or thermocol may be used, peed up visualization when time is united Any colour flannel cloth may be used Sand paper or cotton to adhere to cut outs Nails, hammer, thumb pin to prepare the flannel board PLANNING FOR FLANNEL PRESENTATION write script & choose the cut outs and plan it One or more than cut outs can be used Draw or prepare cut outs or collect newspaper cutting Paste the cotton or sand paper on back of the cut outs SIZES Average size is 36 x 27 For large group it is 4 x 3 For small group 6 x 8 or 12 x 9 may used
- 91. RULES TO USE FLANNEL GROUP Locate the board in a suitable and common place and well lighted for effective visualization Students are arranged in semi-circle to the board Place the board at the eye level of students Tilt the board slightly backward to prevent falling of cut outs Press (down word) each time while placing the cut outs on the flannel board Do not use too many cut outs & should not block view Arrange and display in sequence PRESENTATION Put the numbered cut outs in a envelop Label the envelop mentioning top and the number of cut outs than can be used for years
- 92. BULLETIN BOARDS “Bulletin board is a display device used for displaying bulletins i.e., News items The bulletin board can be used for great variety of types of material because the detail of any subject direct or indirectly PURPOSE To motivate the learner by sharing learning experience by displaying on the bulletin board To give correct initial impression to the students about the course and institution To save time in spreading the information To display various subject teaching plans, assignments Student should made responsible for updating the information
- 93. PLACEMENT To display notice for faculty place that near administrator office (i.e. exam dates, vacation, fee) Near library or study room for material in relation to study Clinical area, in hostel near dining hall VISIBILITY Place should have adequate light, fixed at eye level ORGANIZATION Organize the material around central theme of the content Material should date to avoid too long APPEARANCE Neat, attractive, in order. MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR BULLETIN BOARD Wooden board, colour paper, flannel cloth, pairs of scissors, gum, coloured pins, coloured ribbon, letters, pictures. PREPARING BULLETIN BOARD Prepare one central theme for any notice Selection of photograph, design, drawing to be mounted Mount on a coloured paper Arrange them in a rough sketch Make final sketch for arrangement Complete the bulletin board by using coloured pins
- 94. TYPES Fixed - fixed at one place Portable-movable & used for seminars, symposia ADVANTAGES Can be used for educational purpose (WHO theme) Can be used for teaching & learning situation Can motivate, supplement, enrich learning DISADVANTAGES More than one page information can be mounted Cleaning of the old notices is not done thus bulletin board looks over stuffed PEG BOARD It can be used for combining flat and three-dimensional materials. The latter being supported by especially made hooks and cups. Displays can be also positioned at directed points by pegs. Peg boards are made of thermocol or wooden having 1/8” holes pouched in a regular pattern of a part once the entire surface. Peg boards must be mounted 1/2” out from the mounting surface.
- 95. CARTOONS DEFINITION: A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized symbols PRINCIPLES The quality of the drawing should be high primarily for visual effectives The symbols used should be familiar and represent a concept or idea to which students can react intellectually ADVANTAGES 1. A cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson 2. It can be used for making a lesson lively and interesting 3. Fantasy 4. Satire 5. Exaggeration
- 96. NEWS PAPERS It can furnish health messages in local languages which can reach to the public early. The information will be available in low cost, easy to read and understand simple language. The people may learn to read and interpret the contents along with pictures to enhance easy grasping. COMIC STRIPS DEFINITION: A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or sketches of some character and events full of action. USES Comic strips fire the imagination of children It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of adventure It communicates detailed and vivid It stimulates reality and involvement
- 97. LIMITATIONS Comic strips misguide children by depicting characters with supernatural powers divorced from the hard realities of life Comic strips hamper the development of language of children Classics brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in children to ignore or by pass the original work Comic can soon become an obsession with young children and they tend to avoid serious studies.
