BD4E4- DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY A.R.SIVANESH.pdf

BD4E4- DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Prepared by
Mr. A. R. Sivanesh
[M.E., QIP-PG(Cyber Security), (Ph.D)]
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sri Ranganathar Institute of Engineering and
Technology,
[An Autonomous Institution]
Coimbatore
Name:………………………………………….
Roll. No:……………………………………….
Institute:……………………………………….

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Prepared by: Mr. A. R. Sivanesh M.E., QIP-PG(Cyber Security), (Ph.D)
BD4E4- DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Course Objectives:
 CO1: To comprehend the meaning, definitions, and concept of disaster management.
 CO2: To understand the different theories of disaster management.
 CO3: To develop knowledge on recent updates concerning disaster management Acts
and guidelines from State and Union Governments.
 CO4: To become acquainted with the approaches, techniques, and application of
Science & Technology in encountering disasters and other emergencies.
 CO5: To realize one's role in prevention and rescue during a disaster emergency.
Unit-wise Breakdown:
UNIT - I: INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Covers the meaning, definitions, and types of disaster management (Geological, Biological,
Man-made).Discusses global disaster trends, emerging risks of disasters, and climate change.
UNIT - II: APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Focuses on the Principles and Framework Cycle of Disaster Management. Explores various
theories of Disaster Management, including Sustainable Development theory, Emergency
Management theory, System theory, Policy making theory, and Networking & Management
theory.
UNIT - III: DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Details the disaster profile of India, mega disasters, and lessons learned. Covers the Disaster
Management Act 2005, institutional and financial mechanisms, national policy, guidelines, and
plans on Disaster Management in India.
UNIT - IV: AGENCIES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Examines the role of international agencies like The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of
Technology (APCTT), FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, UNESCO, UNFPA, WFP, and the
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. (ISDR) - Disaster Management Agencies in
India: National Disaster Response Force (NDRF); National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA); National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM); State Disaster Management
Authority (SDMA) - NGO's - Social Media
UNIT - V: ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Role of Teachers: General awareness in Schools/Colleges - Creating the Disaster prevention
and response plan - Constituting of prevention and resource teams - Action plan check list -
Role of Students: Plan before, during and after Earthquake, Landslides, Floods, Cyclone-
warning, and high-rise fire.

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Text Book
1. Introduction to international disaster management. London: Elsevier Science (B/H).
2. David Alexander. (1999). Natural disasters. London: Kluwer Academic.
3. Modh, S. (2010). Managing natural disasters. New Delhi: Mac Millan Publishers.
4. Murthy, D.B.N. (2012) Disaster management. New Delhi: Deep and Deep
Publication.
5. Srivastava, H.N. & Gupta, G.D. (2006). Management of natural disasters in
developing countries. Delhi: Daya Publishers.
Supplementary Readings
1. Angus, M. G. (2008). Encyclopedia of disasters: Environmental catastrophes and
human tragedies. (Vol. 1 & 2) Greenwood Press.
2. Anu Kapur (2005). Disasters in India studies of grim reality. Jaipur: Rawat
Publishers,
3. Disaster Risk Program (2009-2012).

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Table of Content
Unit No Unit Name Page No
1
INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
5
2
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES OF
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
12
3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA 21
4 AGENCIES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT 29
5
ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
45

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UNIT- I
INTRODUCTION TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Meaning of Disaster Management
Disaster management is the systematic process of preparing for, responding to, and recovering
from disasters to reduce their impact on human life, property, and the environment. It involves
coordinated efforts between government agencies, communities, and organizations to
minimize loss and restore normalcy.
Definitions
 UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction):
“Disaster management is the organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response, and recovery, to lessen the impact of disasters.”
 World Health Organization (WHO):
 “Disaster management is the range of activities designed to maintain control over
disaster and emergency situations and to provide a framework for helping at-risk
persons to avoid or recover from the impact of disaster.”
 Government of India (DM Act, 2005):
“A continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and
implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for—
(i) Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster;
(ii) Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity;
(iii) Capacity-building;
(iv) Preparedness to deal with any disaster;
(v) Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster;
(vi) Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects;
(vii) Evacuation, rescue, and relief; and
(viii) Rehabilitation and reconstruction.”
Types of Disasters and Disaster Management
1. Geological Disasters
These are caused by natural processes of the Earth.
 Examples: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tsunamis.
 Management Measures:
o Seismic zoning and earthquake-resistant construction.
o Early warning systems for tsunamis and volcanic activity.
o Land-use planning to avoid landslide-prone areas.

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2. Biological Disasters
Caused by the spread of diseases or biological agents affecting humans, animals, or plants.
 Examples: Epidemics (COVID-19, Ebola), pest attacks (locust swarms), pandemics,
avian flu.
o Surveillance and monitoring of disease outbreaks.
o Vaccination programs and medical preparedness.
o Quarantine and isolation measures.
o Public health awareness campaigns.
3. Man-made (Anthropogenic) Disasters
Result from human actions or negligence.
 Examples: Industrial accidents (Bhopal Gas Tragedy), nuclear disasters (Chernobyl,
Fukushima), oil spills, chemical leaks, terrorism, wars, dam failures, transport
accidents.
o Strict safety regulations and audits.
o Emergency response plans in industries.
o Hazardous material handling protocols.
o Security and surveillance systems.
Global Disaster Trends
Disasters worldwide have shown significant changes in frequency, intensity, and impact over
the last few decades. These changes are influenced by population growth, urbanization,
environmental degradation, and climate change.
1. Increase in Disaster Frequency
 The number of reported disasters has risen sharply since the 1980s.
 Reasons:
o Better reporting and communication technology.
o Real increase due to climate change and human activities.
2. Changing Disaster Profile
 Earlier decades: Dominated by geological disasters like earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions.
 Current decades: Hydro-meteorological disasters (cyclones, floods, heatwaves,
droughts) have increased.
 Biological disasters (pandemics, epidemics) are more frequent due to globalization
and population density.
3. Increase in Intensity and Severity

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 Extreme weather events are becoming more intense due to climate change.
 Example: Category 4 and 5 cyclones are more frequent than before.
 Floods are more devastating due to urban flooding and unplanned construction.
4. Geographic Spread of Disasters
 Areas that were earlier safe are now facing disasters.
 Example: Heatwaves in Europe, floods in deserts, and wildfires in temperate regions.
5. Economic Losses are Rising
 Infrastructure damage, agricultural loss, and industrial disruption are increasing.
 Some single disasters now cause losses exceeding $100 billion (e.g., Hurricane
Katrina, Japan 2011 earthquake & tsunami).
6. Disproportionate Impact on Developing Countries
 Developing nations suffer higher casualties due to:
o Poor infrastructure.
o Lack of disaster preparedness.
o Slow recovery processes.
 Example: Cyclone Nargis (Myanmar, 2008) caused 1,38,000 deaths.
7. Urbanization and Megacity Risks
 Large urban centers are more vulnerable to earthquakes, floods, and industrial
accidents.
 Example: Mumbai floods, 2005; Jakarta flooding.
8. Climate Change Connection
 Rising temperatures → more intense storms, droughts, and wildfires.
 Sea-level rise threatens low-lying coastal cities and small island nations.
9. Increase in Man-Made and Technological Disasters
 Industrial accidents, chemical spills, nuclear plant failures (Fukushima 2011), cyber-
attacks on critical infrastructure.
Trend Observation Example
Frequency ↑
More disasters recorded per
year
2020 had record-breaking hurricanes
in Atlantic
Intensity ↑
Stronger storms, hotter
heatwaves
Cyclone Amphan (2020)
Economic loss ↑ Billions in damage per disaster 2011 Japan tsunami
Biological
disasters ↑
More pandemics/epidemics COVID-19, Ebola

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Trend Observation Example
Urban risk ↑ Megacities face high impact Mumbai floods (2005)
Geographic spread
↑
Disasters in new regions Heatwave in Europe
Climate-linked ↑ Weather extremes worsen Australian bushfires (2019-20)
Emerging Risks of Disasters
Emerging disaster risks are new or evolving threats that may not have been significant in the
past but are now becoming major concerns due to changes in technology, environment, and
society. These risks are often complex, unpredictable, and interconnected.
1. Climate-Induced Risks
 Cause: Global warming and climate change.
 Risks:
o More intense cyclones, floods, droughts, and wildfires.
o Sea-level rise threatening coastal cities.
o Melting glaciers affecting water supply.
 Example: 2023 record-breaking heatwaves in Europe and Asia.
2. Technological & Industrial Risks
 Cause: Rapid industrialization, complex technologies, and hazardous materials.
 Risks:
o Industrial accidents (explosions, chemical leaks).
o Nuclear plant failures.
o Cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure.
 Example: Beirut Port explosion (2020), Fukushima nuclear disaster (2011).
3. Pandemics & Biological Hazards
 Cause: High population density, increased global travel, and changing ecosystems.
 Risks:
o Rapid spread of infectious diseases.
o Drug-resistant pathogens.
o Zoonotic diseases (spread from animals to humans).
 Example: COVID-19 pandemic, Ebola outbreak, Avian flu.
4. Urbanization and Megacity Vulnerability
 Cause: Growth of unplanned cities with high population density.
 Risks:
o Urban flooding, fire hazards, building collapses.
o Transportation accidents and infrastructure failures.
 Example: Jakarta floods, Mumbai 2005 floods.

