A taxonomy of supply chain innovations

Başar, A., Özsamlı, N., A. E. Akçay, G. Kahvecioğlu, Ertek., G. (2011). “A taxonomy of supply
chain innovations”. African Journal of Business Management. 5(30), pp. 11968-11977, 30
November, 2011.

Note: This is the final draft version of this paper. Please cite this paper (or this final draft) as
above. You can download this final draft from http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.

A taxonomy of supply chain innovations

Ayfer Başar, Nihan Özşamlı, Alp Eren Akçay, Gökçe Kahvecioğlu, Gürdal Ertek

Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University,

Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a taxonomy of supply chain and logistics innovations was developed
and presented. The taxonomy was based on an extensive literature survey of both
theoretical research and case studies. The primary goals are to provide guidelines
for choosing the most appropriate innovations for a company and helping
companies in positioning themselves in the supply chain innovations landscape.
To this end, the three dimensions of supply chain innovations, namely the goals,
supply chain attributes, and innovation attributes were identified and classified.
The taxonomy allows for the efficient representation of critical supply chain
innovations information, and serves the mentioned goals, which are fundamental
to companies in a multitude of industries.

Keywords: Supply chain innovations, logistics innovations, supply chain
technology, service innovations, supply chain taxonomy, innovation taxonomy.

INTRODUCTION

As global competition comes into prominence, companies have to find new and innovative ways
to survive in the harsh conditions of the global market (Cefis and Marsili, 2005). Companies
must adapt to the limitless changes in their local environments, as well as the global economy.
Survival depends the robustness of the companies against the changes, the trends and diverse
unpredictable situations, which requires flexible adoptaion through novel approaches.

A supply chain is the set of entities and processes involved in connecting the firm to its
customers (Harrison, 2005). A well-designed and operated supply chain is one of the significant

determinants of survival among competition, if not the distinguishing factor (Chopra and
Meindl, 2007). Increasing the supply chain performance is possible by means of adapting the
supply chain organization to the changes of the market, through novel strategies and practices,
namely through innovations. Innovation can be defined as the “generation of a new idea and its
implementation into a new product, process, service” or organizational structure (Urabe, 1998).
Schumpeter, referred to as the “father of innovation”, identifies innovation as the critical
dimension of economic change throughout history (Schumpeter, 1934). This brings about the
concept of supply chain innovation, which covers all the innovative activities that increase the
effectiveness of a company’s supply chain and bring competitive advantage to the company
(Chapman et al., 2003; Roy et al., 2004; Flint et al., 2005).

In this study, we concentrate on the supply chain and logistics innovations as a whole and
construct a three-dimensional taxonomy of supply chain innovations. Taxonomies essentially
provide classifications of body of knowledge in a certain field, structuring the existing facts
within a unified framework (McCarthy and Keith, 2000). Even though independent taxonomies
of supply chains and innovations exist literature, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive
taxonomy of supply chain innovations does not currently exist.

The goal is that the presented taxonomy framework brings fresh perspectives to this field,
guiding both researchers and practitioners in understanding, adopting, and initiating supply
chain innovations. The presented taxonomy has been constructed after a thorough investigation
of both research papers in literature and highlighted case studies. The objective is to help and
guide firms in positioning and planning their supply chain innovations in accordance with their
desired goals (first dimension), the attributes of their supply chains (second dimension), and
their innovative capabilities, priorities and proficiencies (third dimension). The study provides
this guidance in the paper through two unique contributions: 1) As a methodological
contribution, it introduces the three dimensions of supply chain innovations, 2) As a practical
contribution, it maps best practices in the investigated case studies onto these three dimensions,
demonstrating how the taxonomy can be used.

