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- 6. Big Data Application in Power Systems
- 7. Big Data Application in Power Systems Edited by Reza Arghandeh Assistant Prof. in Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Florida State University Yuxun Zhou PhD candidate, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, UC Berkeley
- 8. Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-811968-6 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Joe Hayton Acquisition Editor: Lisa Reading Editorial Project Manager: Ana Claudia A. Garcia Production Project Manager: Vijayaraj Purushothaman Cover Designer: Mark Rogers Typeset by SPi Global, India
- 9. Contributors Reza Arghandeh UC Berkeley and Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States Mohammad Babakmehr Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States Ricardo J. Bessa INESC Technology and Science—INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal Saverio Bolognani Automatic Control Laboratory ETH Z€ urich, Z€ urich, Switzerland Angelo Cenedese University of Padova, Padova, Italy Michael Chertkov Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States Deepjyoti Deka Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States Roy Dong University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States Feng Gao Tsinghua University Energy Internet Research Institute, Beijing, China Madeleine Gibescu Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Bri-Mathias Hodge National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States Gabriela Hug ETH Zurich, Power Systems Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland Jeffrey S. Katz IBM, Hartford, CT, United States Stephan Koch ETH Zurich; Adaptricity AG, c/o ETH Zurich, Power Systems Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland Hanif Livani University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States Mehrdad Majidi University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States John D. McDonald GE Energy Connections-Grid Solutions, Atlanta, GA, United States Sadaf Moaveninejad Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, Italy Elena Mocanu Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Ingo Nader Unbelievable Machine, Vienna, Austria Behzad Najafi Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, Italy Phuong H. Nguyen Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Lillian J. Ratliff University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States Fabio Rinaldi Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, Italy Marcelo G. Simoes Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States Matthias Stifter AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center of Energy, Vienna, Austria Carol L. Stimmel Manifest Mind, LLC, Canaan, NY, United States Gian Antonio. Susto University of Padova, Padova, Italy Akin Tascikaraoglu Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey Matteo Terzi University of Padova, Padova, Italy Andreas Ulbig ETH Zurich; Adaptricity AG, c/o ETH Zurich, Power Systems Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland xi
- 10. Yang Weng Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States Rui Yang National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States Yingchen Zhang National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States Jie Zhang University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States Yuxun Zhou UC Berkeley and Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States Thierry Zufferey ETH Zurich, Power Systems Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland xii Contributors
- 11. About the Editors Reza Arghandeh is an Assistant Professor in the ECE Department in Florida State University. He is director of the Collaborative Intelligent Infrastructure Lab. He has been a postdoctoral scholar at the University of California, Berkeley’s California Institute for Energy and Environment 2013–15. He has 5 years industrial experience in power and energy systems. He completed his PhD in Electrical Engineering with a specialization in power systems at Virginia Tech. He holds Master’s degrees in Industrial and System Engineering from Virginia Tech 2013 and in Energy Systems from the University of Manchester 2008. From 2011 to 2013, he was a power system software designer at Electrical Distribution Design Inc. in Virginia. Dr. Arghandeh’s research interests include, but are not limited to, data analysis and decision support for smart grids and smart cities using statistical inference, machine learning, information theory, and operations research. He is a recipient of the Association of Energy Engineers (AEE) Scholarship 2012, the UC Davis Green Tech Fellowship 2011, and the best paper award from the ASME 2012 Power Conference and IEEE PESGM 2015. He is the chair of the IEEE Task Force on Big Data Application for Power Distribution Network. Yuxun Zhou is currently a PhD candidate at Department of EECS, UC Berkeley. Prior to that, he obtained the Diplome d’Ingenieur in applied mathematics from Ecole Centrale Paris and a BS degree from Xi’an Jiaotong University. Yuxun has published more than 30 refereed articles, and has received several student awards. His research interest is on machine learning theories and algo- rithms for modern sensor rich, ubiquitously connected cyber-physical systems, including smart grid, power distribution networks, smart buildings, etc. xiii