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5. Environmental Degradation Risks
 Cause: Deforestation, mining, wetland destruction, and poor land management.
 Risks:
o Increased landslides, soil erosion, and floods.
o Loss of natural buffers (mangroves, forests).
 Example: Uttarakhand floods (2013) linked to deforestation and construction.
6. Compound and Cascading Disasters
 Cause: Interaction of multiple hazards at the same time.
 Risks:
o One disaster triggering another.
o Simultaneous disasters overwhelming resources.
 Example: Japan 2011 earthquake → tsunami → nuclear meltdown.
7. Space-Related Risks (Emerging Scientific Concern)
 Cause: Human dependence on satellites and risk from space debris.
 Risks:
o Disruption of GPS, communication, and weather forecasting.
o Asteroid impacts (rare but high impact).
 Example: SpaceX satellite collision risk events.
Risk Type Cause Examples
Climate-induced Global warming Heatwaves, floods, cyclones
Technological Industrialization Beirut explosion, Fukushima
Biological Global travel, density COVID-19, Ebola
Urbanization Unplanned growth Mumbai floods
Environmental degradation Deforestation, mining Uttarakhand floods
Compound disasters Multiple hazards Japan 2011
Space-related Satellite dependence Space debris collisions
Climate Change and Disaster Risks
Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, sea levels, and
weather patterns due to natural processes and human activities (especially greenhouse gas
emissions). It has a direct and indirect influence on the frequency, intensity, and
distribution of disasters worldwide.
1. Increased Frequency of Extreme Weather Events
 Impact: More frequent cyclones, floods, droughts, and storms.

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 Reason: Rising global temperatures increase atmospheric moisture and ocean heat.
 Example: Cyclone Amphan (2020) – one of the strongest storms in the Bay of
Bengal.
2. Intensification of Disasters
 Impact: Disasters are becoming more destructive.
 Reason: Warmer seas fuel stronger storms, and altered wind patterns lead to severe
weather.
 Example: Hurricane Ian (2022) caused catastrophic damage in Florida.
3. Sea-Level Rise
 Impact: Coastal flooding, saltwater intrusion, and loss of land.
 Reason: Melting glaciers and thermal expansion of seawater.
 Example: Maldives and Kiribati face risk of submersion.
4. Glacier Melting and Water Scarcity
 Impact: Reduced freshwater availability for millions.
 Reason: Melting Himalayan and polar glaciers.
 Example: Gangotri Glacier retreat affecting Ganga river flow.
5. Changing Rainfall Patterns
 Impact: Erratic monsoons, flash floods, and droughts.
 Reason: Disruption in global wind and ocean current systems.
 Example: Kerala floods (2018) due to intense, unseasonal rain.
6. Wildfires and Heatwaves
 Impact: Large-scale destruction of forests and threats to human health.
 Reason: Prolonged dry spells and extreme heat.
 Example: Australian bushfires (2019–2020).
7. Impact on Agriculture and Food Security
 Impact: Crop failures, pest outbreaks, reduced yields.
 Reason: Temperature extremes, altered rainfall, and shifting growing seasons.
 Example: African droughts affecting maize production.
8. Spread of Vector-Borne Diseases
 Impact: Diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika spreading to new areas.
 Reason: Warmer temperatures allow disease-carrying insects to survive in new
climates.

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Climate Change Effect Related Disaster Risk Example
Higher temperatures Heatwaves, droughts Europe heatwave (2022)
Warmer oceans Stronger cyclones Cyclone Amphan (2020)
Glacier melting Water scarcity, floods Himalayas
Sea-level rise Coastal flooding Maldives
Erratic rainfall Floods, droughts Kerala floods (2018)
Dry spells Wildfires Australia (2019–20)
Ecosystem change Pest outbreaks, diseases Malaria spread

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UNIT - II
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Principles of Disaster Management
Disaster management principles act as guidelines to plan, organize, and implement activities
that reduce disaster risks, protect lives, and speed up recovery.
1. Comprehensive Approach
 Definition: A holistic approach covering all types of hazards (natural, biological,
man-made) and all phases of the disaster cycle — prevention, mitigation, preparedness,
response, recovery, and development.
 Importance: Prevents neglect of certain hazards and ensures no phase is overlooked.
 Example: A state disaster plan covering floods, earthquakes, pandemics, and industrial
accidents together.
2. Progressive Action
 Definition: Proactive planning to anticipate and address future disasters before they
occur.
 Importance: Reduces the scale of damage and costs of recovery.
 Example: Constructing cyclone shelters in coastal regions before cyclone season.
3. Risk Reduction Focus
 Definition: Identify potential risks and take steps to minimize vulnerabilities of
people, infrastructure, and resources.
 Importance: Shifting focus from relief after disaster to reducing losses before disaster.
 Example: Relocating communities from floodplains to higher ground.
4. Integration into Development
 Definition: Disaster risk reduction must be embedded in economic, social, and
infrastructure development planning.
 Importance: Ensures that development projects are safe and resilient.
 Example: Making earthquake-resistant design mandatory in urban housing schemes.
5. Coordination & Collaboration
 Definition: Cooperation among all stakeholders — government agencies, NGOs,
community organizations, and the private sector.
 Importance: Prevents duplication of work and ensures effective use of resources.
 Example: Joint disaster drills between police, fire, and health departments.
6. Flexibility & Adaptability

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 Definition: Ability to modify plans quickly according to the type and scale of disaster.
 Importance: Disasters are unpredictable; rigid plans may fail.
 Example: Changing evacuation plans during floods if roads are blocked.
7. Local Participation & Empowerment
 Definition: Involving local communities in disaster planning and response because
they are first to act.
 Importance: Locals understand the geography, culture, and needs better than outsiders.
 Example: Training village youth as community emergency volunteers.
8. Sustainability
 Definition: Focus on long-term solutions that protect both people and the
environment.
 Importance: Prevents repeated disasters and promotes environmental balance.
 Example: Planting mangroves along coastal areas to reduce cyclone impact.
9. Preparedness Culture (Extra point for enrichment)
 Definition: Making disaster preparedness a part of daily life through education,
training, and awareness.
 Importance: People respond better in emergencies if they are prepared.
 Example: Annual earthquake drills in schools and offices.
10. Equity & Inclusiveness (Extra point for enrichment)
 Definition: Ensuring vulnerable groups (elderly, disabled, children, poor) are given
special attention in disaster planning.
 Importance: Reduces mortality and suffering among at-risk populations.
 Example: Providing wheelchair-accessible cyclone shelters.
Framework Cycle of Disaster Management
The Disaster Management Cycle is a continuous process that helps communities and
authorities prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters, while reducing future risks.
It ensures that activities are organized in phases so that actions in one stage support the next.
Phases of the Disaster Management Cycle
1. Mitigation (Prevention & Risk Reduction)
 Meaning: Actions taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risk of disasters.
 Key Activities:
o Building earthquake-resistant structures.
o Flood control measures (dams, levees).
o Land-use planning to avoid high-risk zones.
 Example: Planting mangroves along coastlines to reduce cyclone damage.

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2. Preparedness
 Meaning: Planning and training to improve readiness before a disaster occurs.
 Key Activities:
o Creating disaster management plans.
o Conducting mock drills and simulations.
o Stockpiling emergency supplies.
 Example: Cyclone early warning systems and community evacuation drills.
3. Response
 Meaning: Immediate actions taken during and after a disaster to save lives, reduce
suffering, and prevent further damage.
 Key Activities:
o Search and rescue operations.
o Emergency shelter and food distribution.
o Medical aid and casualty evacuation.
 Example: Deploying the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) after an
earthquake.
4. Recovery (Rehabilitation & Reconstruction)
 Meaning: Actions to restore normal life and rebuild affected communities after the
immediate danger has passed.
 Key Activities:
o Repairing infrastructure (roads, power lines).
o Rebuilding houses and schools.
o Providing psychological support to victims.
 Example: Reconstructing flood-damaged bridges with improved designs.
5. Development Link (Important in modern framework)
 Meaning: Integrating lessons from disasters into long-term development plans to build
resilience.
 Example: Making disaster-resilient housing a part of urban planning policies.
Sustainable Development Theory in Disaster Management
The Sustainable Development Theory in disaster management states that economic growth,
social well-being, and environmental protection must go hand-in-hand, ensuring that
present needs are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.In disaster management, this means reducing disaster risks while promoting long-
term resilience in communities.
Core Idea
 Disasters and development are closely linked:

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o Poor development practices increase disaster risks (e.g., building in
floodplains).
o Disasters can destroy years of development gains.
 Therefore, risk reduction must be integrated into all stages of development.
Key Principles of Sustainable Development Theory in DM
1. Environmental Protection
o Avoid activities that damage ecosystems and increase hazards.
o Example: Preserving wetlands to reduce flood impact.
2. Economic Viability
o Ensure disaster risk reduction measures are cost-effective and provide long-
term benefits.
o Example: Investing in cyclone shelters saves lives and reduces future relief
costs.
3. Social Equity
o Disaster management must protect vulnerable groups and ensure fair access
to resources.
o Example: Building accessible shelters for disabled persons.
4. Intergenerational Responsibility
o Actions today must not create risks for future generations.
o Example: Avoiding construction in landslide-prone hills.
5. Resilience Building
o Strengthen the ability of communities to absorb shocks and recover quickly.
o Example: Training locals in first aid and emergency response.
Applications in Disaster Management
 Urban Planning: Cities designed with proper drainage to reduce flood risk.
 Agriculture: Promoting drought-resistant crops in arid regions.
 Energy: Using renewable energy to reduce climate change impacts.
 Infrastructure: Earthquake-resistant buildings in seismic zones.
Advantages
 Reduces disaster losses over the long term.
 Encourages balanced growth between economy, society, and environment.
 Supports global frameworks like Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
(2015–2030) and UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Limitations
 Requires high initial investment.
 Needs political commitment and public awareness.
 Implementation can be slow due to conflicting economic interests.
Emergency Management theory
The Emergency Management Theory focuses on organizing and coordinating resources,
responsibilities, and activities to deal with emergencies and disasters effectively.

