Biodiversit y
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Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It provides both instrumental value through goods and services like food, fuel, medicine, and ecosystem functions, as well as intrinsic value as all organisms strive to grow and reproduce. However, biodiversity is being lost due to factors like habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, and invasive species. Its conservation is important to protect both its consumptive and non-consumptive uses that benefit humanity.
Biodiversit y
- 2. Biodiversity- An overview Biodiversity • What is Biodiversity? Biodiversity Definition. • Levels of biodiversity – Genetic, Species, Ecosystem. • Values of biodiversity • Factors responsible for loss /reduction in biodiversity • Bio-geographical Classification Of India • Hotspots: Areas of High species richness and Endemism • Threats related to habitat loss • Poaching of wildlife • Man-wildlife conflicts • Conservation of biodiversity.
- 3. DEFINITION: BiodiversityDEFINITION: Biodiversity The term coined by Water G. Rosen in 1986. • Biologists most often define "biological diversity"Biologists most often define "biological diversity" or "biodiversity" as the "or "biodiversity" as the "totality of genes, species,totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a regionand ecosystems of a region".". • It refers to the variety and variabilityIt refers to the variety and variability among all groups of living organismsamong all groups of living organisms and the ecosystem complexes in whichand the ecosystem complexes in which they occur.they occur. • The biodiversity found on Earth : many millions over the 3.5 billion years of evolution. • Only 1.7 million species have been identified so far.
- 4. Biomes • Biomes are in part defined based on factors such as – plant structures (such as trees, shrubs and grasses), – leaf types (such as broadleaf and needle leaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna) – Climate. – Unlike ecozones, biomes are not defined by genetic, taxonomic or historical similarities. Biomes are often identified with particular patterns of ecological succession and climax vegetation. – A fundamental classification of biomes is • Terrestrial (land) biomes • Freshwater biomes • Marine biomes
- 5. millions of species on eArth
- 6. indiA Among the 12 megA- diversity countries of the world • Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, records – 45,000 different plant species & 81,000 animal species which is 7% and 6.5% respectively of global flora and Fauna. – 18,000 flowering plants (out of 400 families, 315 in India) – 16 different agro climatic zones – 10 vegetative zones – 2564 bryophytes-Non vascular bundles Eg. Lichens, Mosses, hornworts – 1022 Pteridophytes-Seedless plants Eg. Fern – 64 Gymnosperrms- seed bearing plants Eg. Pine, cedar, spruce • 30 million micro-organisms • 850 Bacteria, 23,000 fungi • 1,600 lichens & 2,500 algae • Birds: 1228 • Mammals: 372
- 7. Biodiversity As nAtionAl level • Biodiversity as National level: • India has rich biodiversity of flora & fauna. • Overall 6% of global species are found in India. • India ranks 10th among the plant rich country of the world. • 11th in terms of number of endemic species of higher vertebrates. • 6th among the centers of diversity & origin of Agricultural crops • Flowering Plants: 1,70,000,Vertibrates: 30,000 – Other group of species: 2,50,000.
- 9. Importance of BIodIversIty • Biodiversity has contributed in many ways : • To the development of human culture and, • Human communities have played a major role in shaping the diversity. • At least 40 % of the world’s economy and 80 % of the needs of the poor are derived from biological resources. • Economic role of Biodiversity – Food, Fiber, Shelter, , Fuel etc. – Goods: Timber, Paper, – Pharmaceuticals: Penicillin, Cinchona, Digitalis, Vinca, Atropine etc – Rubber, paper, Cotton. – Recreation: Wild-life tourism, Trekking nature photography.
- 10. functIons of BIodIversIty the two maIn functIons of BIodIversIty are – It Is the source of specIes on whIch the human compete depends for food, fIBer, shelter, fuel, medIcIne etc – It depends on the BIosphere, whIch In turn leads to the staBIlIty In clImate, water, soIl, aIr and the overall health of BIosphere.
- 11. Levels of biodiversityLevels of biodiversity • The traditional three levels at whichThe traditional three levels at which biological variety has beenbiological variety has been identified as the followingidentified as the following –Genetic DiversityGenetic Diversity –Species DiversitySpecies Diversity –Ecosystem DiversityEcosystem Diversity Types of Biodiversity
- 12. Genetic diversityGenetic diversity • Genetic diversityGenetic diversity is a level ofis a level of biodiversitybiodiversity that refers to the totalthat refers to the total number ofnumber of geneticgenetic characteristics in thecharacteristics in the genetic make up of a species.genetic make up of a species. • Genes are the basic unit of hereditaryGenes are the basic unit of hereditary information transmitted from one toinformation transmitted from one to the other.the other. • Eg.Eg. Oryza sativaOryza sativa –– differ in size, shape,differ in size, shape, aroma and nutrient contentaroma and nutrient content..