Supply Chain Innovation

Supply chain strategy is vital for the firms to gain competitive advantages. Within the supply
chain activities, numerous different processes are included, such as products, information, and
cash flows, which are required to work collaboratively and share among different entities of the
supply chain (Chopra and Meindl, 2007). The main objective of a company is to make its
products or services available to its customers with minimum cost and highest market value.
The organization of its supply chain plays the leading role in achieving this goal, since it is
directly related with the time, quantity, specification, and price at which the final customer
reaches the product or service (Levi and Kaminsky, 2003). In case of a change in the market
conditions, the appropriate innovations depending on the supply chain structure can be useful
in order to readjust to these new conditions. Innovations are implemented in supply chain
activities such as distribution, marketing, storage, manufacturing, and other areas included
within the scope of the supply chain (Ohba et al., 2000; Shin, 2000; Harland et al., 2001; Naim
and Barlow, 2002; Trinekens et al., 2003; Roy et al, 2004; Treville, 2004; Evans et al, 2006;
Wiskerke and Roep, 2007). Since the supply chain consists of all steps until the product reaches
the end-user, innovations within the supply chain have become especially vital in order to
acquire a competitive advantage (Bhatnagar and Sohal, 2003; Chapman and Corso, 2005;
Panayides, 2006; Flint, 2008; Skipper et al., 2009).

LITERATURE OVERVIEW

The study presents the literature related with supply chain innovations under three categories.
First, it reviews the literature on innovation. Then we review the literature on supply chain

innovations, including the case studies. Finally, the study summarizes the literature on supply
chain taxonomies and related taxonomies, relating these taxonomies to the study.

Innovation

Being a highly popular concept in today’s business world, innovation is heavily investigated in
terms of many aspects such as methods, reasons, and tools. In his classic Mastering the
Dynamics of Innovation book, Utterback (1996) claims that adapting the initial product to
demand deviations and market opportunities by a systematic methodology of innovation carries
companies to the leadership position in being the most stable to changes. Utterback (1996) also
emphasises the use of technology for competitive advantage and introduces the concept of
innovation management. These claims, together with the reported successes of best practices,
have greatly motivated our research, urging us to contribute to the innovation processes through
a systematic understanding of the domain.

Feldman (2002) underlines the innovation’s dependence on knowledge and claims that product
innovations gather technologic and scientific knowledge in the process of gaining market
knowledge. He also introduces the linear model of innovation in which scientific discovery,
product development, and market introduction precede one another. Acs and Audretsch (1990)
investigate innovation in the small firms versus the big firms: they compare the concentration of
innovation with the characteristics of industries by the scale of the size of the firms. They
analyze innovation output in both small and large firms operating within highly competitive
industries, and they conclude that small and large scaled firms respond differently to the change
of market conditions. There exists an extensive literature that investigates the various aspects of
innovation and the management of innovation. The research papers can be found in journals
such as Technovation, Research Policy, and Journal of Technology Management. In recent years

innovation has turned out to be the main focus of governments as well as firms. The classic
reference in this subject is OECD’s Oslo Manual (1995).

Supply Chain Innovations

In this study, we focus on new supply chain strategies and supply chains’ relations with novel
business models and innovations. Previously published papers about supply chains mainly
focused on market orientation and customer focused structures. Harland et al. (2001)
introduces a multitude of business situations and offered supply network structures that enable
advantages to the firms. The paper presents several real world cases such as Benetton, Toyota,
and Nissan and provides insight into their supply chain strategies. Trinekens et al. (2003) focus
on two international food supply chains in Africa, investigating the spill-over effect for
innovations in supply chains.

An industrial study by Ohba et al. (2000) focuses on logistics in the film manufacturing
industry. This paper centers on the logistic operations in the manufacturing system and
measures the performance of their newly constructed system. In a similar study of the supply
chain in relation to the demand chain concept, Treville (2004) focuses on a Nordic pulp and
paper manufacturer’s supply chain management case. The aim is to provide lead-time reduction
and sufficient information flow through the supply chain. The paper concludes with theoretical
insights. Another view of the modelling of the supply chains came from Beamon (1998). The
paper gives detailed information about the supply chain models in then exisiting literature and
provided supply chain performance measures in different papers.