- 12. Preface: Objective and Overview of the Book The term “big data” is fairly new in power systems. Yet, its application and methodologies applied to massive data sets were developed a long time ago for electricity load consumption forecasting. The recent developments in mon- itoring, sensor networks, and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) dramat- ically increase the variety, volume, and velocity of measurement data in electricity transmission and distribution networks. Moreover, the progress in advanced statistics, machine learning (ML), database structure, and data min- ing methodologies marked by increasing the availability of open source plat- forms for data analytics is transforming the power system area and turning utilities into data-driven enterprises. In order to discuss the big data analytics applications for power systems, this book brings together experts from all organizations and institutions impacted including academia and industry. We focus on rapidly modernizing monitor- ing and analytical approaches to process the high dimensional, heterogeneous, and spatiotemporal data. This book discusses challenges, opportunities, success stories, and pathways for utilizing big data value in smart grids. The dramatic change in the field of scientific computing, microprocessors, and data commu- nications is a burden for electric utilities to understand, follow, and adopt the advanced statistics, computer science, and mathematics concepts. Today’s util- ity engineers need to be more informed of the basic concepts and applications for massive field data analysis. This book’s goal is to facilitate the transition to data-driven utilities by providing a comprehensive view on big data issues, methodologies, and their various applications in the power systems area. Much like the authorship of the chapters in this volume, the intended audience for this book extends from researchers, graduate students, and faculty working in electricity networks and smart grid area to industrial scientists, engineers, data analysis experts, and software developers who are working on electricity networks and advanced technologies for smart grids. This book is also useful for people with less technical expertise in scientific computing. We expect that the reader will have some proficiency in power systems fundamentals and that xv
- 13. he/she has had at least one elementary course in statistics. This book can also be useful for senior undergraduate students who have passed courses on power systems. This book has three sections as follows: I. Harness the Big Data From Power Sys- tems, II. Harness the Power of Big Data, and III. Put the Power of Big Data Into Power Systems. The opening section is an overview of the opportunities and challenges for data-driven utilities in the era of distributed technologies and resources such as Internet of Things (IoT), flexible demand, distributed generation, and energy storage. The second section reviews research trends on ML and artificial intel- ligence for the power system industry. The final section provides examples of the advanced data analytic applications for the grid operation. Taken together, these three book sections provide an overview of the entire cycle of data analysis in power systems. The book begins with the utility enterprise structure, business model, and privacy issues, then delves into research trends in advanced data analysis, and ends full circle with real-world examples of actual applications of data analytics used daily by utilities. SECTION ONE: HARNESS THE BIG DATA FROM POWER SYSTEMS To provide a big picture for electric utilities, this section describes the current and future trends for data mining and data processing in electric utilities. The move toward data-driven utility is possible by a fundamental shift in orga- nizational culture and business processes, as well as data-related technology and practices. Moreover, enriching electric utilities with data requires interop- erability across all operational and enterprise units and recognition that main- taining the data privacy, security, and the seamless data flow is highly challenging. The interoperability in holistic data-driven utilities expands to cus- tomers through their engagement and continues demand-side management for higher reliability, service quality, and efficiency. Aligning customers’ needs and expectations with utilities’ business drivers will shape the roadmap to generate, process, and access the data in utilities. The information and communication technology (ICT) platform is at the heart of the roadmap to data-driven utilities which supports the data flow from cus- tomers all the way to the transmission and generation operators. Utilities made aggressive steps toward smartness by adopting the distribution automation (DA) solutions followed by AMI platforms. DA and AMI made a revolution in grid operation. However, the data flood from DA and AMI has created a nightmare for the utilities’ ICT infrastructure. A holistic approach for data- driven utilities is needed to openly discuss and clarify the foundational ICT requirements to serve all functions of the electric grid. xvi Preface
- 14. Becoming a data-driven utility is inevitable in the age of internet, cloud com- puting, smart phones, and distributed resources. The advanced data analytics make continuous innovation possible by unlocking insights never seen before. The ML, deep learning, and statistical inference are tools that help utilities to keep up with the torrent of data from different resources. Advanced big data analytics provide estimation, predication, diagnostics, and prognostics conclu- sions from historical and real-time data flows. As more data becomes available to utilities over time, the ML algorithms provide more refined insights on grid operation planning. However, the synergies between ICT networks, grid com- ponents, operators, and customers run the power system into a complex giant for ad hoc data-driven approaches and policies. This section of the book endeavors to deliver the message that a holistic approach based on a founda- tion of open architecture and standards will ensure the open flow of data and interoperability between devices, systems, databases, and people in order to make data-driven utilities. The all-inclusive approaches to generate, transfer, and handle data also bring tremendous opportunities to break traditional bar- riers in utility organizations for delivering safe, reliable, and affordable power to their customers. Chapter 1 by John McDonald introduces these concepts through three case studies. He explores the value of a data-driven utility in terms of asset manage- ment and safety, the fundamentals of standards and interoperability, and the