- 98. 3 DIMENSIONAL AIDS MODELS DEFINITION: A model is recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally that is height, width and depth is felt as reality. TYPES OF MODELS 1. Solid models: It is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable material like clay, plaster of paris, wood, iron and etc. to show the external parts of the things. Eg: Globe, clay models of human and animals 2. Cutaway and X-ray models: Are the replicas of the original things to show internal parts of a thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to make in the class room or institutions as they require expertise to construct them. Eg: Cross sectional model of human body
- 99. 3. Working models: These models are either actual working or their miniature replicas for illustrating an operation. Eg: A motor, a generator 4. Sand models: Made by using sand, clay, saw dust. Eg: A tribal village, a forest area
- 100. ADVANTAGES: 1. Models heighten reality of things and make learning direct and meaningful as they are three dimensional 2. Models illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws 3. Models explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way and thus make comprehension easier 4. Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids 5. Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like empty boxes, pins, clips, nails and clay 6. Models are to reasonable size and convenient to handle 7. Models involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning effective. LIMITATIONS 1. It requires expertise to make 2. Time consuming 3. Some of the models may be very expensive
- 101. OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS DEFINITION: A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material USING OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS While using the specimen and objects as teaching aids, a teacher must keep the following points in mind Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object or specimen being referred to Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the object or specimen under observation Provide review and practice to make learning permanent SOURCES OF OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS Local markets. Manufacturers and factories. Discarded material from the houses. Specimen found in the nature can be collected by student from field trips and nature hunt. Plasters casts can be purchased. Wild flowers, leave shells, stones, butterflies’ moths, insects can also procure.
- 103. Mounting the objects and specimens: Objects and specimens should be mounted in shallow boxes in an artistic way and the boxes should cover with cellophane paper. Also label each other or specimen using self-adhesive paper Advantages of objects and specimens: 1. Collection of objects and specimens by students requires interaction with others leading to development of social skills and values 2. Students when collect and display the objects and specimens derive satisfaction of contributing the school and teacher something worthwhile. 3. Student’s power of observation and first-hand experiences are enhanced by collection of objects and specimens 4. Student’s personal collection of objects and specimens can be good source of doing investigatory projects 5. Collection of objects and specimens become an interesting educational pursuit of the teacher and student alike 6. It arouses some interest among students in learning 7. Objects and specimens involve all the five senses in the process of learning. 8. It heightens the reality in the class room 9. It makes teaching lively
- 104. EXHIBITIONS Many times, in the school, a department of the school or a class put up their work for showing it the people outside the school and such a show called exhibitions. The pieces of work done by the students for an exhibition are exhibits. REQUISITES OF EXHIBITION The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes to focus attention to a particular concept The exhibits should be clean and labelled properly The concepts of contrast in colour and size should be used for lying out the exhibitions The place and exhibits should be well lighted The exhibits should be so placed so the most visitors can see them To capture attention and interest to visitors, both motion and sound should be utilized The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative mechanism such as switches, handles to be operated by the visitors to observe some happenings. The exhibition should include lot of demonstrations as they involve deeply the students and the visitors The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’ areas to provide integrated learning. ADVANTAGES: 1. Exhibitions inspire the student to learn by doing things themselves and they get a sense of involvement 2. Exhibitions give students a sense of accomplishment and achievement 3. Exhibitions develop social skills of communication, cooperation and coordination 4. Exhibitions foster better school community relations and make community 5. Exhibitions couple information with pleasure 6. Exhibitions foster creativity among students
- 105. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Requires thorough preparation 2. Time consuming 3. Require funds or budget
