Basics of Aerodynamics
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This document discusses the basics of aerodynamics and the four main forces of flight - lift, weight, thrust, and drag. It explains how lift is generated by the airflow around an airfoil based on Bernoulli's principle. It also discusses factors like angle of attack, stalls, and the primary flight controls of ailerons, elevators, and rudder that allow pilots to maneuver aircraft by changing lift. Additionally, it covers the different types of drag forces and wake turbulence created by wingtip vortices. Secondary flight controls like flaps and trim are also summarized.
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Basics of Aerodynamics
- 1. Basics ofBasics of AerodynamicsAerodynamics Presented by: Zubayer Al Billal Khan Consultant [email protected] www.zubayer.name 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 1
- 2. AerodynamicsAerodynamics “A branch of dynamics that deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids and with the forces acting on bodies in motion relative to such fluids.” Source: Merriam-Webster Online
- 3. Forces of FlightForces of Flight
- 4. Forces Of FlightForces Of Flight Lift Weight Thrust Drag 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 4
- 5. Definitions: Forces Of FlightDefinitions: Forces Of Flight10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 5
- 6. LiftLift
- 7. LiftLift In addition to allowing the aircraft to fly, changing the force of lift on various parts of the aircraft allows the aircraft to be maneuvered in flight ◦ We will review how lift is created first 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 7
- 8. Physics ReviewPhysics Review Newton’s laws summed up. ◦ 1st - A body at rest tends to stay at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by a force. ◦ 2nd – Force = Mass * Acceleration ◦ 3rd – For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 8
- 9. Bernoulli’s Theory of LiftBernoulli’s Theory of Lift Bernoulli’s principal summed up: ◦ as the velocity of a fluid increase, its internal pressure decreases. 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 9
- 10. LiftLift 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 10
- 11. LiftLift Changing the basic shape of the airfoil allows for different flow patterns about the wing changing the amount of lift created Changing the amount of lift created by various airfoils on the aircraft allows the pilot to maneuver the aircraft in-flight 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 11
- 12. TermsTerms
- 13. TermsTerms 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 13
- 14. Chord LineChord Line Chord Line : An imaginary line leading from the leading edge to the trailing edge of an airfoil 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 14
- 15. Angle Of AttackAngle Of Attack Angle of attack: Referred to as “AOA”, is the angle made up between the chord line and the relative wind 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 15
- 16. StallsStalls
- 17. Airspeed and StallsAirspeed and Stalls We can only increase AOA so much before we induce an aerodynamic stall Though airspeed is often associated with a stall, a stall can happen at any airspeed and in any attitude if the critical AOA is exceeded 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 17
- 18. StallsStalls For a given airfoil, we can only increase AOA so much before we experience an aerodynamic stall Airfoil in normal flight Airfoil in stalled condition 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 18
- 19. StallsStalls 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 19
- 21. Primary Flight ControlsPrimary Flight Controls 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 21
- 22. Maneuvering FlightManeuvering Flight The flight controls allow pilots to maneuver the aircraft by changing the pressure distribution (and the amount of lift created) on various parts of the aircraft. The primary flight controls do this by changing the AOA to change the lift created thereby allowing the aircraft to pitch bank and yaw 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 22
- 23. AileronsAilerons 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 23
- 24. RudderRudder 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 24
- 25. DragDrag
- 26. DragDrag Drag is broken into two types ◦ Parasite ◦ Induced 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 26
- 27. DragDrag Parasite drag: ◦ Further broken into Form drag Skin friction drag Interference drag 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 27
- 28. DragDrag Parasite / form drag 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 28
- 29. DragDrag Parasite / Skin friction drag ◦ Airflow is stagnate near the surface of the wing 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 29
- 30. DragDrag Parasite / Interference drag ◦ Airflow is disrupted by how various objects are arranged on the aircraft 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 30
- 31. DragDrag Parasite drag increases with velocity 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 31
- 32. DragDrag Induced drag ◦ Any time a wing is producing lift their is induced drag ◦ The higher the AOA the more induced drag ◦ Slow aircraft = high AOA = high induced drag 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 32
- 33. DragDrag Combined drag curves gives us total drag ◦ 1 airspeed gives us least total drag 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 33
- 35. Wingtip VorticesWingtip Vortices Aircraft producing lift produce a wake (wingtip vortices) 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 35
- 36. Wingtip VorticesWingtip Vortices Airflow moves from high to low – at the wing tips it is allowed to spill over the top creating a vortex 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 36
- 37. Wake TurbulenceWake Turbulence Avoid flight where the wake turbulence could be. Taking Off Landing 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 37
- 39. Secondary Flight ControlsSecondary Flight Controls On most training aircraft secondary flight controls are limited to: ◦ Flaps ◦ Trim 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 39
- 40. Secondary Flight ControlsSecondary Flight Controls Flaps ◦ Allow decreased minimum flight speed ◦ Allow increased drag / Steeper descents Often used during landing for this purpose 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 40
- 41. Secondary Flight ControlsSecondary Flight Controls Flaps 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 41
- 42. TrimTrim Accelerate you get more tail down force ◦ Not desirable if you want to maintain level flight 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 42
- 43. Multi Rotor Flying PrincipalMulti Rotor Flying Principal 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 43
- 44. Weight Balance MechanismWeight Balance Mechanism 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 44
- 45. TrimTrim Trim reduces pilot workload (yes) 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 45
- 46. ConclusionConclusion Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks What was not discussed ◦ Transonic flow ◦ Drag-divergence Mach number ◦ Supersonic flow ◦ Wave drag ◦ Swept wings ◦ Compressibility effects ◦ Boundary layer theory ◦ The history of aerodynamics 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 46
- 47. Ask your question:Ask your question: For more information Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/user/imagineer ingstudiobd Contact with me in social media: https://www.facebook.com/zubayer.billal. khan/ Email: [email protected] 10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 47