- 13. specIes dIversItyspecIes dIversIty • Species diversitySpecies diversity refers to the number andrefers to the number and distribution ofdistribution of speciesspecies in one location.in one location. • Humans have a huge effect on speciesHumans have a huge effect on species diversity; the main reasons are:diversity; the main reasons are: - Destruction, Modification, and/or- Destruction, Modification, and/or Fragmentation of HabitatFragmentation of Habitat - Introduction of Exotic Species- Introduction of Exotic Species - Over harvest- Over harvest - Global Climate Change- Global Climate Change • Two measuring species indices: shannon-Two measuring species indices: shannon- wiener index and simpson index.wiener index and simpson index.
- 14. ecosystem dIversItyecosystem dIversIty • Ecosystem diversity refers toEcosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at thethe diversity of a place at the level oflevel of ecosystemsecosystems. It is. It is contrasted withcontrasted with biodiversitybiodiversity,, which refers to variation inwhich refers to variation in species rather than ecosystemsspecies rather than ecosystems
- 15. BiogeographyBiogeography • Biogeography is the study of theBiogeography is the study of the distribution ofdistribution of biodiversitybiodiversity overover spacespace andand timetime. It aims to reveal where. It aims to reveal where organisms live, and at whatorganisms live, and at what abundance.abundance. • Classic biogeography has beenClassic biogeography has been expanded by the development ofexpanded by the development of molecular systematicsmolecular systematics, creating a new, creating a new discipline known asdiscipline known as phylogeographyphylogeography
- 16. Phylogeography &Phylogeography & PaleobiogeographyPaleobiogeography • Phylogeography allows them to test theories ofPhylogeography allows them to test theories of relatedness between these populations and sourcerelatedness between these populations and source populations inpopulations in AsiaAsia andand North AmericaNorth America • Paleobiogeography goes one step further toPaleobiogeography goes one step further to includeinclude paleogeographicpaleogeographic data and considerationsdata and considerations ofof plate tectonicsplate tectonics.. • Using molecular analyses and corroborated byUsing molecular analyses and corroborated by fossilsfossils, it has been possible to demonstrate that, it has been possible to demonstrate that perching birdsperching birds evolved first in the region ofevolved first in the region of AustraliaAustralia or the adjacentor the adjacent AntarcticAntarctic
- 17. Classification ofClassification of biogeographybiogeography Biogeography is a synthetic science, related toBiogeography is a synthetic science, related to geography, biology, soil science, geology, climatology,geography, biology, soil science, geology, climatology, ecology and evolution.ecology and evolution. Some fundamentals in biogeography areSome fundamentals in biogeography are • evolution (change in genetic composition of aevolution (change in genetic composition of a population)population) • extinction (disappearance of a species)extinction (disappearance of a species) • dispersal (movement of populations away from theirdispersal (movement of populations away from their point of origin, related to migration)point of origin, related to migration) • range and distributionrange and distribution • endemic areasendemic areas • Vicariance: The separation or division of a group ofVicariance: The separation or division of a group of organisms by a geographic barrier, such as a mountainorganisms by a geographic barrier, such as a mountain or a body of water, resulting in differentiation of theor a body of water, resulting in differentiation of the original group into new varieties or speciesoriginal group into new varieties or species
- 19. Value of biodiversityValue of biodiversity • Biodiversity is the pillar for civilizationBiodiversity is the pillar for civilization • The loss of biodiversity threatens our foodThe loss of biodiversity threatens our food supplies, opportunities for recreation andsupplies, opportunities for recreation and tourism, and sources of wood, medicinestourism, and sources of wood, medicines and energy. It also interferes with essentialand energy. It also interferes with essential ecological functions.ecological functions. • we divide value of biodiversity into twowe divide value of biodiversity into two main types: instrumental and intrinsicmain types: instrumental and intrinsic valuesvalues
- 20. Instrumental valuesInstrumental values • ""Goods and Services" provided by ecosystems include:Goods and Services" provided by ecosystems include: • Provision of food, fuel and fibberProvision of food, fuel and fibber • Provision of shelter and building materialsProvision of shelter and building materials • Purification of air and waterPurification of air and water • Detoxification and decomposition of wastesDetoxification and decomposition of wastes • Stabilization and moderation of the Earth's climateStabilization and moderation of the Earth's climate • Moderation of floods, droughts, temperature extremes and the forces of windModeration of floods, droughts, temperature extremes and the forces of wind • Generation and renewal of soil fertility, including nutrient cyclingGeneration and renewal of soil fertility, including nutrient cycling • Pollination of plants, including many cropsPollination of plants, including many crops • Control of pests and diseasesControl of pests and diseases • Maintenance of genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties andMaintenance of genetic resources as key inputs to crop varieties and • Livestock breeds, medicines, and other productsLivestock breeds, medicines, and other products • Ability to adapt to changeAbility to adapt to change
- 21. Intrinsic valuesIntrinsic values •All orgAnisms strive (usuAllyAll orgAnisms strive (usuAlly unconsciously And in Anunconsciously And in An evolutionAry sense) to AchieveevolutionAry sense) to Achieve certAin bAsic predeterminedcertAin bAsic predetermined goAls- to grow, to reAchgoAls- to grow, to reAch mAturity And to reproduce.mAturity And to reproduce. intrinsic vAlue of biodiversityintrinsic vAlue of biodiversity is non Anthropocentricis non Anthropocentric
- 22. Consumptive useConsumptive use valuevalue • Biodiversity product can beBiodiversity product can be harvested and consumed.harvested and consumed. • Eg. Fuel, food, drugs, fibre.Eg. Fuel, food, drugs, fibre.