Richey (2005) focuses on the relationship between reverse logistics and innovation within the
supply chain at the strategic and operational levels. Chapman and Soosay (2002) suggest and
emphasize the construction of a supply chain model that continuously supports innovative
operations. One other issue in Chapman and Soosay's paper concerns the use of technology. The

claim is that the implementation of new technologies brings not only efficiency and
effectiveness, but also improvement in service quality. The paper presents data about the
information flow in the supply chain and how suppliers learn from customers and customers
from suppliers, claiming that every stage in the supply chain should have an innovative
structure.

Taxonomies of Supply Chains and Innovations

A taxonomy has been offered for supply chains by Chandra and Tumanyan (2005), the
generalization of planning problems in supply chain management. Capar et al. (2004) introduce
a supply chain management taxonomy structure that includes definitions. We adopt and extend
the structure in their taxonomy in our supply chain attributes dimension. Similar to this study,
Hamber (2000) focuses on tactical distribution strategies in the combat area within military
logistics. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the distribution operations and offers to a
method of classification, which endeavores to predict the outcomes.

Clemons and Aron (2002) a study online distribution, constructing a taxonomy of channel
structures and determining the attributes for ideal channel structure. A taxonomy of
information technologies services is presented by Stern and Davis (2003). The paper views
information technology models as service models and compared the features of these service
models, in order to develop a taxonomy.

None of the aforementioned taxonomies encompass supply chain innovations. Our taxonomy
combines the three important dimensions in supply chain innovations, namely goals, supply
chain attributes, and innovation attributes.

Taxonomy for Supply Chain Innovations

The taxonomy of supply chain innovations consists of three dimensions. These dimensions help
to determine the classification of supply chain innovations in relation to the supply chain
characteristics and the goals of the companies. The fundamental goal is to answer the question
“What kind of supply chains can have what kind of innovations in order to accomplish what
kind of goals?” and the study needs the mentioned three dimensions in order to answer this
three-dimensional problem. Firstly, it lists the goals the firms try to reach when they pursue
supply chain innovations. Secondly, it creates a taxonomy of supply chain attributes that show
how supply chains differ from each other. The study analyzes case studies reported in literature
and in the Supply Chain Innovation Award (SCIA), and taxonomy papers (especially Capar et
al., 2004) to construct an extensive classification of attributes of supply chains. Then, as the
final dimension, the study classifies the innovations based on their attributes. These three
dimensions in the taxonomy are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3, together with data from case
studies that report companies that were finalists for the Supply Chain Innovations Award (SCIA)
by the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP).
When the attributes take continous values, we discretize the value set into two or three possible
values, labeled with fuzzy pronouns such as low and high. One reason for this discretization is to
preserve compactness, wheras the other is to introduce the fuzzy terms that can be used to
describe the values for these attributes. Still, the original continous values for the attributes,
where available, should always be collected, stored, and presented, in addition to the fuzzy
pronouns. In selecting the fuzzy values for the attributes, we introduced subjective boundaries
based on the distribution of the attribute values in the complete set of case studies.

Dimension One: Supply Chain Innovation Goals

Companies implement supply chain innovations with varying goals and priorities in mind.
These innovation goals can depend on the firm itself, but the supply chain and innovation

attributes being used can also have a significant impact. While a company may focus on service
augmentation by the help of supply chain innovations, another company may emphasize the
cost reduction (operational efficiency), standardization, better flexibility or adaptation to the
market changes. Other goals can be listed as expanding revenue, improving customer
satisfaction (service quality), increasing product quality, and achieving better strategic planning.
Table 1 lists the supply chain innovation goals as proposed in the taxonomy.

<< TABLE 1 COMES ABOUT HERE>>

Dimension Two: Supply Chain Attributes

The study classifies the supply chain attributes into three main categories: Market attributes,
supply chain attributes, and product attributes. The classification of supply chain attributes in
our taxonomy is given in Table 2.
The first category, market attributes, includes the competitive structure which has three
subcategories: the market structure of the supply chain can be monopolistic, including only one
firm serving in the corresponding market; oligopolistic, which means that there are a few firms
serving the majority of the customers; and highly competitive, meaning that many firms are
serving many customers. The number of companies competing in the market and the share of
these companies in the total market capitalization determines the competitiveness structure of
the market. The second subcategory of the market attributes is the size of the service market.
This can be measured through market capitalization and grouped as large markets (that is, total
market capitalization is larger than $ 200 Billion), medium markets (that is, total market
capitalization is larger than $ 20 B but less than $ 200 B) and small markets (that is, total
market capitalization less than $20 B).