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It emphasizes that disasters should be managed in four systematic phases — Mitigation,
Preparedness, Response, and Recovery — to minimize damage and restore normalcy
quickly.
Core Idea
 Disasters cannot always be prevented, but their impact can be reduced through
structured planning and organized response.
 The success of disaster management depends on timely decision-making, resource
allocation, and clear communication.
Four Phases of Emergency Management Theory
1. Mitigation (Risk Reduction)
o Long-term measures to reduce hazard impact.
o Example: Building flood barriers, enforcing building codes.
2. Preparedness
o Planning and training activities before disasters occur.
o Example: Disaster drills, early warning systems, emergency stockpiles.
3. Response
o Immediate actions during and right after a disaster to save lives and reduce
suffering.
o Example: Search & rescue operations, emergency medical aid, evacuation.
4. Recovery
o Long-term actions to restore normal life and rebuild infrastructure.
o Example: Reconstructing roads, rehabilitating victims, psychological
counseling.
Key Principles of the Theory
 Coordination: Different agencies and sectors must work together.
 Speed: Quick action reduces casualties and damage.
 Flexibility: Plans must adapt to different hazard types and severities.
 Community Involvement: Local knowledge is crucial in every phase.
 Government Agencies: Using National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) for quick
deployment.
 Hospitals: Emergency preparedness plans for mass casualties.
 Schools: Evacuation drills for fire or earthquake safety.
Advantages
 Clear framework for action.
 Ensures preparedness for different disaster scenarios.
 Encourages resource optimization and timely decision-making.
Limitations

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 Focuses more on response than long-term prevention in some cases.
 Requires constant funding and training.
 Success depends on strong coordination between all stakeholders.
System Theory in Disaster Management
The System Theory views disaster management as a complex, interconnected system made
up of different components — such as people, resources, agencies, and procedures — that work
together to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters.
It emphasizes that all parts must work in harmony for the system to function effectively.
Core Idea
 Disasters affect multiple sectors (health, transport, communication, economy), so the
response must involve a coordinated system.
 Each component has a specific role, and failure in one part can affect the entire system.
Key Components of the System Theory in DM
1. Input
o Information, resources, and manpower needed for disaster management.
o Example: Weather alerts, rescue teams, medical supplies.
2. Process
o The way resources are used and decisions are made.
o Example: Evacuation planning, distribution of relief.
3. Output
o The results achieved through disaster management actions.
o Example: Reduced casualties, faster recovery.
4. Feedback
o Lessons learned after each disaster to improve the system.
o Example: Modifying evacuation routes after identifying bottlenecks.
Principles of System Theory in DM
 Interdependence: All agencies and sectors must coordinate.
 Holistic View: Covers prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery as a single
system.
 Adaptability: System must adjust to new risks and situations.
 Continuous Feedback: Learning from past disasters is essential.
 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Works with state and local
agencies in an integrated way.
 Hospital Disaster Plans: Coordinating doctors, nurses, supplies, and emergency
protocols.
 Flood Management: Combining meteorological data, dam control, evacuation teams,
and relief agencies.

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Advantages
 Encourages integration of multiple agencies.
 Improves efficiency by identifying weak links in the system.
 Promotes continuous improvement through feedback loops.
Limitations
 Requires high-level coordination, which can be difficult in emergencies.
 If one component fails, the entire system may be disrupted.
 Needs proper communication channels to function effectively.
Policy Making Theory in Disaster Management
The Policy Making Theory emphasizes that effective disaster management requires clear
policies, rules, and guidelines at every level — from national to local — to guide actions,
allocate resources, and define responsibilities before, during, and after disasters.
Policies act as a roadmap for coordinated disaster response and long-term risk reduction.
Core Idea
 Disaster management must be institutionalized through laws, frameworks, and official
procedures.
 Decision-making should be evidence-based, considering both immediate needs and
long-term resilience.
Key Elements of Policy Making Theory
1. Problem Identification
o Recognizing disaster risks and vulnerabilities.
o Example: Identifying coastal areas prone to cyclones.
2. Policy Formulation
o Designing strategies, plans, and rules for disaster management.
o Example: National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) by NDMA in India.
3. Policy Adoption
o Approval by legislative bodies or governing authorities.
o Example: Passing the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
4. Policy Implementation
o Execution of plans through institutions, funding, and coordination.
o Example: Setting up State Disaster Response Forces (SDRF).
5. Policy Evaluation & Feedback
o Reviewing the success and shortcomings of policies after disasters.
o Example: Modifying building codes after an earthquake.
Principles of Policy Making in DM
 Clarity: Policies must be simple and easy to understand.
 Inclusiveness: Consider all stakeholders (government, NGOs, communities).

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 Flexibility: Policies must adapt to emerging risks and climate change.
 Enforceability: Policies must have legal backing for compliance.
 International Level: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030).
 National Level: India’s DM Act 2005, National Policy on Disaster Management 2009.
 Local Level: District disaster management plans (DDMPs).
Advantages
 Ensures uniformity in disaster response.
 Provides a legal framework for funding and coordination.
 Encourages preparedness instead of only reacting to disasters.
Limitations
 Poor enforcement can make policies ineffective.
 Sometimes too much bureaucracy delays action.
 Requires regular updates to remain relevant.
Networking & Management Theory in Disaster Management
The Networking & Management Theory emphasizes that disaster management requires
collaboration between multiple agencies, sectors, and communities through effective
communication networks and coordinated management.
It views disaster response as a team effort, where information sharing and joint action are
the keys to success.
Core Idea
 No single organization can handle a disaster alone.
 Effective disaster management depends on linkages between government agencies,
NGOs, private sector, local communities, and international bodies.
 The management aspect ensures that these networks function smoothly through
planning, leadership, and coordination.
Key Components of Networking & Management Theory
1. Networking
o Vertical Networking: Between central, state, and local authorities.
o Horizontal Networking: Between agencies at the same level (e.g., police,
fire, health).
o External Networking: Collaboration with NGOs, private sector, and
international aid agencies.
2. Management
o Planning: Assigning roles, preparing resources, defining communication
channels.

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o Organizing: Structuring teams and resources for quick deployment.
o Leading: Guiding and motivating teams during crises.
o Controlling: Monitoring activities and making adjustments during operations.
Principles of Networking & Management in DM
 Trust and Cooperation: Partners must share resources and data freely.
 Clear Communication: Information must be accurate and timely.
 Role Clarity: Each participant must know their responsibilities.
 Flexibility: Ability to adapt to changing disaster situations.
 India’s NDMA Coordination: Works with state disaster authorities, armed forces,
and NGOs.
 Cyclone Warnings: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) shares data with
NDRF, Coast Guard, and fishermen networks.
 Earthquake Preparedness: Networking between engineers, architects, hospitals, and
emergency services.
Advantages
 Avoids duplication of efforts.
 Encourages resource sharing.
 Improves speed and efficiency of disaster response.
 Builds community resilience through partnerships.
Limitations
 Miscommunication can cause delays.
 Conflicts of authority between agencies may arise.
 Requires continuous relationship building even in non-disaster times.

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UNIT - III
DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Disaster Profile of India
Introduction
India is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world due to its geographical location,
varied climate, and socio-economic conditions.
It is exposed to almost all types of natural and man-made disasters, which cause significant
loss of life, property, and economic resources every year.
1. Geographical & Climatic Factors Contributing to Disasters
 Location between tropical and subtropical regions.
 Long coastline of 7,516 km exposed to cyclones and tsunamis.
 Himalayan mountain range prone to earthquakes and landslides.
 Large river systems like Ganga, Brahmaputra causing floods.
 Extreme climate variability — heatwaves, cold waves, droughts.
2. Major Natural Hazards in India
Hazard Vulnerability / Affected Regions Frequency / Impact
Earthquakes
Entire Himalayan belt (J&K, Himachal,
Uttarakhand, NE states), parts of Gujarat,
Maharashtra
59% of land vulnerable
(Zone IV & V)
Floods
Assam, Bihar, UP, West Bengal, Odisha,
Gujarat, Maharashtra
Annual monsoon floods;
heavy damage to crops &
housing
Cyclones
East coast (Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, West Bengal), West coast (Gujarat,
Maharashtra)
5–6 severe cyclones yearly
Droughts
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
~68% of land prone to
drought
Landslides Himalayan & NE states, Western Ghats Common during monsoons
Tsunamis
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh
Major event: 2004 Indian
Ocean tsunami
Heatwaves &
Cold waves
North & central India (heat), NW & NE
states (cold)
Increasing due to climate
change