- 106. MUSEUMS DEFINITION: A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical relics, antiques, curiosities, works of arts, works of science, literature and other artifacts of general interest. Museums can be useful both public education and specific class room instructions SETTING UP SCHOOL MUSEUM School should have enough space Take the help of students, collect old and objects and articles Accept donations from various organizations who donates the articles Students can be guided to prepare the exhibits All the collected and prepared articles should be displayed and labelled. A detailed report should be maintained giving a brief description of each museum pieces The museum rooms should be well lighted It should be cleaned and maintained timely
- 107. DIORAMAS DEFINITION: A diorama is a three-dimensional arrangement of related objects, models and cut outs to illustrate a central theme or concept The objects and models are generally placed in a box or show case with a glass covering and background printed with a shade or a scene. Eg: A harvest scene, a planting scene etc. MAKING A DIORAMA Scene portions Segments Helpful hints Ground work Irregular surface Earth effect Snow effect Water effect Plaster of Paris, card board pieces can be used Sand and sifted soil on glue Plaster of Paris or cotton wool Paraffin wax coloured with oil paint Dwelling Exterior Frame work Absorbent color paper or handmade paper to work as thatch for huts Gravel on glue to work as rocks Accessories Grass shrubs Trees, leaves Green coloured saw dust, small dried plants, coloured wood shavings Twigs with suitable branches, crepe paper cut like leaves and use Figures Armature Mould Clothing Use four twisted aluminium wires Use plastic clay or water clay Use leftover bits of cloth or old rags
- 108. ADVANTAGES: 1. Provide a good opportunity to learn 2. It gives the appearance of actual things which cannot be brought to the class room 3. Interesting and enhance creativity 4. Live things also can show in diorama 5. Ex: Aquarium 6. Provides students to do project works DISADVANTAGES: 1. Needs expatriation for the preparation 2. Require budget 3. Sometimes it may misguide the student if is not the replica of actual thing
- 109. MOCKUP It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its workability. Certain element of the original reality is emphasized to make it more meaningful for the purpose of instruction. Eg: An article kidney to demonstrate dialysis MOULAGE Mould can be made up of plastic material to stimulate some life in objects. Eg: Body which shows evidence of trauma, infection, disease, surgical intervention
- 110. PUPPETS One of the old and popular arts in the Indian villages is puppetry. Puppetry is an education cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the performer is a person is termed as a character in a story to be depicted. DEFINITION: A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a person termed as a puppeteer. A good puppeteer has to blend his art with dramatization to produce the desired effect. It is used as an effective teaching aid for languages and social sciences TYPES OF PUPPETS TYPE DESCRIPTION String or marionettes puppets It consists of puppets with hinged body. Parts are controlled by nine strings produce required movements in the puppet. These are mainly done by the qualified puppeteers Stick puppets Stick puppets are the painted card board cut outs attached by sticks. The action these puppets are maintained by the teacher and students by hiding behind a screen so that only puppets are visible to the audience. Shadow puppets These are silhouettes of card board which produce shadows on a white screen. The motion of these silhouettes is manipulated by the teacher and student Finger or hand puppets Hand puppets are round balls painted as heads with overflowing colourful costumes. These are worn on fingers which operate their movements. These are operated from below the stages.
- 111. SELECTION In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background and the tastes of the students should be taken in to consideration. A short puppet play is always preferable. ADVANTAGES: 1. Creates interest 2. Gives the knowledge in a brief period 3. Effective method in teaching 4. Motivates students 5. Easy to carry and operate DISADVANTAGES: 1. Needs group cooperation, coordination. 2. Required skills in preparation and supply 3. Skills needed in presentation
- 112. PRINTED AIDS PAMPHLETS A pamphlet is an unbound booklet, it consist of single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half in thirds (or) forth AREAS OF USE Political protest and political complaining May contain information on kitchen appliances, medical information HISTORY Pamphlet came into middle English 1387 Word derived from Greek (Pamphilus) means “loved by all” UNIQUE CHARECTERISTICS Inexpensive and proliferative in today society, they cover the broad range of subjects SELECTION CRIERIA Pamphlets material should be based on fact Choose a variety of viewpoints on controversial topics Consider whether the pamphlet is necessary Avoid anonymous pamphlets Choose a pamphlet on current topic of interest
- 113. ADVANTAGES Pamphlet provide source of information They can supplement area not covered by tool collection It give concise information on topic Easy to gather at meetings & institutions, accessible DISADVANTAGES Difficult to shelve because they are unbound, There are few centralized sources for pamphlet acquisition information on the organization of pamphlets has largely been ignored Another problem with pamphlet is that they are easily stolen