enterprises of increased visibility into the transmission and distribution net- work. The chapter illustrates the holistic data-driven utility and its fundamental business drivers to establish information and communications technology foundation, human resource, customer relation, and data-oriented organiza- tional cultural data in the grid operation and planning. The data-driven utilities now face greater and more frequent risk of intrusion and/or interruption due to the fact that these networks are merging with cyber networks, resulting in sociotechnical and cyber-physical systems that are creat- ing an infrastructural IoT where all grid components can interact and collabo- rate. Integrating cyber components into the electric grid also means an incredible increase in security vulnerability and interdependencies among infrastructure components that create the risk of cascading effects after attacks. Moreover, the enhanced observability of the grid thanks to the smart meters’ high granular data is making more customers concerned and uncomfortable about data privacy. Carol L. Stimmel discusses state-of-the-art data privacy and security in Chapter 2. She lists a number of actual cases for cyber security attacks on the grid and explains the impact of data-driven approaches in enhancing the data security and privacy. Data-driven utilities function as much more than the operators of the physical grid; utilities are also responsible for massive enterprise systems with financial information, customer data, and a growing network of digital operations under human control. Thus, security xvii Preface
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- 16. strategies must become more nuanced and complex, and should include pri- vacy and other internal information technology controls. The big data era is changing the utility workforce paradigm. Several major util- ities are adding more software developers and data scientists to their R&D and operating groups, as well as power system experts. The power of data in inno- vation is seen in more smart grid projects and AMI implementations. Some of these projects applied Big Data and Analytics even without adding any new sen- sors, demonstrating the power of knowing more about what information was already available to the utility through the SCADA systems. The utility innova- tion movement came from the foresight that discarded data may prove useful. This includes data discarded during the process of developing an analytics strat- egy, including predictive maintenance programs, thought to be valuable as the design phase began, even though there was no known need for all of the data at the time. Analytics has moved from replicating alarm limits already available, to deep learning for customer behavioral studies and cognitive computing for renewable adoption optimization, as well as numerical methodologies for dynamic electricity market forecasting. Jeffrey Katz from IBM contributes Chapter 3, “The Rule of Big Data and Analytics in Utilities Innovation” that explains how data analytics pave the ground for innovation in utilities by point- ing to a number of successful projects in different utilities. To harvest the advantages of big data, utilities need to employ platforms that can handle high volume, velocity, and volatility of the data. There are commer- cial and ready-to-use platforms that serve the big data community. It is time for utilities to take the lead in shaping power systems-specific data platforms. The in-memory calculation engine and parallel computing framework, Hadoop/ MapReduce and Spark, are ready for handling an extremely large scale of data- set; on the other hand, the stream processing engine, Storm, Streams, and Spark Streaming are built to analyze data in motion and act on information as it is happening. The architecture of big data platforms includes data integration, warehousing, analytics, and combining the demand of smart grids to put for- ward a set of frameworks such as the Apache Hadoop ecosystem which has excellent computing ability and can adapt to various business requirements. Chapter 4 “Frameworks for Big Data Integration, Warehousing, and Analytics” by Feng Gao discusses different tools and techniques to support the growth of smart grid and big data with high performance computing, with a focus on the platform, data integration, warehousing, and analytics that are particularly adaptive to handle a variety of characteristics of energy industry data within the data lifetime cycle. xviii Preface
- 17. SECTION TWO: HARNESS THE POWER OF BIG DATA This theory-oriented section focuses on big data analytics. In particular, it dis- cusses ML and data mining algorithms, methods, and implementation that are adaptable for data visualization, representation, exploratory analysis, regres- sion, and pattern recognition in power systems. The objectives of this section are twofold. On one hand, both classical and status quo ML paradigms are reviewed and discussed, motivating the proper usage of traditional super- vised/unsupervised learning tools and the recent developments of semi- supervised learning, multitask, multiview learning, sparse representation, deep learning, etc., for various tasks in power systems. The hope is that the dramatic progress in ML can be fully harnessed to reform the solution of power system state estimation, load forecasting, event detection, and structure identification. On the other hand, the reversed direction, i.e., the challenges and new prob- lems brought by power system data to ML, is discussed. Similarly to the impact of computer vision, natural language processing, speech recognition, or robot control on the advancement of ML, it is expected that the complexity of the interconnected system, the behavior-related data generating process, as well as the unique sensing and measurement techniques in power systems, would inspire novel theoretical and methodological results for ML. It is worth pointing out that in this section, the term ML is used in a broader sense, generally referring to a task to improve some performance metric, by exe- cuting