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3. Man-Made / Technological Hazards
 Industrial accidents – e.g., Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984).
 Fires & building collapses – Urban areas.
 Transportation accidents – Rail, road, air.
 Chemical & nuclear hazards – Industrial belts, nuclear plants.
4. Statistical Overview
 ~85% of India’s land is vulnerable to one or more hazards.
 ~12% of land is flood-prone.
 ~8% of land is cyclone-prone.
 Annual average: ~4,000 people killed and ~30 million affected due to disasters.
 Estimated 2% of GDP lost annually due to disasters.
5. Key Observations about India’s Disaster Profile
 High population density increases impact severity.
 Rapid urbanization leads to more vulnerability.
 Climate change is increasing frequency & intensity of extreme events.
 Strong need for community-based disaster preparedness.
Mega Disasters and Lessons Learned
Meaning of Mega Disasters
 Mega disasters are large-scale catastrophic events that cause extensive loss of life,
property, infrastructure, and severely affect the economy and environment.
 They often require national or international-level response and have long-term
recovery periods.
Examples of Mega Disasters in India & Globally
Event Year Location Impact
Indian Ocean
Tsunami
2004
SE Asia, including Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh
~2.3 lakh deaths worldwide,
10,000+ in India, massive
coastal destruction
Bhopal Gas
Tragedy
1984 Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
>5,000 deaths, long-term health
& environmental damage
Gujarat
Earthquake
2001 Gujarat, India
~20,000 deaths, 4 lakh homes
destroyed
Uttarakhand
Flash Floods
2013 Uttarakhand, India
~6,000 deaths, major
infrastructure loss

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Event Year Location Impact
Bhuj
Earthquake
2001 Gujarat, India Severe economic losses
Cyclone Fani 2019 Odisha, India
Large-scale evacuation saved
lives, but property damage high
COVID-19
Pandemic
2020–
2022
Global
Millions dead worldwide,
economic recession
Lessons Learned from Mega Disasters
1. Importance of Early Warning Systems
 Tsunami of 2004 showed need for Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (set up in
2007).
 Cyclone warning systems have improved post disasters like Cyclone Fani.
2. Preparedness and Evacuation Planning
 Odisha’s mass evacuation in 2019 during Cyclone Fani saved thousands of lives.
 Need for community drills, shelters, and emergency kits.
3. Strengthening Infrastructure
 Gujarat earthquake led to earthquake-resistant building codes.
 Dams, roads, and bridges need climate-resilient designs.
4. Environmental Management
 Uttarakhand floods highlighted dangers of unchecked construction in ecologically
sensitive zones.
 Need for afforestation, river management, and slope stabilization.
5. Health & Safety Regulations
 Bhopal gas tragedy led to strict hazardous chemical handling rules.
 Workplace safety laws strengthened.
6. Role of Technology & Communication
 Satellite-based forecasting, GIS mapping, and social media alerts now crucial.
 Mobile networks used for mass alerts during cyclones and floods.
7. International Cooperation

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 Post-tsunami, India joined regional disaster networks for information sharing.
Disaster Management Act, 2005
Introduction
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 is a comprehensive legislation enacted by the
Government of India to provide a legal and institutional framework for disaster prevention,
mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and rehabilitation.
It came into force on 26th December 2005 after the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
Objectives of the Act
1. To ensure effective prevention, mitigation, and preparedness for disasters.
2. To provide prompt response and efficient recovery.
3. To establish institutional mechanisms at national, state, and district levels.
4. To integrate disaster risk reduction into development planning.
5. To ensure coordination among various agencies.
Key Provisions of the Act
1. Institutional Framework
 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
o Chaired by the Prime Minister of India.
o Formulates policies, plans, and guidelines.
 State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
o Chaired by the Chief Minister of the respective state.
 District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA)
o Chaired by the District Collector/Magistrate.
2. National Executive Committee (NEC)
 Assists NDMA in planning and coordination.
3. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
 Provides training, research, and capacity building.
4. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
 Specialized force for disaster response and rescue operations.
5. Disaster Management Plans
 National, State, and District Plans to be prepared and updated regularly.

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6. Funds under the Act
 National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) – For immediate relief.
 National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF) – For long-term mitigation.
 Similar funds at state and district levels.
Significance of the Act
 First national-level legal framework for disaster management.
 Shifts focus from reactive relief to proactive preparedness and mitigation.
 Creates coordination between central, state, and district authorities.
Limitations / Challenges
 Implementation gaps at local level.
 Lack of community awareness.
 Need for more funding in mitigation measures.
Institutional and Financial Mechanisms for Disaster Management
I. Institutional Mechanism
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 created a multi-tier structure for disaster prevention,
preparedness, response, and recovery.
1. National Level
 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
o Chairperson: Prime Minister.
o Functions: Policy formulation, guidelines for disaster prevention, mitigation,
and preparedness, approving national plans.
 National Executive Committee (NEC)
o Chairperson: Union Home Secretary.
o Assists NDMA in planning, monitoring, and coordination.
 National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
o Training, research, and capacity building in DM.
 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
o Specialized, trained force for rescue, relief, and response operations.
2. State Level
 State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
o Chairperson: Chief Minister of the state.
o Prepares state disaster management plan, coordinates with NDMA, manages
state-level response.
 State Executive Committee (SEC)
o Implements policies of SDMA, coordinates with line departments.

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3. District Level
 District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA)
o Chairperson: District Collector / Magistrate.
o Prepares and implements District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP).
o Coordinates relief and rehabilitation at local level.
4. Local Authorities
 Municipalities, Panchayats, Urban Local Bodies, and Gram Sabhas implement disaster
plans, maintain emergency services, and spread awareness.
II. Financial Mechanism
The Act provides for dedicated funds at national, state, and district levels for both relief and
mitigation.
1. National Level Funds
 National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF)
o For immediate relief and emergency response.
o Funded by the central government, contributions, and grants.
 National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF)
o For long-term mitigation projects like flood control, cyclone shelters, etc.
2. State Level Funds
 State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF)
o Primary state-level fund for meeting relief expenses in natural disasters.
o Shared by Central and State Governments in a fixed ratio (e.g., 75:25 for
general category states).
 State Disaster Mitigation Fund (SDMF)
o For prevention and mitigation measures.
3. District Level Funds
 District Disaster Response Fund (DDRF) – For local relief measures.
 District Disaster Mitigation Fund (DDMF) – For district-level mitigation projects.
4. Additional Funding Sources
 International aid, corporate CSR funds, NGO contributions.
 Insurance mechanisms for disaster risk financing.

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National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM), 2009
Introduction
 Released by NDMA in November 2009 under the provisions of the Disaster
Management Act, 2005.
 Provides the policy framework for disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness,
response, relief, and rehabilitation in India.
 Aims to mainstream disaster risk reduction into all sectors of development.
Vision
“To build a safe and disaster-resilient India by developing a holistic, proactive, multi-disaster
oriented and technology-driven strategy.”
Objectives
1. Protect lives, livelihoods, property, and the environment.
2. Minimize economic and social losses due to disasters.
3. Promote a culture of prevention, preparedness, and resilience.
4. Ensure coordination between government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and
communities.
Key Features / Strategies
1. Holistic and Integrated Approach
 Covers prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, relief, rehabilitation, and
reconstruction.
 Addresses both natural and man-made disasters.
2. Mainstreaming DRR in Development
 Disaster risk reduction to be integrated into infrastructure planning, urban
development, agriculture, health, education, etc.
3. Institutional Mechanism
 NDMA, SDMAs, DDMAs to implement the policy.
 Role of ministries, departments, and local bodies clearly defined.
4. Capacity Building
 Training programs for officials, volunteers, and communities.
 Strengthening NDRF, Civil Defence, Home Guards.
5. Early Warning Systems
 Modernizing forecasting systems for floods, cyclones, tsunamis, etc.

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 Real-time communication to vulnerable communities.
6. Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM)
 Local participation in planning and implementation.
 Awareness programs, mock drills, and village-level disaster committees.
7. Use of Technology
 GIS mapping, satellite data, and ICT tools for risk assessment and response.
8. Specific Disaster Management Plans
 Guidelines for earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, industrial accidents, nuclear
emergencies, epidemics, etc.
Guidelines and Plans on Disaster Management in India
1. Introduction
Disaster Management (DM) in India is guided by the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the
National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM), 2009, and a set of guidelines and plans
prepared by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and other agencies.
These documents aim to provide a uniform, structured, and proactive approach to
managing disasters.
2. NDMA Guidelines
NDMA issues hazard-specific and thematic guidelines to help central/state governments,
departments, and agencies prepare and implement DM measures.
a) Hazard-Specific Guidelines (examples)
 Cyclones – coastal zone management, cyclone shelters, early warning systems.
 Floods – flood forecasting, embankments, reservoir operations.
 Earthquakes – seismic zoning, building codes, retrofitting.
 Landslides – hazard mapping, slope stabilization.
 Tsunamis – coastal evacuation planning, warning dissemination.
 Chemical & Industrial Disasters – safety audits, on-site and off-site emergency plans.
 Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies – radiation monitoring, evacuation zones.
 Biological Disasters – disease surveillance, vaccination campaigns.
b) Thematic Guidelines
 Incident Response System (IRS) – standard operating structure for response.
 Medical Preparedness & Mass Casualty Management – triage, emergency medical
teams.