- 23. Drugs anD meDicinesDrugs anD meDicines • 75% of world depends on75% of world depends on plant or plant extracts forplant or plant extracts for medicines.medicines. • Eg. Penicillin – fungus –Eg. Penicillin – fungus – penicilliumpenicillium • Quinine – cinchona barkQuinine – cinchona bark • Digitalin – foxcloveDigitalin – foxclove • Vinblastin and vincristin –Vinblastin and vincristin – anticancer -perwinkleanticancer -perwinkle
- 24. Fuel & social valueFuel & social value • Fuel wood.Fuel wood. • Fossil fuels coal, petroleum, natural gasFossil fuels coal, petroleum, natural gas – fossilized biodiversity.– fossilized biodiversity. • Associated with social life, customs,Associated with social life, customs, religion, and phycho-spiritual aspects ofreligion, and phycho-spiritual aspects of the people.the people. • Tulsi, lotus, bael etc – holy.Tulsi, lotus, bael etc – holy. • Cow, snake, bull, peacock etc.Cow, snake, bull, peacock etc.
- 25. ProDuctive use valueProDuctive use value • Commercially usable values, product isCommercially usable values, product is marketed and sold.marketed and sold. • Animal products like tusks of elephant, musk,Animal products like tusks of elephant, musk, silk, wool etc.silk, wool etc. • Despite international ban on trade-Despite international ban on trade- endangered species- smuggling of fur, horns,endangered species- smuggling of fur, horns, tusks.tusks. • China and hong kong –export cat skin andChina and hong kong –export cat skin and snake skin- booming business.snake skin- booming business. • Developing countries asia, africa and america –Developing countries asia, africa and america – richest biodiversity – wild life smugglingrichest biodiversity – wild life smuggling..
- 26. Ethical valueEthical value • Also known as existence value.Also known as existence value. • ““all life must be preserved”all life must be preserved” • Concept “live and let live”Concept “live and let live” • Eg. Dodo or passenger pigeon isEg. Dodo or passenger pigeon is no more in earth.no more in earth. • Kangaroo, zebra, etc…..Kangaroo, zebra, etc…..
- 27. aesthetic valueaesthetic value • No one wish to visit vastNo one wish to visit vast stretches of barren landstretches of barren land with no sign of visible life.with no sign of visible life. • People spend money toPeople spend money to visit- eco-tourism.visit- eco-tourism. • The willingness to pay – toThe willingness to pay – to visitvisit • Eco-tourism estimated forEco-tourism estimated for aesthetic value – about 12aesthetic value – about 12 billions dollars annuallybillions dollars annually ..
- 28. oPtion value anD ecosystemoPtion value anD ecosystem service valueservice value • The potential of biodiversity –The potential of biodiversity – presently unknown and needed to bepresently unknown and needed to be explored.explored. • potential, cure for AIDS or cancer.potential, cure for AIDS or cancer. Existing within the depth of marineExisting within the depth of marine eco-system.eco-system. • Recently a non-consumptive useRecently a non-consumptive use value – self maintenance ofvalue – self maintenance of ecosystem.ecosystem. • Soil erosion, prevention of floods,Soil erosion, prevention of floods, soil fertility, fixation of nitrogen,soil fertility, fixation of nitrogen, cycling of water, & reduction of thecycling of water, & reduction of the threat of global warming.threat of global warming.