The second category includes the supply chain attributes themselves. There are three
subcategories under supply chain attributes. The first one is the scale of the supply chain, taking
values of global or local. The second subcategory is the inventory turnover, which measures the
speed at which inventory is converted to financial inflow. Inventory turnover is used very
extensively in practice. Inventory turnover ratios of the companies are classified as high and
low, representing the ratios with more than or equal to 7 and less than 7, respectively. The third
subcategory is the focus of the supply chain, which can be either efficiency or agility. It is
possible to claim that if a company manufactures products that are sold in high amounts to a
large public, efficiency is the priority of the supply chain. On the other hand, if the price is not
the primary concern for the consumers but swift delivery and availability are much more
appreciated, supply chain planners focus on the agility. Number of days Cost of Goods Sold
(CGS) in inventory is the fourth subcategory. It is the average inventory from the last two
balance sheets divided by the per day cost of goods (i.e. the annual cost of goods divided by 365).
Companies are classified under two groups according to their number of days CGS in inventory:
high and low. Greater or equal to 50 is considered high, and less than 50 is considered low.
The third category covers the product attributes of the supply chain. This category has eight
attributes. First is the stage in life cycle of the product, whereby the product of the supply chain
can be at any of the four stages: introductory, growth, maturity, and decline. Therefore, supply
chain attributes and the strategy and innovations may differ in accordance with the phase the
product or service is in. The second attribute is the marketing life length, which can be long or
short. For instance, marketing life length of a newly introduced cell phone is shorter than a soft
drink. The third attribute is the shelf life of the product. It is also classified as long and short
depending on the timeframe at the end of which a product spoils, or becomes unusable in
another way. The fourth attribute is the demand structure. This attribute has a significant effect
on the supply chain structure because the supply chain is constructed according to the
deliveries. This attribute takes one of three possible values: certain demand with few
fluctuations, uncertain demand, and project type ordering. The fifth attribute within the product

attributes category is the customer structure. Customer attributes play significant role in the
selection of a company’s supply chain strategies. Here there are three possible values:
companies, individual consumers, or both of them. The sixth attribute involves the
manufacturing/service attributes, and branches into several sub attributes. The first sub
attribute under here is the order cost: it can be high or low, and this is a relative score which
varies according to the sophistication of the product and the sales channels. The second sub
attribute is the inventory holding cost, which can be classified as high or low. The third sub
attribute is the transportation cost: the higher the transportation cost, the more critical the
supply chain becomes in shaping the success or failure of the company in its industry. While
categorizing the companies according to the transportation cost, the study takes into account the
transportation cost as a fraction of the total value of the product. For instance, transportation
cost for packaged food is higher than a complex industrial machine due to the high price of the
latter. The seventh subattribute under product attributes is the profit margin, which takes the
values of high or low. In mapping the case studies onto the taxonomy, the study takes the profit
margin of 10% as the threshold level. The eighth attribute is the specifications of the product.
This attribute can take one of the following four values: durable goods (cars, electronic
equipment, and furniture), perishable goods (food), shopping goods, and raw materials
(products of the suppliers).

Dimension Three: Innovation Attributes

The attributes of innovations can be categorized depending on various attributes, such as in
which business function (where) the innovations are made, which tools are used for the
innovations, the extent of change owing to these innovations, at which decision level the
innovations are incorporated, at which supply chain stage these innovations are implemented. A
of innovation attributes is given in Table 3.

First, companies should determine the supply chain stage where the innovation will be
developed. This can be in process, organization, or product/ service design. If the firm decides to
focus on the processes while implementing innovations, it has to define clearly which processes
must be improved such as warehousing and transportation, manufacturing, purchasing,
packaging, and customer service. The innovations related to each of these processes require
different know-how and have different results for the company and its supply chain partners. If
the company wants its innovations to highlight the structure of the organization, the alterations
in the structural models, and the management and leadership methods, the tasks and roles of
workers become highly important for this firm. Alternatively, the innovations can be done in the
design of the products or processes to receive higher quality and better performance.


