Bio 211 report
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This document provides an outline of the heterosporous order Salviniales, which includes the families Marsileaceae and Salviniaceae. Marsileaceae includes the genera Marsilea, Regnellidium, and Pilularia. It describes their morphology, reproduction, habitat and uses. Salviniaceae includes the genera Salvinia and Azolla. The summary provides details on their vegetative morphology, sporocarp morphology, reproduction and studies that have been conducted.
Bio 211 report
- 2. Topic Outline I. Definition of Heterospory and Leptosporangiate II. Heterosporous Order (Salvineales) A. Family Marsileaceae 1. Genera a. Marsilea b. Regnellidium c. Pilularia 2. Morphology 3. Reproduction 4. Habitat and Ecological Uses B. Family Salviniaceae 1. Genera a. Salvinia b. Azolla 2. Morphology 3. Reproduction 4. Habitat and Ecological Uses III. Studies
- 3. Heterospory • A condition in which the life cycle of a plant contains two types of spores, microspores and megaspores. • Gives rise to distinct microgametophytes and megagametophytes. • Necessary precondition for the evolution of seeds.
- 4. Leptosporangiate • From Greek word “Leptos”, fine or small • Type of sporangium ontogeny wherein the sporangium arises from a single surface cell whose derivatives protrude from the surface of the plant • Leptosporangiate sporangia are small, produce a definite number of spores and have a wall layer of cells in thickness.
- 5. Salviniales A. Family Marsileaceae - Constituted of three genera: 1. Marsilea (approx. 50-75 spp.) 2. Regnellidium (1 spp.) 3. Pilularia (approx. 3-6 spp.) (Cuneo et al, 2013) -Amphibious Ferns (except for 1 species of Marsilea which is xerophytic) 1 2 3
- 6. Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pteridophyta Class: Pteridopsida Order: Salvineales Family: Marsileaceae Genera: Marsilea Regnellidium Pilularia
- 7. MORPHOLOGY
- 8. Marsilea sp. Description: Rhizome : The stem is a long and slender rhizome -Roots: primary root formed on the stem is short-lived and is soon replaced by adventitious roots, which arise gradually at the nodes on the underside of the stem -Leaves: The leaves arise from the upper side of the stem and are arranged in two alternate rows Sporocarps: nut-like, epipetiola bodies, borne laterally on the petioles
- 9. Anatomy of the Rhizome Can perennates- which are embedded in soil or mud Elongated, branched, stolon- like stem Branches arise at the base of the leaves Mature stem- arranged in amphiphloic siphonostele form Pericycle cells covers the inner and outer phloem covered by endodermal layer Pith may be parenchymatous or sclerotic
- 10. Anatomy of Leaf and Petiole • Leaflet veins- Dichotomously branched • Sunken stomata- both leaf surface • Presence of upper epidermis and lower epidermis • Mesophyll layer – Spongy – Palisade
- 11. Anatomy of Roots • Adventitiously branched • Contains monarch and diarch proto- steles with exarch arrangements • Stele- surrounded by a single layer of pericycle and an endodermis • Inner cortex is sclerotic, the outer contains air chambers
- 13. REPRODUCTION
- 15. Diagram showing stages in the dehiscence of Marsilea sporocarps.
- 17. Embryogeny -Development of the embryo is initiated several hours after fertilization by nuclear and cell division of the zygote. 1. Cytokinesis 2. 2nd cell division resulting to formation of 4 cells (develops into foot, leaf, stem and root of the embryonic sporophyte. 3. Vegetative cells of gametophyte are stimulated to divide as an embryonic sporophyte develops and forms a sheathing calyptra . 4. Surface cells of the gametophyte tissue develop rhizoids 5. Cells develop chloroplast and growth is rapid
- 19. A. Marsilea drummondii (SEM longitudinal radial section) B. Marsilea drummondii (transverse logitudinal section) C. Marilea drummondii sorus D. Marsilea mutica sporocarp H. Marsilea sporocarp wall Legend: sw- sporocarp wall S1 and 2-sorophore segenents Vb-vascular bundle So-sorus Me-magasporangia Mi-microsporangia In-indusium Re-receptacle S-sorophore Lv-lateral vein E-epidermal zone sl- sclerenchymatous zone Pa-parenchyma zone Sc-stomatal chamber Hb-hair base
- 20. Regnellidium diphyllum Description: -characterized by having highly reduced pinnately compound leaves -having sori and sporangia enclosed in a specialized structure known as a sporocarp that has a sclerenchymatous wall -bearing micro- and megaspores that have a conspicuous proximal, six or seven-lobed ornament or gelatinous extension subtended by a rim (Marsilea) known as an acrolamella
- 21. E. Regnellidium diphyllum sporocarp H. Regnellidium diphyllum sporocarp wall Legend: Sw-sporocarp wall S-sorophore In-indusium Me-megasporangia Mi-microsporangia Re-receptacle E-epidermal zone sl- sclerenchymatous zone Pa-parenchyma zone
- 22. Pilularia sp. Description: - Rhizomes short- to long-creeping, branching, bearing roots at nodes, bearing septate hairs or almost glabrous. - Leaves monomorphic, not articulated to rhizome, arising at nodes, with long stalks lacking lamina segments, herbaceous, glabrous. - Veins greatly reduced, undivided. - Sporocarps globose, sessile or stalked, hardened, hairy, attached to the rhizome at the base of the leaf stalks, opening with two valves, each containing at least two sori. Each sorus containing both mega- and microsporangia. Megaspores spheroidal to slightly ellipsoidal, plain to slightly undulate; microspores spheroidal, and plain, papillate or rugulate.
