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Bio chemical senors
1. Biochemical sensors combine biology, chemicals, and sensors to study chemical substances and vital processes in living organisms. 2. Biosensors convert biological responses into electrical signals and can be used to monitor things like electrolyte concentration, pH, and specific proteins in small samples. 3. They are typically constructed using enzyme-based biochemical reactions connected to ion-selective field-effect transistors or chemically-sensitive field-effect transistors for detection and can take the form of microreactors with immobilized enzymes.
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Bio chemical senors
- 1. BIOCHEMICAL SENSORS By: SaumyaRanjan Behura
- 2. Introduction 1. Combination of3 fields a. Biology b. Chemicals c. Sensors 2. Study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms
- 3. 1. Biosensor isan analytical device, which converts a biological response into electrical signal. 2. Monitoring electrolytes concentration and pH in sweat and even to detect specific proteins in blood or plasma. Introduction (Cont.)
- 4. Construction 1. Their constructiondedicated to different applications 2. The transducers are ISFET or ChemFET 3. Typical Ex for detection of pH in urea: CO(NH2)2 + 3 H2O urease CO2 +2 NH4 + + 2 OH– Here pH ISFETs are used for detection of pH in urea
- 5. Fig- Structure ofthe urea ENFET The figure includes: 1: Enzymatic membrane 2: Ion selective membrane 3: PolyHEMA hydrogel layer 4: Gate layers: - Silicon nitride - Silicon oxide 5: Channel 6: Encapsulation S: Source D: Drain B: Bulk Cont.
- 6. Fig-1. Lamella typeFig-2. Batch type 1. Modern biosensing is based on microreactor construction 2. 2 types of microreactors has developed: A. lamella type- a system of parallel microchannels etched in Si B. Batch type- a form of column filled with glass microbeads with immobilized enzymes
- 7. Elements of biochemicalsensor Figure 3. Schematic arrangement of a typical chemical or biochemical sensor
- 8. Components of aBiosensor Detector Signal ProcessingSignal Conditioning
- 9. It should behigh for the detection of high substrate concentration. Value of the electrode response per substrate concentration. Chemicals Interference must be minimized for obtaining the correct result. Necessary time for 95% of the response. 1. LINEARITY 2. SENSITIVITY 3. SELECTIVITY 4. RESPONSE TIME Basic Characteristics
- 10. 5. LIMIT OFDETECTION 6. RELIABILITY 7. STABILITY 8. LIFE TIME Three times standard deviation of the blank value Degree of trust or correctness in result Output change as per input changes Have few minutes to several years Characteristics (Cont.)
- 11. Typical Biochemical Sensors 1.Ionic Sensors- Sense electrolyte concentration in fluid 2. PH sensor- Sense pH of a fluid 3. Immune Sensor- Integrated into wound dressing and bandages 4. Sweat rate Sensor- Derive the sweat rate gradient along the time
- 12. Typical biosensors(Cont.) 5. StrainSensors- Monitor strain on artificial limbs 6. Piezo-resistive Sensor- Developed by Smartex, measure breathing rate & breathing amplitude 7. Piezo-electrical sensor- Contactless sensors measure heart rate, respiration rate, movement of a subject during sleep
- 13. Advantages 1. DURABLE- haverelatively long useful life 2. TINY and COMPACTABLE- Closely packed easily portable 3. CHEAP- Afford by everyone 4. EASY USE- very much easy to use 5. HIGHLY SPECIFIC- Give accurate result
- 14. Disadvantages 1. HEAT RESPONSE- High temperature may damage it 2. CONTENTS OF CELL - Deposit on reactor or receptor media of cell 3. RESPONSE TIME - Take some minutes or hour 4. RESPONSE TO PH - may impaired by pH
- 15. Applications 1. Medicine -control metabolites and drugs 2. Clinical chemistry - Used for laboratory safety 3. Environmental - Pollution control and monitoring Pregnancy test Detects the hCG protein in urine. Glucose monitoring device (for diabetes patients) Monitors the glucose level in the blood.
- 16. Applications (Cont.) 4. Chemical,pharmaceutical, food industry 5. Agriculture 6. Military detection- detect chemical and biological warfare agents Infectous disease biosensor from RBS
- 17. Future Trends 1. Thereare number of areas where the unique capabilities of biosensors might be exploited to meet the requirement of environmental monitoring. 2. Advances in such areas such as toxicity, bioavailability and multi-pollutant screening, could when the potential market and allow these techniques to be more competitive. 3. Biosensors should be made smaller more portable and can detect various agent for fall protection.
- 18. Conclusion 1. It isthe dynamic technique used in many fields like food, agricultural, environmental, clinical etc. 2. By this technique enormous problems of science can be solved
- 19.
Editor's Notes
- #3 Biology- study of living organisms occurs in the surrounding Chemicals- these are the molecules used in or produced by a chemical reaction. Sensors- a transducer or other device whose input is a physical phenomenon and whose output is a quantitative measurement of that physical phenomenon. Physical phenomena that are typically measured by a sensor include temperature or pressure to an internal, measurable value such as voltage or current. (Note- All senors are transducers,but all transducers are not sensors.) Sensors (detectors/transducers) covers a wide category of devices used to monitor, measure, test, analyse data as generated due to changes in a measured norm (usually concentration for chemical sensors).
- #4 Analytical devices- devices which are used for analysis of any type of substances or materials. Electrolytes- current-conducting solution between two electrodes or plates of a capacitor, at least one of which is covered by a dielectric. Electrodes or plates- conducting materials in a fluid or solution
- #5 Their construction dedicated to different applications means they are made as required and what they are going to measure Isfets- ion selective fets Chemfets- chemically modified fets (These transducers detect PH, NH4 , O3, sweat conc., pesticides, heavy metal ions etc.) PH- it is –ve logarithm of H-ion conc. So in this example by calculating the ph of OH(hydroxyl ion) you can calculate the PH of urea.
- #6 Poly HEMA-Poly hydroxyethyl Methacrylate- used as gate to control drug release and work as internal electrode of ion selective electrodes(ISE). ISE-sensors which directly measure the activity or conc. Of ion in a solution. Ex- measure conc of pb+2, Na+1, nitrate ion in a drinking water. Encapsulation- enclose in which any material may not leak to surrounding. Biosensor- biological active material + properly selected transducer or a chemical sensor + biological active receptor Working-- diffusion of substrate from biological body to enzymatic layer is decomposed to product, penetrate the chemosensitive layers and specific product detected by transducers. The specific ions of the products are analyzed and the result is produced.
- #7 Modern biosensing is based on microreactor construction due to micro mechanism.
- #8 1st element- receptor receives the biological signal from the biological body
- #9 Analytes- the ions which are going to be analysis
- #16 The most widespread example of a commercial biosensor is the blood glucose biosensor, which uses the enzyme glucose oxidase to break blood glucose down .