After deciding where the innovations will be executed, companies should also determine the
tools used for innovations. If the innovations are knowledge-based, then different knowledge-
based tools and methods such as knowledge retrieval, knowledge sharing, knowledge transfer,
or knowledge storage will be evaluated by the company, and the most appropriate one(s) will be
selected for use in the innovations. If the firm gives high importance to the relationship
networks, it can use Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Supplier Relationship
Management (SRM), Business Buyer Relationship Management (BBRM), or Vendor
Relationship Management (VRM) in accordance with its supply chain and business strategies.
In many innovations, technology, including the usage of Internet, Electronic Data Interchange
(EDI), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and other Information Technology (IT) is a
necessity.

Furthermore, companies should determine the extent of the change caused by the innovations.
The study will list these from bottom up: Renewal innovations are implemented when the
products or services reach their decline stage in their life cycles. Incremental innovations, which

are the most common type of innovations, consist of small changes made for the enlargement of
the companies, and they generally prevent big changes in the product, process, or service.
Architectural innovations improve the ongoing processes and products to expand the
productivity. Radical innovations focus thoroughly on the new product and process types rather
than improving the current ones. At the extreme, transformational innovations create entirely
new types of products and processes.

The planning horizon at which the implementation of the innovations occurs can be determined
by looking at the relationship of the supply chain and business strategies. The planning horizon
can be strategic, tactical, or operational.
The final consideration is the supply chain stage involved in the innovation: The innovation can
mainly focus on one or more of the supply chain partners consisting of customer, retailer,
distributor, manufacturer, and supplier. Although, these partners work together in the supply
chain, the innovation emphasized on a specific one will typically have its impacts on the others.

DEMONSTRATION

The taxonomy developed in the paper is now demonstrated through the mapping of recent
innovation success stories onto the three dimensions of goals, supply chain attributes, and
innovation attributes.

Data Source

The case studies that we investigated thoroughly came from the finalists of the Supply Chain
Innovation Award (SCIA), organized by the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals
(CSCMP). Even though there are other case studies that we have examined, we will map only the
case studies from SCIA finalists onto the taxonomy structures of supply chain attributes and
innovation attributes. We examined these companies and organizations according to their
supply chain attributes and supply chain innovation attributes, as classified in the previous
section. We subsequently constructed a dataset, which is presented in the tables. The financial
data and other company data have been obtained from the Forbes.com website. The data
extracted from the case studies will hereafter be referred to as the SCIA dataset.

Nearly all the companies that are listed as finalists of SCIA have increased their efficiency and
potential market, reached higher customer satisfaction levels, achieved higher profit rates with
on-time deliveries, or have reduced their operational costs by using the innovations. The finalist
companies and organizations for 2005-2010 have been used in constructing the taxonomy, and
the data for 2010 finalists are displayed in Tables 1, 2, and 3, demonstrating the taxonomy.

Mapping the Case Studies onto the Taxonomy Dimensions

In the methodology section, we provided the three dimensions and taxonomies within each
dimension, for investigating the companies in terms of supply chain attributes, supply chain
innovation attributes, and innovation goals. Next, relevant data of the companies of the case
studies have been carefully collected, and the values for each of the attributes in each of the
dimensions have been assigned. If an case study exhibits a particular attribute value, the

corresponding cell of that firm is marked with an “X” similar to the analysis in the supply chain
landscape.

It would be favorable to have the values for every attribute of every company for all the three
dimensions. However, it proved to be very time consuming and difficult to achieve this during
the data collection process, and it proved impossible to collect some of the data, especially for
supply chain attributes. The validation of completeness with earlier data was facilitated through
a scatter plot visualization, with the companies on the x axis, and the attributes on the y axis. On
the other hand, each company may or may not have a value for all of the attributes in dimension
three, innovation attributes, since each company may focus on different areas to improve its
performance and industry position. The data for the first dimension, the innovation goal
attribute, has to be complete: Each company must have at least one innovation goal.

