Binocular vision
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This document discusses several topics related to binocular vision and eye movements, including: 1) The requirements for stereopsis include binocular overlap of visual fields, partial crossing of nerve fibers between the eyes, and coordinated eye movements. 2) Panum's area describes the region of retinal disparity that creates the perception of depth. Objects within this area have binocular fusion while outside it there is diplopia. 3) Eye movements involve reflexes like the vestibulo-ocular reflex as well as voluntary movements that develop rapidly in infancy like smooth pursuit, saccades, and vergence.
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Binocular vision
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- 7. Requirements for StereopsisBinocular Overlap Partial Decussation Coordinated Eye Movements
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- 12. Coordinated Eye MovementsGaze Holding Gaze Shifting
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- 15. Summary Object onhoropter will stimulate corresponding points Objects within Panum’s region create retinal disparity and signal depth Objects beyond Panum’s region produce diplopia
- 16. Reflexes Unconditioned orinnate Conditioned
- 17. Oculomotor Reflexes PosturalPsycho-optical
- 18. Postural reflexes Oldestreflexes found in vertebrates Stabilise eyes with respect to gravity Stabilise eyes with respect to head and body movement
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- 20. Vestibular System Staticreflex Maintains orientation relative to gravity Kinetic reflex Stabilise with respect to head movement
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- 28. Psycho-Optical Reflexes Fixationreflex Refixation Pursuit Steady fixation Fusion reflex
- 29. Development of VisualFunction
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- 37. OKN Can beused to estimate acuity Used to evaluate binocular development Normal OKN at 4 months Slow phase velocity 25 degree/sec in newborns Slow phase velocity 40 degrees/sec in adults
- 38. OKN with BVanomalies OKN is asymmetric Slow phase has higher velocity to nasalward motion than temporal motion Response seen in affected eye and normal eye OKN remains asymmetrical in adults who have had congenital cataract or strabismus in early life
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- 42. Accommodation and VergenceAC/A CA/C
- 43. Summary Stereopsis requiresbinocular overlap, partial decussation and coordinated eye movements Eye movements have various components Development of eye movements rapid Vergence high order control