a series of computation (algorithm) with some training experience (in the form of collected sensor measurement, expert knowledge, survey entries, etc.). Lying at the crossroads of statistics, computer sciences, artificial intelli- gence, and applied mathematics, the ML methods discussed in this section deserve a comprehensive description from diverse perspectives, including, but not limited to, their underlying probabilistic assumption, theoretical/ empirical generalization performance, model selection (hyper-parameter selec- tion), computational complexity, numerical implementation, etc. Although a mathematically rigorous treatment of the above topics is not the focus of this book, useful references are provided to interested readers. More often than not, the proper usage of the state-of-the-art ML algorithm, or a desire to advance ML driven by power system applications, would surprisingly progress both research fields. More specifically, Chapter 5 starts with a brief discussion of classical supervised and unsupervised learning paradigms. The focus is not to give an extensive review of the field, which is impossible due to its many ramifications, but rather to equip the readers with popular approaches for regression, classification, dimension reduction, among other fundamentals. The chapter then focuses on two important issues, feature engineering and model selection, in some depth to demonstrate the proper usage and systematic tuning of those xix Preface
- 18. off-the-shelf ML tools. The rest of this chapter is devoted to the introduction of some recent schemes of ML that seem promising for power system data analysis applications. The topics discussed include semi-supervised learning, multitask learning, transfer learning, multiview learning, information representation, etc. Following the discussion, Chapter 6 provides a case study on the use of the clus- tering algorithms for enhanced visibility of the electrical distribution system. Based on smart meter data of more than 30,000 loads in the city of Basel, Swit- zerland, the authors demonstrate the power of exploratory data analysis using unsupervised learning methods, which successfully reveals hidden structure, property, and geographical consistency from the measurement data. The rich information mined from this analysis can be leveraged by DSOs to support the grid operation. The rest of the chapters in this section discuss in detail several advanced ML methods for power system applications. Motivated by the unprecedented high volumes of data made available by the growth of home energy management systems and AMI, Dr. Mocanu et al. in Chapter 7 present the deep learning framework to automatically extract knowledge and use it to improve grid oper- ation. The chapter starts with a moderate introduction to the most well-known deep learning concepts, such as deep belief networks and high-order restricted Boltzmann machine, followed by a discussion on their theoretical advantages and limitations, such as computational requirements, convergence, and stabil- ity. As a concrete application, two case studies involving building energy pre- diction using supervised and unsupervised deep learning methods are presented. The chapter concludes with a glimpse into future trends highlighting some open questions as well as new possible applications. Chapter 8 “Compressive Sensing for Power System Data Analysis,” focuses on the applications of another state-of-the-art ML framework, namely compres- sive sensing-sparse recovery (CS-SR), which has enjoyed great success in other fields like bio-engineering, signal processing, and computer vision, among others. The adaptation of CS-SR in smart power networks monitoring, data analysis, security, and reliability should expect similar successes. The sparse nature of the electrical power grids, as well as electrical signals, can be exploited to introduce alternative mathematical formulations to address some of the most challenging system modeling, that of sparse identification prob- lems in power engineering. The chapter begins with a concise presentation on the theoretical and technical background of CS-SR. Next, the discussion moves to innovative CS-SR applications in smart grid technology. Finally, the CS-SR techniques are explored in depth to propose novel methods for dis- tribution system state estimation (DSSE), single and simultaneous fault loca- tion in smart distribution, and transmission networks, and partial discharge (PD) pattern recognition. xx Preface
- 19. The rapid advancement of sensing and measurement technology in power sys- tems has given researchers access to real-time records of system dynamic states. In particular, development of phasor measurement unit (PMU) tech- nology has allowed the continuous monitoring of the transmission line and the connected power systems, and can be complemented with utility monitoring devices, smart meters, and insulation monitoring units to build a thorough picture of the whole grid structure, health, and dynamic behavior. The data collected from these real-time measuring procedures is usually in the form of time series (TS). Hence, in Chapter 9 of this section, Dr. Gian Antonio Susto et al. present an overview about the most recent ML techniques used for TS pattern recognition. The chapter first summarizes existing methods of TS classification and highlights the issue of computational complexity, and then provides discourse on the various dimension reduction and numerosity reduc- tion techniques for a more parsimonious and informative representation of TS data. The chapter concludes with a comprehensive comparison of diverse clas- sification methods in terms of their underlying assumption, performance, computational complexity, flexibility for decentralized execution, and other categories. SECTION THREE: PUT THE POWER OF BIG DATA INTO POWER SYSTEMS This final section of the book presents the data-driven approaches unique to the design, operation, and planning of utilities. Moreover, data-driven utilities need new business models for knowledge extraction from data. Some examples are analysis