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 Psycho-social Support & Mental Health Services – post-disaster counseling.
 Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM) – participatory planning.
 Early Warning Systems – integration of IMD, INCOIS, CWC data with local
dissemination.
 School Safety – disaster education, drills.
 Hospital Safety – functional hospitals during disasters.
3. Plans on Disaster Management
a) National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)
 Prepared under Section 11 of the DM Act, 2005.
 First released in 2016, updated in 2019 and 2022.
 Covers prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, relief, rehabilitation, and
reconstruction.
 Aligns with Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030).
 Multi-hazard approach covering both natural and man-made disasters.
b) State Disaster Management Plans (SDMPs)
 Prepared by each state under Section 23 of the DM Act.
 State-specific hazards and vulnerabilities.
 Framework for coordination among departments and agencies.
c) District Disaster Management Plans (DDMPs)
 Prepared by DDMAs under Section 31 of the DM Act.
 Includes local hazard mapping, resource inventory, evacuation routes, relief center
locations.
d) Departmental DM Plans
 Line ministries and departments prepare plans specific to their functions (e.g., Ministry
of Power, Railways, Health).
4. Importance of Guidelines and Plans
 Provide standardized operating procedures.
 Ensure coordination among agencies.
 Enhance preparedness and capacity building.
 Enable faster and effective response.
 Help in mainstreaming DRR into development planning.

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UNIT - IV
AGENCIES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The role of international agencies like The Asian and Pacific Centre for
Transfer of Technology (APCTT)
The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) plays a significant role
in promoting sustainable development, industrial growth, and technological advancement in
the Asia-Pacific region. It is a specialized regional institution established in 1977 and
operates as a subsidiary body of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).
Here’s a detailed examination of its role:
1. Mission and Objectives
 Promote Technology Transfer: Facilitate the movement of technologies—both hard
technologies (equipment, machinery) and soft technologies (knowledge, skills,
methods)—among countries in the Asia-Pacific region.
 Support Sustainable Development: Encourage the adoption of environmentally
sound technologies (ESTs) to promote green growth.
 Enhance Innovation Capacities: Strengthen the ability of member states to innovate,
adapt, and upgrade technologies to meet local needs.
2. Key Functions
1. Information Sharing and Networking
o Maintain technology databases and online platforms for sharing industrial
innovations, best practices, and case studies.
o Connect technology suppliers with potential adopters through Tech-Mart
events, exhibitions, and matchmaking services.
o Organize training programs, workshops, and policy seminars for government
officials, industry leaders, and researchers.
o Provide guidance on intellectual property rights (IPR), technology licensing,
and commercialization.
3. Facilitating Technology Partnerships
o Act as a bridge between developed and developing countries for collaborative
R&D.
o Help industries in the region identify suitable partners for joint ventures and
technology co-development.
4. Promoting Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs)
o Encourage clean energy solutions, waste management systems, and climate-
resilient technologies.
o Support member states in meeting UN Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs).
5. Policy Advisory Services

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o Assist governments in formulating national technology transfer policies.
o Provide frameworks for innovation systems and science & technology policy
reforms.
3. Major Activities and Initiatives
 Technology4SME: Helps small and medium enterprises adopt advanced technologies
for competitiveness.
 Asian and Pacific Network for Transfer of Technology (APNET): A platform for
inter-country collaboration.
 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Promotion: Technical workshops and
demonstration projects.
 Technology Marketplaces (TechMart): Exhibitions where innovators showcase
solutions to potential buyers.
 Online Databases: Directories of technologies, technology suppliers, and case
studies.
4. Impact
 Strengthened regional cooperation in technology development.
 Enhanced SME competitiveness by making advanced technologies more accessible.
 Supported green industrial growth by promoting clean and renewable technologies.
 Enabled policy harmonization across Asia-Pacific nations to facilitate smoother
technology flows.
5. Challenges
 Variations in technological maturity among member states.
 Limited funding and resources for large-scale technology deployment.
 Issues related to intellectual property rights and technology pricing.
 Need for stronger private sector engagement.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
 Established: 1945
 Headquarters: Rome, Italy
 Type: Specialized agency of the United Nations (UN)
 Mandate: To lead international efforts to defeat hunger, improve nutrition, and ensure
food security for all.
 Eradicate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition by ensuring people have regular
access to enough high-quality food.
 Raise levels of nutrition and living standards globally.
 Improve agricultural productivity through sustainable farming practices.
 Promote rural development to reduce poverty in agricultural communities.

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 Ensure sustainable management of natural resources—land, water, forests,
fisheries.
2. Key Functions
1. Information and Knowledge Sharing
o Acts as a global hub for agricultural, forestry, and fisheries data.
o Publishes reports like The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World.
o Maintains statistical databases like FAOSTAT.
2. Policy and Technical Assistance
o Helps governments develop national agricultural policies.
o Provides guidance on food safety standards through Codex Alimentarius.
o Supports legislation for sustainable farming and fisheries.
o Organizes training, workshops, and field projects to improve farmers’ skills.
o Supports modern technology adoption in agriculture.
4. Emergency Response
o Provides rapid assistance during food crises, droughts, locust invasions, or
disasters.
o Helps rebuild agricultural systems after conflicts or natural disasters.
5. Sustainable Development Promotion
o Encourages practices that protect the environment while ensuring food supply.
o Works to meet UN Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger).
3. Major Programs and Initiatives
 Codex Alimentarius – International food safety and quality standards.
 Global Soil Partnership – Soil conservation and health monitoring.
 FAOSTAT – Comprehensive agricultural statistics database.
 Telefood Projects – Small-scale projects to boost food production in poor
communities.
 International Year Campaigns (e.g., Year of Pulses, Year of Fruits and Vegetables)
to promote awareness.
4. Impact
 Reduced global hunger through policy reform and practical support.
 Enhanced food safety and trade by setting international standards.
 Promoted sustainable agricultural practices worldwide.
 Helped vulnerable nations recover from agricultural crises.
5. Challenges
 Persistent hunger in conflict and climate-affected regions.
 Climate change impacts on agriculture.
 Limited funding for large-scale projects.
 Balancing productivity growth with sustainability.

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United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
 Established: 1965 (through the merger of the UN Expanded Programme of Technical
Assistance and the UN Special Fund)
 Headquarters: New York, USA
 Type: UN’s global development network
 Mandate: To eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities, and build resilience so countries
can sustain progress.
 Eradicate extreme poverty in all its forms.
 Promote inclusive economic growth and social equity.
 Strengthen governance and democratic institutions.
 Support environmental sustainability and climate resilience.
 Help countries achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
2. Key Functions
1. Poverty Reduction and Economic Development
o Design and implement livelihood programs.
o Promote entrepreneurship, especially for women and youth.
o Support job creation through skill development.
2. Democratic Governance
o Provide technical assistance in policy-making and institutional reforms.
o Strengthen electoral systems, anti-corruption measures, and rule of law.
o Promote human rights and access to justice.
3. Climate and Disaster Resilience
o Assist countries in climate change adaptation and renewable energy adoption.
o Help build resilience against natural disasters through risk management.
4. Crisis Response
o Provide post-conflict recovery and reconstruction support.
o Coordinate humanitarian aid with other UN agencies.
o Strengthen national institutions to deliver better public services.
o Train government officials and community leaders.
3. Major Initiatives and Programs
 Human Development Report (HDR) – Measures progress through the Human
Development Index (HDI).
 UNDP Accelerator Labs – Fast-track innovative solutions for development
challenges.
 Global Environment Facility (GEF) – Supports environmental projects.
 Climate Promise – Helps nations enhance their climate action commitments.
4. Impact
 Improved human development indicators (health, education, income) in partner
countries.

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 Supported democratic transitions and governance reforms.
 Helped vulnerable communities adapt to climate change.
 Reduced poverty through targeted social and economic programs.
5. Challenges
 Working in conflict zones with unstable governments.
 Limited funding for long-term development programs.
 Political resistance to governance reforms.
 Balancing immediate crisis relief with sustainable development.
United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF)
 Established: 1946 (originally as the United Nations International Children’s
Emergency Fund to aid children after World War II; became a permanent UN agency
in 1953).
 Type: UN agency focused on the rights, survival, development, and protection of
children.
 Mandate: To advocate for the protection of children's rights, to help meet their basic
needs, and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential.
 Protect and promote children’s rights as defined in the UN Convention on the Rights
of the Child (CRC).
 Ensure access to quality education for all children.
 Provide healthcare and nutrition support to reduce child mortality.
 Protect children in emergencies caused by conflicts, disasters, or pandemics.
 Eliminate discrimination against children based on gender, disability, or socio-
economic status.
2. Key Functions
1. Health and Nutrition
o Immunization campaigns against diseases like polio and measles.
o Programs to combat malnutrition through supplementation and food aid.
2. Education
o Ensures inclusive and equitable quality education.
o Provides learning materials and safe learning environments.
3. Child Protection
o Prevents child labor, trafficking, early marriage, and exploitation.
o Supports birth registration to ensure legal identity.
4. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)
o Provides access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
o Promotes hygiene education to reduce disease spread.
5. Emergency Relief
o Supplies life-saving aid to children in conflict zones and disaster-hit areas.