It is critical to remain consistent about the assumptions and decision criteria in evaluating
different companies in terms of the supply chain and innovations attributes. Achieving this
consistency was the most time consuming part of the data collection process, and required many
cross checks and revisions. Table 2 gives a sample supply chain innovations analysis for the
SCIA dataset.

Using the Taxonomy

The taxonomy can be used by companies for benchmarking with their competitors, for mapping
their existing supply chain innovations, and for positioning and planning their future
innovations. For example, a company interested in Intel can read the following from Table 1:
The goal of the innovation reported for Intel in the 2010 SCIA dataset aimed at achieving
efficiency through reducing costs, improving customer satisfaction, and allowing for better
strategic planning. Other critical information is encoded in Table 3: The innovation involved

inventory management in manufacturing. The innovation aimed at developing a new structure
for the task and roles of the workers. The tools used in the innovation were mainly knowledge-
oriented, covering all aspects of knowledge management. The relationship network that was
covered was the vendor network (VRM, vendor relations management) and a radical change was
brought to the way the vendor relations were managed. The vendors of Intel involved in the
scope of this innovation were the retailers, and the innovation was at the manufacturer stage of
the supply chain.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH

In this study, we presented a structured approach for the analysis and interpretation of supply
chain innovations. The taxonomy in the paper allows companies to position themselves in
relation to the best practicing companies and competitors in their industries, by mapping their
goals, supply chain structures, supply chain innovation attributes, and goals to the three
dimensions it contains.
It is possible to summarize the contributions and future research of this study in terms of four
main topics: the study presented a taxonomy for mapping supply chain innovations and the
implementation of this structured framework by using real world data and answered the
questions with respect to the data collection, data consistency check, and decision making in
subjective matters by the demonstration of making assumptions and subjective judgements.

In this study, what was focused on was the framework to understand supply chains and related
innovations. Moreover, the study illustrated the application of this structured framework by
using sample company and supply chain innovation case studies obtained from CSCMP
(CSCMP). In order to get further insights about various industries and supply chain innovation
characteristics belonging to them, richer and more detailed company data (that is, large
numbers of companies from diverse industries emphasizing supply chain innovations) can be
used to maximize the benefits achieved by the use of our taxonomy. Finally, once extensive

representative data has been collected, the collected data in the three dimensions can be
analyzed to discover actionable knowledge, such as patterns, gaps, and trends.
As another future research, the supply chain attributes and innovations presented in the article
can be further analyzed in the context of supply chain integration (Chopra and Meindl, 2007).
One possible research question would be identifying the supply chain structures that empede or
enhance supply chain integration.

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Table 1 . SCIA dataset mapped onto the (Supply Chain) Innovation Goals dimension

3

6
4
2

5
1

Pepsi Bottling
SGI Footwear
IPC Subway

Amyway
Navistar

Group
Intel
1.1. Service Augmentation X X

1.2. Efficiency in cost reduction X X X X X X

1.3. Standardization X

Better flexibility and adaptation to market
1.4. changes X

1.5. Expanding revenue X X

1.6. Improving customer satisfaction X X X

1.7. Reducing defect rate X

1.8. Better strategic planning X X X X

Table 2. SCIA dataset mapped onto the Supply Chain Attributes dimension

highly
2.1.1.1.
competitive
2.1.1. competitiveness structure
2.1.1.2. oligopolistic X X X X X