of the demand response (DR) potential of grid users, big data pre- processing from grid sensors, large-scale simulation of electricity markets, and predictive maintenance of electrical equipment. Forecasting of real-time and day ahead market price, load, and renewable generation TS present huge busi- ness value for utilities’ stakeholders and customers. The big data applications in the distribution and transmission networks are mainly driven by two objec- tives: firstly, to increase the monitoring and situational awareness capability and develop fast decision-making methods for operators, and secondly, to implement predictive active management strategies that take advantage of flex- ibility from various technologies in the electricity supply and demand such dis- tributed energy resources, energy storage, and DR. However, exploiting the full potential of big data in utilities is challenged by lack of statistics and data analytics knowledge in utilities workforce. Moreover, the “ready-to-use” and industry-level ML tools and solutions are not wildly available to utilities which may increase the learning curve and utilities’ mod- ernization time. This section provides a collection of modern data-driven xxi Preface
- 20. solutions such as distributed learning and optimization, spatial-temporal modeling of TS, data reduction, assimilation, and visualization methods for classic power system problems including state estimation, topology detection, fault detection, and load disaggregation. The author hopes this book brings more interests in ML and deep learning applications in power system operation and planning. Chapter 10, “An Overview of Big Data Application in Power Transmission and Distribution Networks” provides a comprehensive overview of data-driven trends such as feature extraction/reduction and distributed learning to extract knowledge from the power system and market data. Furthermore, it describes the data-driven techniques for dynamic and steady-state analysis and control of distribution and transmission systems. In Chapter 11, “On Data-Driven Approaches for Demand Response,” Akin Tas- cikaraoglu presents a detailed investigation of the applications and benefits of big data analytics in demand-side management or DR and their roles in provid- ing higher saving potential for both system operators and end users. He also shows some examples of real-world implementations of DR. Chapters 12 and 13 are devoted to topology detection. Knowledge of the exact topology, the open or closed status of switches and circuit breakers throughout the network, is essential for all aspects of the power system operation. Chapter 12, “Topology Learning in Radial Distribution Grids” presents an acquis- itive algorithm to learn the grid topology using voltage measurements collected at a subset of the buses in power distribution networks. Chapter 13, “Grid Topology Identification via Distributed Statistical Hypothesis Testing,” proposes an algo- rithm based on the identification of Markov random fields (graphical models) and conditional correlation properties that characterize voltage measurements in power distribution networks. It shows the correlation of voltage magnitude measurements in a radial distribution feeder with the topology of the grid. In Chapter 14 entitled “Supervised Learning-Based Fault Location in Power Grid,” Dr. Livani, Hanif suggests an SVM network for the classification, identi- fication, and localization of faults in a complex power transmission grid. Based on the high-resolution/high-volume data made available by the proliferation of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in smart grids, this method is able to achieve efficient and accurate fault diagnosis for system operators. The lesson learned from this chapter, in particular, is to combine the effort to modify exist- ing ML algorithms with signal processing, and to increase our knowledge about the system itself for handling new problems arising from the complex power system and grid. To introduce cutting edge tools, packages, and information technology for readers who are interested in developing real-world power system data analysis xxii Preface
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- 24. Subscription Price $3.00 per Annum, in Advance. SPECIMEN COPIES SENT FREE. P. O. BOX 2,787. Address THE INDEPENDENT, Cut out this Advertisement. NEW YORK CITY. THE CONGREGATIONALIST, A Family Religious Journal. The Congregationalist, as a family religious paper, aims to occupy the first rank. It has four editors in the office at Boston, besides Rev. A. H. Clapp, D. D., at Bible House, New York, as editor in that city, and who furnishes a weekly letter from the Metropolis. It has also a large corps of contributors, among whom are some of the best newspaper writers in the country, such as Prof. Austin Phelps, D. D., Dr. Leonard Bacon, Rose Terry Cooke, Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, D. D., Lucy Larcom, President S. C. Bartlett, Mrs. Margaret E. Sangster and many others. It gives large space to its Literary Reviews, presents more full and complete news from the Congregational ministers and churches of the country than any other
- 25. journal, has a carefully prepared column of Missionary news, has a full Children’s department, gives large attention to Sabbath Schools and the explanation of the lesson, has a “Farm, Garden and Household department” under charge of a special editor, prints a “Diary of Events for the Week,” and furnishes a great variety of matter, being carefully and closely edited in every column and line. “SOMETHING NEW.” Every one sending three dollars for a new subscriber will not only be entitled to the paper for a year, but also to an illustrated volume of over 300 pages, just issued, which is made up of the choicest articles and sketches in the Congregationalist for several years past. Send for Specimen numbers. W. L. GREENE & CO., 1 Somerset St., Boston. New Singing Book for the Million! CORONATION SONGS For Praise and Prayer Meetings, HOME AND SOCIAL SINGING. BY Rev. Dr. CHARLES F. DEEMS AND THEODORE E. PERKINS.