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6. Advocacy and Policy Support
o Advises governments on child welfare laws and policies.
o Conducts awareness campaigns on child rights and protection.
3. Major Programs and Campaigns
 Immunization and Health Campaigns (e.g., against polio, measles).
 Back-to-School Programs for conflict/disaster-affected children.
 Child-Friendly Spaces in emergencies.
 #ENDviolence Campaign against violence toward children.
 Generation Unlimited – global partnership for youth empowerment.
4. Impact
 Reduced global child mortality rates through health interventions.
 Increased school enrollment and literacy rates among disadvantaged children.
 Improved child protection laws in multiple countries.
 Delivered humanitarian aid to millions of children annually.
5. Challenges
 Persistent conflicts and humanitarian crises affecting children.
 Funding shortages for long-term programs.
 Cultural and political barriers to child rights enforcement.
 Emerging threats like climate change impacting child health and safety.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
 Established: 1945
 Headquarters: Paris, France
 Type: Specialized agency of the United Nations
 Mandate: To promote international collaboration in education, science, culture, and
communication to foster peace, sustainable development, and mutual understanding.
 Promote education for all and lifelong learning.
 Advance scientific cooperation to address global challenges.
 Preserve cultural heritage and promote cultural diversity.
 Support freedom of expression and media development.
 Encourage sustainable development through knowledge sharing.
2. Key Functions
1. Education
o Develops global education frameworks like Education for Sustainable
Development (ESD) and Education 2030.

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o Supports teacher training, literacy programs, and curriculum development.
2. Science
o Facilitates scientific collaboration for water resource management, biodiversity
protection, and disaster risk reduction.
o Promotes open science and technology policies.
3. Culture
o Protects cultural heritage sites under the World Heritage Convention.
o Promotes intangible cultural heritage, such as languages, traditions, and arts.
4. Communication and Information
o Advocates for press freedom and journalist safety.
o Supports access to information and media literacy programs.
5. Ethics and Policy Guidance
o Provides recommendations on AI ethics, bioethics, and climate policy.
 World Heritage Sites – Protects over 1,100 cultural and natural sites globally.
 Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) – Promotes conservation and sustainable
use of ecosystems.
 UNESCO Global Geoparks – Protect geologically significant landscapes.
 International Literacy Day and World Press Freedom Day campaigns.
 Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) programs.
4. Impact
 Preserved and restored numerous cultural heritage sites.
 Improved literacy and education access in developing countries.
 Strengthened press freedom in many regions.
 Enhanced global cooperation in science and cultural dialogue.
5. Challenges
 Damage to heritage sites from conflicts and climate change.
 Political pressures and funding limitations.
 Ensuring equitable access to education and scientific resources.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
 Established: 1969 (originally called the United Nations Fund for Population
Activities; renamed in 1987).
 Type: UN agency focusing on reproductive health, population issues, and gender
equality.
 Mandate: To ensure every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe, and
every young person’s potential is fulfilled.

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 Promote universal access to sexual and reproductive health services.
 Reduce maternal mortality and ensure safe childbirth.
 Empower women and girls to make informed choices about their bodies and lives.
 Support population data collection for evidence-based policies.
 Advocate for gender equality and elimination of harmful practices like child marriage
and female genital mutilation (FGM).
2. Key Functions
1. Maternal Health
o Provide skilled birth attendants and emergency obstetric care.
o Support midwifery training programs worldwide.
2. Family Planning
o Ensure access to contraceptives and reproductive health information.
o Promote rights-based family planning policies.
3. Adolescent and Youth Programs
o Deliver comprehensive sexuality education.
o Support programs for preventing teen pregnancies and HIV/AIDS.
4. Population Data and Research
o Conduct national censuses, demographic surveys, and fertility studies.
o Advise governments on population trends and policy planning.
5. Gender Equality and Human Rights
o Combat gender-based violence.
o Work to end harmful cultural practices.
 State of World Population Report – Annual flagship report on global population
trends.
 Global Programme to End Child Marriage (with UNICEF).
 Midwifery Programme to improve maternal health services.
 Safe Birth Even Here campaign for women in humanitarian crises.
4. Impact
 Helped millions of women access family planning services.
 Significantly reduced maternal deaths in many partner countries.
 Improved availability of population data for policy-making.
 Raised global awareness about reproductive rights and gender equality.
5. Challenges
 Cultural resistance to reproductive health programs.
 Funding gaps affecting outreach and service delivery.
 Political sensitivities around population and sexuality education.
 Rising humanitarian crises increasing reproductive health needs.

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World Food Programme (WFP)
 Established: 1961 (as a joint initiative of the UN and FAO).
 Headquarters: Rome, Italy
 Type: UN agency focused on emergency food assistance, nutrition, and combating
hunger worldwide.
 Mandate: To eradicate hunger and malnutrition, particularly in emergencies, while
supporting long-term food security.
 Save lives in emergencies by providing food aid.
 Improve nutrition and food access for vulnerable populations.
 Support sustainable food systems to build resilience against future crises.
 Work toward achieving Zero Hunger (UN SDG 2).
2. Key Functions
1. Emergency Food Assistance
o Provide food aid during conflicts, disasters, and refugee crises.
o Use rapid response logistics to deliver aid in remote areas.
2. Nutrition Support
o Target pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children to prevent malnutrition.
o Fortify foods with essential vitamins and minerals.
3. School Feeding Programmes
o Offer free school meals to encourage education and improve child nutrition.
4. Cash-Based Transfers
o Provide cash or vouchers instead of food so beneficiaries can buy what they
need locally.
5. Resilience Building
o Help communities prepare for and adapt to climate shocks.
o Support agricultural development and market access.
 Food Assistance for Assets (FFA) – Helps communities build infrastructure in
exchange for food.
 Purchase for Progress (P4P) – Buys food from smallholder farmers to support local
economies.
 Emergency Logistics Services – Operates the UN’s largest humanitarian logistics
network.
 School Meals Programme – Reaches millions of children annually.
4. Impact
 Largest humanitarian organization fighting hunger—assists over 100 million
people in more than 80 countries each year.
 Reduced acute malnutrition rates in many crisis-hit areas.
 Supported recovery and resilience in post-disaster regions.

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 Won the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to combat hunger and use food as a tool
for peace.
5. Challenges
 Rising global food insecurity due to conflicts, climate change, and economic shocks.
 Dependence on voluntary donor funding.
 Access issues in conflict zones.
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
 Established: 2000 by the United Nations General Assembly.
 Managed by: The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR).
 Mandate: To coordinate and promote a comprehensive, risk-reduction–oriented
approach to disasters rather than focusing only on emergency response.
 Shift focus from disaster response to disaster risk reduction (DRR).
 Promote global culture of prevention and preparedness.
 Integrate disaster risk reduction into sustainable development policies.
 Encourage governments, NGOs, private sector, and communities to work together
in reducing disaster impacts.
2. Key Functions
1. Global Coordination
o Bring together UN agencies, governments, NGOs, scientific institutions, and
communities for DRR action.
o Serve as a platform for international cooperation and policy dialogue.
2. Policy Development
o Support nations in developing national and local DRR strategies.
o Integrate DRR into development planning and climate adaptation programs.
3. Knowledge and Information Sharing
o Maintain databases and publish reports on disaster trends, best practices, and
risk assessments.
o Organize the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction meetings.
4. Advocacy
o Promote awareness campaigns like International Day for Disaster Risk
Reduction (13 October).
o Highlight the importance of community-based disaster preparedness.
5. Framework Development
o Supported the development and monitoring of key global DRR frameworks:
 Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015)
 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030)
3. Major Initiatives

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 Making Cities Resilient Campaign – Helps local governments plan and implement
DRR measures.
 Global Assessment Reports (GAR) – Periodic reports on global disaster risk.
 Resilient Infrastructure and Climate Resilience Projects.
4. Impact
 Improved global understanding of disaster risk as part of development planning.
 Strengthened national DRR policies in many countries.
 Increased collaboration between climate change adaptation and DRR efforts.
 Established DRR as a key part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
5. Challenges
 Inconsistent implementation across countries.
 Funding limitations for prevention vs. response.
 Increasing frequency and severity of climate-related disasters.
 Need for stronger integration with local community action.
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
Established: 2006 (under the Disaster Management Act, 2005)
Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
Headquarters: New Delhi
Motto: Saving Lives & Beyond
1. Purpose & Mandate
 Specialized, multi-skilled force for disaster response and relief.
 Conducts search, rescue, evacuation, and relief operations during natural and man-
made disasters.
 Supports states/UTs when the situation is beyond their coping capacity.
2. Composition
 Battalion-based structure – Currently 16 battalions (as of 2025), drawn from:
o BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP, SSB, Assam Rifles.
 Each battalion has specialist teams for floods, earthquakes,
chemical/biological/radiological/nuclear (CBRN) incidents, etc.
 Staff trained in first aid, paramedical, collapsed structure rescue, deep diving, and
mountain rescue.
3. Key Functions
1. Disaster Response
o Search and rescue during earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, industrial
accidents, etc.
2. CBRN Disaster Management

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o Equipped for handling chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
emergencies.
o Training state disaster response forces (SDRFs) and community volunteers.
4. Community Awareness
o Conduct mock drills and public awareness programs for disaster preparedness.
4. Major Operations
 Nepal Earthquake (2015) – Large-scale rescue and relief.
 Kerala Floods (2018, 2019) – Massive evacuation and relief.
 Cyclones Fani, Amphan, Yaas – Pre-deployment and rescue missions.
 COVID-19 Pandemic – Medical assistance and logistics support.
5. Special Features
 Pre-positioning before predicted disasters (cyclones, floods).
 All-terrain capabilities – Boats, diving gear, rescue dogs, drones.
 International humanitarian missions under UN framework.
6. Challenges
 Need for more advanced equipment for urban search and rescue.
 Coordination gaps with local agencies in some regions.
 Increasing frequency and complexity of disasters due to climate change.
National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
Established: 1995 (as National Centre for Disaster Management), renamed & upgraded in
2003 under the Disaster Management Act, 2005
Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs
Location: New Delhi
Status: Apex training and capacity-building institute for disaster management in India
1. Mandate
 Provide training, research, documentation, and policy advocacy in disaster
management.
 Develop national-level human resources for disaster preparedness and mitigation.
 Assist NDMA and state governments in capacity building.
2. Key Functions
1. Training & Capacity Building
o Conduct national and international training programs for government officials,
NGOs, and community leaders.