2.1.1.3 monopolistic X

large number
2.1.2.1.
of customers X X X X
2.1.2. size of the service market
2.1. Market attributes

a few number
2.1.2.2.
of customers X X

high growth
2.1.3. market growth rate 2.1.3.1.
rate X X

2.1.3.2. stable X X X

negative
2.1.3.3.
growth X

2.2.1.1. global X X X X X
2.2.1. scale of the supply chain
2.2.1.2. local X

2.2.2.1. high X X
2.2.2. inventory turnover
2.2.2.2. low X X X

2.2.3.1. efficiency X X X X
2.2.3. focus of the supply chain
2.2.3.2. agility X X
Chain Attributes

number of days cost of goods sold 2.2.3.3. high X X X
1.2. Supply

2.2.4
(CGS) 2.2.3.4 low X X
2.3. Product Attributes

2.3.1.1. introductory

2.3.1.2. growth X X X X X
2.3.1. stage in life cycle
2.3.1.3. maturity X

2.3.1.4. decline

2.3.2.1. long X X X X
2.3.2. marketing life length
2.3.2.2. short X X

2.3.3.1. long X X X X
2.3.3. shelf life
2.3.3.2. short X X

certain
demand with
2.3.4.1.
little
fluctuation X X X X X
2.3.4. demand structure
uncertain
2.3.4.2.
demand X

project type
2.3.4.3.
ordering

2.3.5.1. firms X X X X

2.3.5. customer structure individual
2.3.5.2.
customers X X

both
2.3.5.3. individuals
and firms

2.3.6.1.1. high X
2.3.6.1. order cost
2.3.6.1.2. low X X

inventory 2.3.6.2.1. high X
2.3.6.2.
holding cost 2.3.6.2.2. low X X X

high (with
2.3.6.3.1.
transportation risks) X X
2.3.6.3.
2.3.6. cost
2.3.6.3.2. low X X

materi 2.3.6.4.1.1. high X X
manufacturing and service

2.3.6.4.1.
al cost 2.3.6.4.1.2. low X X X
manufacturing cost

2.3.6.4. costs 2.3.6.4.2.1. high X
2.3.6.4.2.
of asset 2.3.6.4.2.2. low
attributes

2.3.6.4.3. energy 2.3.6.4.3.1. high

cost 2.3.6.4.3.2. low X X

labor 2.3.6.4.4.1. high
2.3.6.4.4.
cost 2.3.6.4.4.2 low X X

high profit
2.3.7.1.
rate X X X X X
2.3.7. profit structure
low profit
2.3.7.2.
rate X

durable
2.3.8.1.
goods X X X X X

perishable
2.3.8.2.
2.3.8. specifications goods X X

shopping
2.3.8.3.
goods

2.3.8.4. raw materials

Table 3. SCIA dataset mapped onto the (Supply Chain) Innovations dimension

3

6
4
2

Pepsi Bottling Group 5
1

SGI Footwear
IPC Subway

AMWAY
Navistar

Intel
3.1.1.1. warehousing & transportation X X X X

3.1.1.2. manufacturing X X

3.1.1.3 purchasing
3.1.1. Process
3.1.1.4 packaging X X
3.1. Where the
innovation is done 3.1.1.5 customer service

3.1.1.6. inventory management X X X

3.1.2.1. structural models X X
3.1.2. Organization
3.1.2.2. management and leadership X X X

methods

3.1.2.3. task and roles of workers X X X

3.1.3. Product Design or Service Design

3.2.1.1. knowledge retrieval X X

3.2.1.2. knowledge sharing X X X X X
3.2.1. Knowledge
3.2.1.3. knowledge transfer X X X X X

3.2.1.4. knowledge storage X

3.2.2.1. CRM

3.2 Tools used for Relationship 3.2.2.2. SRM X X
3.2.2.
innovation Networks 3.2.2.3. BBRM

3.2.2.4. VRM X X X X X X

3.2.3.1. Internet X

3.2.3.2. EDI X
3.2.3. Technology
3.2.3.3. RFID X

3.2.3.4. other usage of IT X X X X X

3.3.1. Transformational

3.3.2. Radical X

3.3. Extent of Change 3.3.3. Architectural

3.3.4. Incremental X X X X X

3.3.5. Renewal

3.4.1. Strategic X X

3.4. Decision Level 3.4.2. Tactical X X X X

3.4.3. Operational

3.5.1. Customer

3.5.2. Retailer X X X X X

3.5 Supply chain stage 3.5.3. Distributor X X X X X

3.5.4. Manufacturer X X

3.5.5. Supplier

A taxonomy of supply chain innovations

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