- 26. Containing 151 Hymns with Tunes, which include more of the standard material that the world will not suffer to die, and more new material that deserves trial, than any other book extant. Postpaid, 30 cents. $25 per hundred. LYMAN ABBOTT’S Commentary on the New Testament Illustrated and Popular, giving the latest views of the best Biblical Scholars on all disputed points. A concise, strong and faithful Exposition in (8) eight volumes, octavo. AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY LOCALITY. A. S. BARNES & CO., Publishers, New York and Chicago. GET THE BEST. The “OXFORD”
- 27. TEACHERS’ BIBLES IN SEVEN DIFFERENT SIZES, At prices to suit everybody. Apply to your Bookseller for Lists, or write to THOS. NELSON & SONS, 42 Bleecker Street, New York. Meneely & Kimberly, BELL FOUNDERS, TROY, N. Y. Manufacture a superior quality of BELLS. Special attention given to CHURCH BELLS. Catalogues sent free to parties needing bells.
- 28. Brown Bros. & Co. BANKERS, 59 & 61 Wall Street, New York, 211 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, 66 State Street, Boston. Issue Commercial Credits, make Cable transfers of Money between this Country and England, and buy and sell Bills of Exchange on Great Britain and Ireland. They also issue, against cash deposited, or satisfactory guarantee of repayment, Circular Credits for Travellers, In dollars for use in the United States and adjacent countries, and in pounds sterling, for use in any part of the world. 73,620 MORE Singer Sewing Machines Sold in ’78 THAN IN ANY PREVIOUS YEAR. In 1870 we sold 127,833 Sewing Machines.
- 29. “ 1878 “ 356,432 “ “ Our sales have increased enormously every year through the whole period of “hard times.” We now Sell Three-Quarters of all the Sewing Machines sold in the World. For the accommodation of the Public we have 1,500 subordinate offices in the United States and Canada, and 3,000 offices in the Old World and South America. PRICES GREATLY REDUCED. Waste no money on “cheap” counterfeits. Send for our handsomely Illustrated Price List. THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Principal Office, 34 Union Square, New York. CRAMPTON’S PURE OLD PALM SOAP, FOR The Laundry, the Kitchen, and For General Household Purposes, MANUFACTURED BY
- 30. CRAMPTON BROTHERS, Cor. Monroe & Jefferson Sts., N. Y. Send for Circular and Price List. Crampton’s old Palm Soap for the Laundry, the Kitchen, and for general Household purposes. The price of the “Palm Soap” is $3.90 per box of 100 three-quarter pound bars—75 pounds in box. To any one who will send us an order for 10 boxes with cash, $39, we will send one box extra free as a premium. Or the orders may be sent to us for one or more boxes at a time, with remittance, and when we have thus received orders for ten boxes we will send the eleventh box free as proposed above. If you do not wish to send the money in advance, you may deposit it with any banker or merchant in good credit in your town, with the understanding that he is to remit to us on receipt of the soap, which is to be shipped to his care. Address, CRAMPTON BROTHERS, Cor. Monroe and Jefferson Sts., New York. FOR SALE BY ALL MERCHANTS. THE
- 31. N. Y. Witness Publications FOR 1880. THE DAILY WITNESS. A religious, temperance, daily newspaper, and the only one in the Union, was commenced on July 1, 1871, and continues to send forth daily a rich variety of news, markets, editorials, contemporary press, correspondence, reports of religious and temperance meetings and efforts, including a daily report of the Fulton Street Prayer Meeting, with much useful and instructive matter for family reading, etc., etc. The price is two cents per copy or $5 per annum, and to induce circulation throughout the country we offer the following special terms: To clubs of five we shall send the Daily Witness, separately addressed, by mail, postpaid, for $20 a year, or $5 per quarter. In the latter case 78 copies delivered, will only cost $1. At that rate who would be without a New York daily paper, equally valuable for the business man and his family? We hope clubs will be formed in every city, town and village that is reached by the morning mails from New York on the same day. THE WEEKLY WITNESS Commenced with January, 1872, and is near the completion of its eighth year. It at present issues 54,000 weekly, which go to subscribers all over the Union. Its issues from the beginning have been over twenty millions of copies, each containing a great variety of very interesting matter, namely: News of the day, Prices Current, Financial Report, Spirit of the New
- 32. York Daily Press, Home Department (consisting chiefly of Letters from Ladies), with a column of letters from children; General Correspondence from all parts of the country, much of it valuable for intending colonists; Departments for Agriculture, Temperance, Sabbath- School, Religious Reading, including Daily Report of Fulton Street Prayer-meeting; Serial and other Stories. It gives more reading matter than any other religious weekly, and has probably fully 300,000 readers, as many copies serve more than one family. It has drawn forth unsolicited commendation from thousands of readers, many of whom pronounce it the best paper for the family and the country they ever saw. The price is $1.50 a year; clubs of five will be supplied for $6 a year, the papers being addressed separately and postpaid. SABBATH READING. This small, neat eight-page weekly paper is filled with the choicest reading matter suitable for the Sabbath day, among which is one first-class sermon in each number. The matter in this paper is all different from what appears in the Weekly Witness. It has no news or advertisements, editorials or communications, but is just a choice selection of good, religious, temperance matter, suited for all classes and all regions, and specially suited for distribution as a most acceptable tract. Price one cent per copy, or 50 cents per annum. Ten copies (520) to one address for a year, postpaid, for $4; or 100 copies for $35. This is found to be an excellent weekly for the more advanced classes in Sabbath-schools. All the above terms are cash in advance, and the papers stop when subscription expires unless previously renewed. Sample copies of any or all of