- 23. F. Pilularia globulifera sporocarp I. Pilularia globulifera sporocarp wall Legend: Sw-sporocarp wall S-sorphore Re-recptacle Mi-microspore In-indusium E-epidermal zone sl- sclerenchymatous zone Pa-parenchyma zone
- 24. Habitat and Uses • -Used as vegetation for some animal, cultivated as ornamental and has found to have nerve relaxant nature and curative properties for various other ailments of nervous system and its nutritional value
- 25. Studies on Marsileaceae Comparative Morphology of Reproductive Structures in Heterosporous Water Ferns and a Reevaluation of the Sporocarp Nathalie S. Nagalingum, Harald Schneider,y and Kathleen M. Pryer (2006) Structure and Function of spores in the Aquatic Heterosporous Fern Family Marsileaceae Harald Schneider and Kathleen M. Pryer (2002) Ecophysiological Traits of Leaves of Three Marsilea Species Distributed in Different Geographical Regions Tai-Chung Wu and Wen-Yuan Kao (2011) Marsilea quadrifolia linn. - A Valuable Culinary and Remedial Fern in Jaduguda, Jharkhand, India Prafulla Soni and Lal Singh
- 26. Salviniales B. Family Salviniaceae - Constituted of 2 Genera: 1. Salvinia (approx. 12 spp.) 2. Azolla (approx. 7 spp.) (Nagalingum et al, 2008) 2 1
- 28. Salvinia sp. Description: - Stems: dichotomously branched rhizomes, protostelic and aerenchymatous - Leaves: simple, dimorphic (fertile different from sterile), aerenchymatous, at maturity in whorls of three (2 floating, 1 submerged and root-like), blades round to oblong, entire with water repellent trichomes in upper surface - Sporocarps: sporocarp which is interpreted as modified sorus with the indusium functioning as protective wall is globose, heterosporous, each bearing either one megasporangium or several microsporangia at maturity
- 29. Salvinia sp. A. Salvinia oblongifolia fertile node B. Salvinia oblongifolia submerged organ C. Salvinia auriculata sorus D. Salvinia minima fertile branch E. Salvinia oblongifolia sorus F. Salvinia oblongifolia sorus G. Salvinia auriculata sori
- 30. Azolla sp. Description: -consist of branching stems densely clothed with alternate bilobed leaves -Each leaf is composed of chlorophyllous dorsal lobe and a submerged achlorophyllous ventral lobe. -have true roots that arise endogenously at intervals along the stem -The roots bear root hairs as long as they exist. -Sporocarp: Formed in groups of two or four in the axil of the dorsal lobe of a basal leaf of a branch
- 32. Azolla sp. A. Azolla nilotica fertile plant B,C. Azolla nilotica reproductive units D. Azolla nilotica reproductive units E. Azolla filiculoides megasporangiate sorus F. Azolla filiculoides sorus
- 35. Schematic drawings of spore-bearing structures of Marsileaceae (A, B) and Salviniaceae (C, D).
- 36. Studies on Salvinia and Azolla Phytoremediation Potential of Aquatic Macrophyte, Azolla Anjuli Sood, Perm L. Uniyal, Radha Prasanna, Amrik S. Ahluwalia Heavy metal induced physiological alterations in Salvinia natans Bhupinder Dhir, P. Sharmila , P. Pardha Saradhi , S. Sharma , R. Kumar , Devinder Mehta
Editor's Notes
- #6: Smith AR, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Schneider H, Wolf PG. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55: 705–731.