42
o Specialized courses on risk assessment, emergency planning, CBRN safety,
urban risk management, climate resilience.
2. Research
o Study disaster trends, vulnerability mapping, and climate risk.
o Develop model disaster management plans.
3. Policy Support
o Advise NDMA, ministries, and states on disaster management policies and
guidelines.
4. Knowledge Management
o Maintain a repository of best practices, case studies, and resource materials.
o Publish research papers, guidelines, and manuals.
5. International Cooperation
o Partner with UN agencies, SAARC Disaster Management Centre, and global
institutions for training and knowledge exchange.
3. Major Initiatives
 Post Graduate Diploma in Disaster Management (online/offline).
 Aapda Samvaad – community engagement platform.
 Capacity Building Programmes for State Disaster Management Authorities
(SDMAs).
 Collaboration with World Bank & UNDP for resilience projects.
4. Role in Disasters
 Provided training modules for COVID-19 response.
 Developed cyclone and flood preparedness manuals.
 Conducted mock drills and simulation exercises for earthquakes and industrial
accidents.
5. Challenges
 Limited outreach to rural and remote disaster-prone areas.
 Need for more integration with local governance systems.
 Rapidly evolving disaster risks require continuous curriculum updates.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
Established: Under the Disaster Management Act, 2005
Type: Apex body for disaster management at the state level
Head: Chief Minister of the state (ex-officio Chairperson)
1. Mandate
 Lay down state policies and plans for disaster management.
 Coordinate with State Executive Committee (SEC), district authorities, and other
agencies.

43
 Ensure prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response measures are integrated
into state development planning.
2. Composition
 Chairperson: Chief Minister of the State / Lt. Governor in UTs.
 Members: Up to 8 (including Vice-Chairperson, if appointed).
 Supported by the State Executive Committee (SEC), headed by the Chief Secretary.
3. Key Functions
1. Policy & Planning
o Approve State Disaster Management Plan (SDMP) and district plans.
o Identify vulnerable areas within the state.
o Strengthen disaster management institutions at state, district, and local levels.
3. Coordination
o Facilitate the work of the State Disaster Response Force (SDRF).
o Liaise with NDMA, NDRF, and other states during emergencies.
4. Awareness
o Promote community participation and preparedness campaigns.
5. Monitoring
o Oversee implementation of mitigation and rehabilitation projects.
4. Role in Disasters
 Mobilizes state resources and coordinates with central agencies.
 Deploys SDRF for immediate rescue and relief.
 Works with NGOs, Red Cross, and volunteers during disasters.
5. Examples of Initiatives
 Odisha SDMA – Cyclone shelters & early warning systems.
 Kerala SDMA – Flood management & community training programs.
 Gujarat SDMA – Earthquake safety retrofitting in schools.
6. Challenges
 Limited resources in smaller states.
 Implementation gaps in rural areas.
 Coordination issues between multiple agencies.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Disaster Management
Definition:
Non-profit, voluntary organizations working independently of the government, often focusing
on humanitarian aid, development, and advocacy.

44
1. Role Across Disaster Management Cycle
1. Prevention & Mitigation
o Conduct risk assessment and vulnerability mapping.
o Promote environmental protection and sustainable practices.
2. Preparedness
o Community awareness programs.
o Training in first aid, evacuation, and search & rescue.
o Stockpiling emergency supplies.
3. Response
o Immediate relief: food, water, shelter, medicines.
o Medical aid and trauma counseling.
o Coordination with government and other relief agencies.
4. Recovery & Rehabilitation
o Rebuilding homes, schools, and community infrastructure.
o Livelihood restoration.
o Long-term psychosocial support.
2. Key Functions
 Advocacy – Influence policies for better disaster risk reduction (DRR).
 Capacity Building – Train local volunteers and officials.
 Service Delivery – Provide specialized services in health, logistics, education.
 Networking – Collaborate with other NGOs, UN agencies, and government bodies.
3. Examples in India
 SEEDS India – School safety and community resilience.
 Oxfam India – WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) during floods.
 CARE India – Women and child-focused disaster relief.
 Goonj – Clothing and essential supplies distribution.
 Indian Red Cross Society – Blood supply, medical camps, disaster response.
4. Strengths
 Strong local presence and trust within communities.
 Flexibility and quick mobilization.
 Ability to reach marginalized or remote populations.
5. Limitations
 Resource constraints.
 Dependence on donor funding.
 Lack of coordination leading to duplication of efforts.

45
Social Media in Disaster Management
Definition:
Digital platforms (e.g., Twitter/X, Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube) used for real-
time communication, information sharing, and coordination during disasters.
1. Role Across Disaster Management Cycle
1. Preparedness
o Disseminate early warning alerts.
o Share disaster safety tips, evacuation routes, and preparedness checklists.
o Conduct online awareness campaigns and drills.
2. Response
o Real-time updates on affected areas, shelter locations, and relief measures.
o Crowd-sourcing information (e.g., missing persons, road blockages).
o Coordination between government, NGOs, volunteers, and public.
3. Recovery
o Mobilizing donations and volunteers.
o Tracking rehabilitation progress.
o Public feedback on relief operations.
2. Advantages
 Speed: Instant transmission of information.
 Reach: Can connect with millions, even in remote areas with mobile networks.
 Interactivity: Two-way communication for clarifying and confirming information.
 Visual Evidence: Photos/videos to assess ground realities quickly.
3. Challenges
 Misinformation & Rumors: Can cause panic and mislead rescue efforts.
 Digital Divide: Rural/low-income communities may have limited access.
 Overload of Information: Important alerts may get buried.
 Privacy Concerns: Sensitive data can be misused.
4. Best Practices
 Use verified official handles (e.g., NDMA, IMD) for updates.
 Deploy hashtags for easy tracking (e.g., #CycloneAlert, #FloodRelief).
 Collaborate with influencers and community leaders for wider reach.
 Monitor and counter false information quickly.
5. Examples
 Kerala Floods 2018 – WhatsApp & Twitter used for rescue coordination.
 Nepal Earthquake 2015 – Facebook Safety Check feature widely used.
 Cyclone Fani 2019 – Odisha government issued real-time Twitter alerts.

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UNIT - V
ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Role of Teachers in Disaster Awareness
Objective:
To prepare students to respond effectively to disasters through knowledge, preparedness, and
resilience-building.
1. Awareness & Education
 Integrate disaster management topics into lessons (earthquakes, floods, fire safety,
climate change).
 Conduct interactive sessions, quizzes, and exhibitions on disaster preparedness.
 Use visual aids (charts, videos, role plays) for better understanding.
2. Preparedness Training
 Organize mock drills for evacuation and first aid.
 Teach students how to use emergency kits and safety equipment (fire extinguisher,
CPR).
 Identify and practice safe zones in school premises.
3. Community Engagement
 Encourage students to spread awareness to families and neighborhoods.
 Involve parents and local authorities in school safety programs.
4. Early Warning Communication
 Inform students promptly about weather alerts or potential hazards.
 Coordinate with school administration to activate safety protocols.
5. Role-Modeling
 Demonstrate calm, disciplined behavior during drills and emergencies.
 Promote eco-friendly practices to reduce disaster risks (tree plantation, waste
reduction).
6. Post-Disaster Support
 Provide emotional first aid and counseling for affected students.
 Help coordinate relief distribution within school premises.
7. Example Initiatives

47
 National School Safety Programme (NSSP) – NDMA’s initiative for disaster
preparedness in schools.
 Eco Clubs & Red Cross Youth for community-based awareness campaigns.
Disaster Prevention and Response Plan (DPRP)
Objective:
To reduce disaster risks, ensure preparedness, and enable effective response and recovery.
1. Risk Assessment & Hazard Mapping
 Identify potential hazards (natural, man-made, biological).
 Assess vulnerabilities (population density, infrastructure weakness, special needs
groups).
 Prepare a hazard map showing high-risk areas.
2. Prevention & Mitigation Strategies
 Enforce building codes and safe construction practices.
 Improve drainage, flood barriers, fire safety systems.
 Promote environmental protection (afforestation, slope stabilization).
3. Preparedness Measures
 Create emergency contact lists and communication channels.
 Stockpile emergency supplies (food, water, medical kits).
 Train staff/community in first aid, fire safety, and evacuation drills.
 Set up early warning systems (sirens, SMS alerts, public address systems).
4. Response Mechanism
 Incident Command System (ICS) – Define roles for coordinators, rescue teams,
medical teams, and communication units.
 Pre-assign emergency shelters and transportation arrangements.
 Maintain coordination with police, fire services, hospitals, NGOs.
 Plan for restoration of essential services (water, electricity, healthcare, education).
 Provide psychosocial support to affected persons.
 Support livelihood recovery and rebuilding of infrastructure.
6. Training & Drills
 Conduct periodic mock drills to test plan effectiveness.
 Update procedures based on lessons learned.
7. Documentation & Review