- 33. them will be sent free if applied for by postal card or otherwise. The above publications will be sent on approbation for a month to any address for: Daily Witness, 25 cents; Weekly Witness, 10 cents; Sabbath Reading, 5 cents, or sample copies free. JOHN DOUGALL & CO. No. 7 Frankfort Street, New York. THE WORLD FOR 1880. The year 1880 promises to be one of the most interesting and important years of this crowded and eventful century. It will witness a Presidential election which may result in re-establishing the Government of this country on the principles of its constitutional founders, or in permanently changing the relations of the States to the Federal power. No intelligent man can regard such an election with indifference. The World, as the only daily English newspaper published in the city of New York which upholds the doctrines of constitutional Democracy, will steadily represent the Conservative contention in this great canvass. It will do this in no spirit of servile partisanship, but temperately and firmly. It will be as swift to rebuke what it regards as infidelity to Democratic principles or to the honorable laws of political conflict on the part of its friends as on the part of its foes. It will uphold no candidate for office whom it believes to be unworthy of
- 34. the support of honest men, and accept no platform which it believes to misrepresent or to contradict the true conditions of our national prosperity and greatness. As a newspaper The World, being the organ of no man, no clique and no interest, will present the fullest and the fairest picture it can make of each day’s passing history in the city, the State, the country and the world. Its correspondents in the chief centres of life and action on both sides of the ocean have been selected for their character not less than for their capacity. It will aim, hereafter as heretofore, at accuracy first of all things in all that it publishes. No man, however humble, shall ever be permitted truly to complain that he has been unjustly dealt with in the columns of The World. No interest, however powerful, shall ever be permitted truly to boast that it can silence the true criticism of The World. During the past year The World has seen its daily circulation trebled and its weekly circulation pushed beyond that of any other weekly newspaper in the country. This great increase has been won, as The World believes, by truthfulness, enterprise, ceaseless activity in collecting news, and unfaltering loyalty to itself and to its readers in dealing with the questions of the day. It is our hope, and it will be our endeavor, that these may keep what these have won, and that The World’s record for 1880 may be written in the approbation and support of many thousands more of new readers in all parts of this Indissoluble Union of Indestructible States. Democrats everywhere should inform themselves carefully alike of the action of their party throughout the country and of the movements of their Republican opponents. A failure to do this in 1876 contributed
- 35. greatly to the loss by the Democracy of the fruits of the victory fairly won at the polls. Our rates of subscription remain unchanged, and are as follows: Daily and Sundays, one year, $10; six months, $5.50; three months, $2.75. Daily, without Sundays, one year, $8; six months, $4.25; three months, $2.25; less than three months, $1 a month. The Sunday World, one year, $2. The Monday World, containing the Book Reviews and “College Chronicle,” one year, $1.50. The Semi-weekly World (Tuesdays and Fridays)—Two Dollars a year. To Club Agents—An extra copy for club of ten; the Daily for club of twenty-five. The Weekly World (Wednesday)—One Dollar a year. To Club Agents—An extra copy for club of ten, the Semi- Weekly for club of twenty, the Daily for club of fifty. Specimen numbers sent free on application. Terms—Cash, invariably in advance. Send post-office money order, bank draft or registered letter. Bills at risk of the sender. A SPECIAL OFFER. Subscribers who send $1 for a year’s subscription before December 28 will receive the Weekly World from the date of their subscription to March 5, 1881. This will include the Presidential campaign and the inauguration of the next President.
- 36. Old subscribers who send $1 before December 28, for a renewal of their subscription for 1880, will receive the Weekly World to March 5, 1881, without missing a number. This Offer will be Withdrawn December 29. Take advantage of it at once. Subscribe at once. Renew at once. Note to Newspaper Publishers.—Proprietors of Democratic newspapers who desire the Daily World for one year may obtain it by publishing the foregoing prospectus six times and sending to The World marked copies of their papers containing it. We offer low “clubbing rates” to Democratic newspapers throughout the country. JOHN H. HORSFALL. FURNITURE AND Upholstery Warerooms, Nos. 6 & 7 EAST 23D STREET, MADISON SQUARE. Offers a fine selection of goods at very reasonable prices.