- 114. LEAFLETS Leaflet is an un fold sheet, it is also called a hand bill which may contain some brief content with or without few pictures on it These are useful for quick & brief review, they can be mounted on a bulletin board or given to hands as hand bill HANDOUTS Handouts are printed material that are distributed to students before the presentation
- 115. USES Directly related to the lesson content As a reading list As a permanent source of reference As an information sheet/proforma. PREPERATION Handouts should be never repetitious of the material provided in the textbook Necessary information should be typed neatly and concisely INSTRUCTIONS Decide on the type of handouts Record only those items which are directly relevant to the subject of the lesson Recognize the key words and emphasize them in the handouts by underlying them, Use simple and clear language Draw graphs, write point wise, wherever possible Give title and subtitle Use colours appropriately
- 116. ADMINISTRATION OF AV AIDS GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF AUDIOVISUAL AIDS The key to using graphics and visual aids effectively requires using them so that they make the maximum impact. The principles of using audio-visual aids are as follows Begin the presentation with no aids, as presenters want their audience to be listening to them, not looking at props, specimens or other visual aids. Present the aid at the appropriate point in the presentation and then remove it immediately. Present the aid, give audience a few seconds to comprehend it and then comment on the aid. Use a pointer, such as a laser pointer, to focus the audience on the part of the graphic that is being discussed by the presenter. Be sure to speak slowly and deliberately as the presenter; explain or use a graphic to avoid confusing the audience. In addition, remember to talk to the audience maintaining eye contact with them, not only to the visual aid. When using slides, tell the audience what they will see, show them the slide, give them time to digest what they are seeing, then comment on the slide. Turn off the projector lamp between slides.
- 117. Do not begin talking about another topic while a slide, depicting a past topic, is still showing. Remember people cannot see and listen at the same time. Text size: Projected text should be large enough to be read by all Viewers (even the people The end of the room). Ideally, the following text size must be followed: Headline text: 36-44 points Subtext: 34-36 points Second-level text: 24-28 points 28-24 points is a minimum for most situations. Font style Regarding the font style, the following guidelines must be followed: Use simple bold running styles of written text content. Use only standardized font styles, such as Arial font, which are easily readable. Do not use only capital text, they are difficult to read; use both upper- and lower-case text.
- 118. Images Use images to supplement text content, which improves understanding. Use images for emphasizing the specific points of the presentation. Do not use an image or illustration to fill the space. Do not use irrelevant pictures or images with text. Those will rather distract the learner. Animation: It is good to use animation in presentations but keep the animations simple and effective. Other miscellaneous principles The instructional programme should be organized and administered such that the audio-visual Material functions as an integral part of the educational programme. The audio-visual education programme should be organized and administered in such a way that the programme is centralized with a specialized direction and leadership. The audio-visual education programme should be flexible. In addition to those education communication media which are
- 119. available through purchase, rental or loan, opportunities should be provided which encourage the teacher to personalize their instruction through the preparation of their own instructional materials where feasible. An advisory committee should be appointed to assist in the selection and coordination of audio-visual materials. Audio-visual materials should be available as and when they are needed if they are to be utilized effectively as an integral part of the curriculum. They eliminate frequent duplication of materials. Pooling of equipment makes for more frequent and better use of equipment. They are readily available and accessible to the entire instructional staff. They provide for space for adequate preparation or production of audio-visual materials. Provision should be made for helping the instructors to acquire skills in the use of audio-visual materials. Budget appropriation should be made regularly for the audio- visual education programme. Evaluation of the audio-visual education programme should be made at regular intervals.
- 120. Evaluation of the function and the use of each audio-visual aid should be done continuously. Legal aspects should be considered in the production and the utilization of educational communication media. Additional presenter tips: A presenter may follow the following tips to make presentation more successful: Arrive early for the presentation so that the presenter can feel psychologically comfortable and ready. Check out the equipment, lights and set-up so that the presentation may proceed smoothly later. Get oriented to rooms, lighting and audio-visual aid for effective operation during needs. Brush up on giving your presentation to feel comfortable Give yourself time to feel prepared and confident before the presentation.