48
 Keep written copies of the plan in accessible locations.
 Review and revise annually or after every major disaster.
Constituting Prevention and Resource Teams
Objective:
To ensure that specific trained groups are ready to prevent disasters where possible and
respond effectively when they occur.
1. Prevention Teams
Purpose: Reduce disaster risks and strengthen preparedness.
Composition:
 Safety officers (teachers/staff in institutions or trained community members).
 Structural safety experts (civil engineers, electricians).
 Environmental & sanitation staff.
 Health and hygiene volunteers.
Functions:
 Conduct risk assessments and hazard mapping.
 Enforce safety measures (fire safety checks, building code compliance).
 Organize awareness campaigns and training drills.
 Monitor weather alerts and early warning systems.
 Liaise with local disaster management authorities.
2. Resource Teams
Purpose: Mobilize and manage essential resources during disaster response and recovery.
Composition:
 Logistics coordinators.
 First aid and medical volunteers.
 Search and rescue teams (trained in evacuation and handling equipment).
 Food, water, and shelter coordinators.
 Communication officers (for social media, radio, PA system updates).
Functions:
 Maintain inventory of emergency supplies (food, water, medical kits, blankets).
 Organize transport and shelter for evacuees.
 Coordinate with NGOs, local authorities, and relief agencies.
 Distribute relief materials in an orderly manner.
 Keep updated contact lists of service providers and volunteers.

49
3. Best Practices in Team Constitution
 Clearly define roles and responsibilities.
 Provide regular training and mock drills.
 Keep backup members for each role.
 Maintain 24/7 readiness during disaster seasons.
 Ensure gender balance and inclusion of differently-abled volunteers.
4. Example (School/Community Setting)
 Prevention Team: Fire safety monitor, earthquake drill coordinator, building safety
inspector.
 Resource Team: First aid unit, food distribution group, emergency transport
coordinators.
Disaster Management – Action Plan Checklist
1. Risk & Hazard Assessment
 Identify potential hazards (natural, man-made, biological).
 Prepare hazard and vulnerability maps.
 Assess high-risk zones and vulnerable populations.
2. Prevention & Mitigation
 Enforce safety measures (structural & non-structural).
 Conduct building safety audits.
 Maintain drainage, fire safety, and electrical systems.
3. Preparedness
 Develop Disaster Management Plan (DMP).
 Form Prevention & Resource Teams with defined roles.
 Train in first aid, CPR, and evacuation drills.
 Stockpile emergency kits (food, water, medicines, blankets).
 Establish communication channels (PA system, SMS alerts, social media).
4. Response Readiness
 Define Incident Command Structure.
 Identify emergency shelters and evacuation routes.
 Maintain contact lists for police, fire, hospitals, NGOs.
 Conduct mock drills regularly.
 Restore essential services (electricity, water, healthcare).
 Provide counseling and psychosocial support.

50
 Organize livelihood restoration programs.
6. Review & Update
 Evaluate plan after drills or actual events.
 Incorporate lessons learned into the updated plan.
 Share revised plans with all stakeholders.
Role of Students in Earthquake Preparedness and Response
A. Before an Earthquake (Preparedness)
 Learn about earthquakes and their effects.
 Participate in mock drills at school/college.
 Identify safe spots (under sturdy desks, away from windows).
 Know evacuation routes and assembly points.
 Keep emergency contact numbers handy.
 Prepare a personal emergency kit (torch, water, whistle, first aid items).
B. During an Earthquake (Response)
 Stay calm and avoid panic.
 If indoors:
o “Drop, Cover, Hold On” under sturdy furniture.
o Stay away from windows, glass, and heavy objects.
 If outdoors:
o Move to an open area away from buildings, trees, and electric poles.
 If in a moving vehicle:
o Ask driver to stop in a safe open place; stay inside until shaking stops.
 Do not use elevators.
C. After an Earthquake (Recovery)
 Check yourself and others for injuries; provide first aid if needed.
 Avoid damaged buildings and watch for aftershocks.
 Help teachers in accounting for classmates.
 Assist in guiding younger students or the elderly to safety.
 Listen to instructions from school authorities or disaster management teams.
 Help in distributing water, food, and other relief items.
 Spread correct information; avoid rumors.
Role of Students in Landslide Preparedness and Response
A. Before a Landslide (Preparedness)
 Learn about landslide-prone areas in your region.

51
 Avoid building or staying near steep slopes, loose soil, or unstable embankments.
 Participate in school/community awareness programs on landslide safety.
 Help in planting trees and maintaining vegetation to stabilize soil.
 Identify safe evacuation routes away from slopes.
 Keep an emergency kit ready (torch, water, whistle, first aid, radio).
 Report early warning signs (cracks in ground, tilting trees, unusual sounds) to
elders/authorities.
B. During a Landslide (Response)
 Move quickly to a safe, higher ground; avoid valleys and low-lying areas.
 If indoors: stay inside, away from windows, but be ready to evacuate immediately if
instructed.
 If outdoors: run perpendicular to the flow path, not uphill/downhill in line with it.
 Protect your head with hands, bag, or jacket.
 Stay alert for secondary slides.
C. After a Landslide (Recovery)
 Stay away from the slide area until authorities declare it safe.
 Help in checking for injured classmates/neighbors and providing first aid.
 Avoid blocked roads; keep paths clear for rescue teams.
 Report damaged utilities (gas leaks, broken power lines) to officials.
 Assist in spreading correct safety information and avoiding rumors.
 Participate in community clean-up and rehabilitation efforts.
Role of Students in Flood Preparedness and Response
A. Before a Flood (Preparedness)
 Learn about flood-prone areas in your locality.
 Participate in awareness programs and mock drills at school.
 Keep emergency contact numbers and important documents in waterproof pouches.
 Store drinking water, dry food, torch, batteries, first aid kit, and extra clothes.
 Help in cleaning drains and removing blockages to prevent waterlogging.
 Identify safe shelters and evacuation routes.
 Stay updated with weather warnings via radio/official apps.
B. During a Flood (Response)
 Stay calm and follow instructions from teachers/authorities.
 Move to higher ground or designated shelters immediately.
 Avoid walking or swimming in floodwaters (risk of currents and contamination).
 If trapped indoors, move to the roof or upper floors and signal for help.
 Do not touch electrical appliances or wires in wet areas.
 Assist younger students or elderly persons in evacuation.
C. After a Flood (Recovery)

52
 Return home/school only after authorities declare it safe.
 Avoid drinking floodwater; use boiled or treated water.
 Help in cleaning and disinfecting affected areas.
 Stay away from damaged buildings and broken power lines.
 Assist relief workers in distributing food, water, and supplies.
 Participate in awareness drives to prevent waterborne diseases.
Role of Students in Cyclone Preparedness and Response
A. Before a Cyclone (Preparedness)
 Stay updated on cyclone warnings through radio, TV, or official apps.
 Help teachers and family in securing windows, doors, and loose objects outside.
 Store emergency supplies: dry food, water, medicines, torch, batteries, first aid kit.
 Keep important documents in waterproof bags.
 Identify nearest cyclone shelters or safe high-ground areas.
 Participate in mock drills and awareness sessions at school.
 Assist in moving livestock and pets to safe places.
B. During a Cyclone (Response)
 Stay indoors, away from windows and glass doors.
 Follow evacuation orders immediately when given.
 If sheltering in school/college: stay in designated safe rooms and help maintain calm.
 Avoid using electrical appliances during heavy lightning/rain.
 Do not go outside during the “calm eye” of the cyclone – strong winds will return.
 Assist teachers in caring for younger children or those needing help.
C. After a Cyclone (Recovery)
 Wait for the official “all clear” before leaving shelter.
 Avoid downed power lines, damaged buildings, and floodwaters.
 Help in clean-up activities and removing debris safely.
 Provide first aid to injured persons until medical help arrives.
 Assist in distributing relief supplies.
 Share correct safety information; avoid spreading rumors.
Role of Students in High-Rise Fire Preparedness and Response
A. Before a Fire (Preparedness)
 Learn the fire evacuation routes and nearest staircases.
 Participate in fire drills conducted by school/college.
 Know the location of fire extinguishers, alarms, and hose reels.
 Avoid blocking corridors, stairways, and emergency exits.
 Report faulty wiring or unsafe practices to authorities.

53
 Keep emergency contact numbers ready.
B. During a Fire (Response)
 Stay calm; do not use elevators.
 Use stairs to evacuate; follow marked exit signs.
 If trapped:
o Seal gaps around doors with wet cloths to block smoke.
o Stay low to the ground to avoid inhaling smoke.
o Signal for help from a window if possible.
 Activate fire alarm if not already triggered.
 Assist in guiding younger or injured persons to safety.
 If clothing catches fire: STOP, DROP, and ROLL.
C. After a Fire (Recovery)
 Do not re-enter the building until declared safe by fire officials.
 Report missing persons to rescue teams immediately.
 Provide first aid for burns and smoke inhalation victims.
 Cooperate with rescue workers and follow their instructions.
 Help in documenting the incident for safety reviews.
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