- 37. DESIGNS AND ESTIMATES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. Every Man His Own Printer. Excelsior $3 Printing Press. Prints cards, labels, envelopes, &c.; larger sizes for larger work. For business or pleasure, young or old. Catalogue of Presses, Type, Cards, &c., sent for two stamps. KELSEY & CO., M’frs, Meriden, Conn. CHURCH CUSHIONS MADE OF THE PATENT ELASTIC FELT. For particulars, address H. D. OSTERMOOR, P. O. Box 4004. 36 Broadway, New York.
- 38. W. & B. DOUGLAS, Middletown, Conn., MANUFACTURERS OF PUMPS,
- 39. HYDRAULIC RAMS, GARDEN ENGINES, PUMP CHAIN AND FIXTURES, IRON CURBS, YARD HYDRANTS, STREET WASHERS, ETC. Highest Medal awarded them by the Universal Exposition at Paris, France, in 1867; Vienna, Austria, in 1873; and Philadelphia, 1876. Founded in 1832. Branch Warehouses: 85 & 87 John St. NEW YORK, AND 197 Lake Street, CHICAGO. For Sale by all Regular Dealers. THE THIRTY-FOURTH VOLUME OF THE American Missionary, 1880. We have been gratified with the constant tokens of the increasing appreciation of the Missionary during the year now nearly past, and purpose to spare no effort to make its pages of
- 40. still greater value to those interested in the work which it records. Shall we not have a largely increased subscription list for 1880? A little effort on the part of our friends, when making their own remittances, to induce their neighbors to unite in forming Clubs, will easily double our list, and thus widen the influence of our Magazine, and aid in the enlargement of our work. Under the editorial supervision of Rev. Geo. M. Boynton, aided by the steady contributions of our intelligent missionaries and teachers in all parts of the field, and with occasional communications from careful observers and thinkers elsewhere, the American Missionary furnishes a vivid and reliable picture of the work going forward among the Indians, the Chinamen on the Pacific Coast, and the Freedmen as citizens in the South and as missionaries in Africa. It will be the vehicle of important views on all matters affecting the races among which it labors, and will give a monthly summary of current events relating to their welfare and progress. Patriots and Christians interested in the education and Christianizing of these despised races are asked to read it, and assist in its circulation. Begin with the next number and the new year. The price is only Fifty Cents per annum. The Magazine will be sent gratuitously, if preferred, to the persons indicated on page 412. Donations and subscriptions should be sent to H. W. HUBBARD, Treasurer, 56 Reade Street, New York. TO ADVERTISERS.
- 41. Special attention is invited to the advertising department of the American Missionary. Among its regular readers are thousands of Ministers of the Gospel, Presidents, Professors and Teachers in Colleges, Theological Seminaries and Schools; it is, therefore, a specially valuable medium for advertising Books, Periodicals, Newspapers, Maps, Charts, Institutions of Learning, Church Furniture, Bells, Household Goods, &c. Advertisers are requested to note the moderate price charged for space in its columns, considering the extent and character of its circulation. Advertisements must be received by the TENTH of the month, in order to secure insertion in the following number. All communications in relation to advertising should be addressed to J. H. DENISON, Adv’g Agent, 56 Reade Street, New York. Our friends who are interested in the Advertising Department of the “American Missionary” can aid us in this respect by mentioning, when ordering goods, that they saw them advertised in our Magazine. DAVID K. GILDERSLEEVE, Printer, 101 Chambers Street, New York.
- 42. Transcriber’s Notes: All instances of “D.D.” changed to “D. D.” to be consistent with the majority of the text. “reponse” changed to “response” on page 355. (the following response was adopted) “maintainance” changed to “maintenance” on page 360. (provision for the maintenance of professorships) “onmoving” changed to “on moving” on page 380. (signifies a great providential on moving the conversion) “usuages” changed “usages” (among the early usages of New England) “sancity” changed to “sanctity” on page 383. (Respect the sanctity of his family.) Repeated “t” in broken word “import-tant” removed when the word was rejoined on page 396. (In seven of our most important treaties) “whatsover” changed to “whatsoever” on page 407. (to bear whatsoever ills) “it” changed to “at” on page 412. (the Will should be made at least two months before) “Steal” changed to “Steel” on page 413. (Fine Large Steel Engraving.) Both “post-paid” and “postpaid” appear in the advertisements. The differences were left, assuming the differences reflect the wishes of the advertisement authors.
- 43. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY — VOLUME 33, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1879 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE
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