Biodiversity: Living and Non-Living Resources
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This document provides an overview of biodiversity in the Philippines. It begins by defining key terms like endemism. It then discusses the high plant diversity in the Philippines, noting there are an estimated 12,000 plant species, with many ferns, orchids, and mosses being endemic. The document highlights some examples of endemic species within these groups. It also addresses the country's status as one of 17 megadiverse countries and notes the large numbers of endemic animal species like birds, mammals, and reptiles found in the Philippines. Threats to the country's biodiversity like habitat loss are also examined.
Biodiversity: Living and Non-Living Resources
- 1. LECTURE ON BIODIVERSITY DEFINITION! LEVELS! IMPORTANCE! THREATS & ! STATUS www.picswallpaper.com MODULE 4
- 2. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK… Which one looks better?
- 3. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK… Which one looks better?
- 4. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK… Which one looks better? A B
- 5. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK… Which one looks better? A B
- 6. NOW LET’S CHECK OUT THE OUTSIDE WORLD Which one looks better?
- 8. WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? ❖ Variety and Diversity of life forms (number of kinds) in an area! ! ❖ Biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem and contributes to the health of the biosphere australianmuseum.net.au
- 9. BIODIVERSITY on EXTINCTION ISSUES ❖Biodiversity is the FOCUS of conservation! ! ❖Extinction ! ❖a process that happens when an entire species permanently disappears from the biosphere due to the death of the species’ last member www.phibetaiota.net
- 10. HIGH BIODIVERSITY = HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM ❖ Measurement of how healthy ecosystems are! ! ❖ HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM support HIGH biological diversity! ! ❖ STRESSED ECOSYSTEM may not have the CAPACITY to support high biological diversity www.motherearthnews.com
- 11. BIODIVERSITY LEVELS ❖ ECOLOGICAL/ECOSYSTEM! ❖ different habitats, niches, species interactions! ❖ SPECIES! ❖ different kinds of organisms, relationships among species! ! ❖ GENETIC! ❖ different genes & combinations of genes within populations
- 12. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY ❖ collection of all the plants and animals within a particular area, each differing in species composition, physical structure and function! ! ❖ the variety of ecosystems that are present in the biosphere! ❖ made up of interacting populations and the abiotic factors that support them! ❖ example: BIOMES www.sciencerecorder.com
- 14. SPECIES DIVERSITY ❖ measure of the number of species which occur within a particular taxonomic level in a given geographic area! ! ❖ the number of different species and the relative abundance of each species in a biological community blogs.thehindu.com
- 15. SPECIES DIVERSITY in ANGIOSPERMS www.blog.gurukpo.com
- 16. GENETIC DIVERSITY ❖ The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that are present in a population comprises its genetic diversity! ❖ Degree of variation in all the genes for all individuals within a species! ❖ As basis for evolution: Genetic diversity within an interbreeding population increases the chances of survival during changing environmental conditions or during the outbreak of disease! ❖ Example: BANANAS and RICE varieties www.ethicurean.com
- 17. GENETIC DIVERSITY in BANANAS errebeekeeper.wordpress.com
- 18. GENETIC DIVERSITY in RICE
- 19. GENETIC DIVERSITY in CORN slola.blogspot.com
- 20. OTHER DIVERSITY IN GENES biojoan.comwww.gardenculture.net www.ecosystemservicesseq.com.au
- 21. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT? There are direct and indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
- 22. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT? There are direct and indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
- 23. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT? There are direct and indirect economic, aesthetic, and scientific reasons for preserving biodiversity
- 26. EXTINCTION Introduced Speciesavrotor.blogspot.com www.petproductnews.com GOLDEN SNAIL JANITOR FISH
- 29. EXTINCTION Over Exploitation Too much harvest for food, medicine and other human sustenance science.howstuffworks.com
- 31. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Climate Change www.newsecuritybeat.org www.mediaglobal.org
- 33. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Mining and Bioaccumulation LARRY PRICE - www.flickr.com
- 36. THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS
- 37. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries ❖ RAREST WILDLIFE: has more than 52,177 described species, half of which are endemic! ❖ more than 1,130 terrestrial wildlife species recorded for the Philippines (49 percent or half are endemic); 157 are threatened (128 are threatened endemic) life-sea.blogspot.com
- 38. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries ❖ FLORAL DIVERSITY: between 10,000 and 14,000 species of vascular and non-vascular plants, more than half of which are endemic landofpromise.fairfood.org wildlifeconservation.ph hortlog.blogspot.com
- 39. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries ❖ AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE DIVERSITY: estimated total of 359 species of amphibians (101 species, 246 are endemic, highest % endemism for all vertebrates) and reptiles (258 species) gdeichmann.photoshelter.comPhoto by: Arvin Diesmos.
- 40. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries ❖ BIRD DIVERSITY: 576 species of birds (195 are endemic), 45 species are either extinct in the wild, critical, or endangered newsinfo.inquirer.net
- 41. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries ❖ MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: 174 mammalian species (111 are endemic) www.explorer-philippines.com animals.pawnation.com
- 42. NEW DISCOVERIES ❖ Several new species have been discovered in small islands such as Sibuyan (five new species) and Camiguin (two new species), catapulting these islands to a new status as centers of mammal endemism! ! ❖ Sibuyan Island (463 km2 ), which hosts four species of endemic non-flying mammals (plus one bat), a total exceeding that of any country in Europe
- 44. what to do… ❖ If you will be an endemic (or endangered) philippine species who will you be?! ❖ You may want to consult the workbook or other references! ❖ Make a portfolio (letter size) board paper:! ❖ photo! ❖ about you (from where are you)! ❖ shout out (how to save you from extinction)! ❖ BE RESOURCEFUL, BE UNIQUE! ❖ To be PRESENTED NEXT MEETING!
- 45. NEXT MEETING: BIODIVERSITY MEASUREMENTS ALPHA & BETA DIVERSITY! RICHNESS & EVENNESS
- 46. MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNITY DIVERSITY ❖ Ecologists define community diversity on the basis of 2 components:! ❖ SPECIES RICHNESS! ❖ the number of species in the community! ❖ SPECIES EVENNESS! ❖ the relative number of species in the community
- 47. SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS WHICH COMMUNITY IS RICH?
- 48. SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS WHICH COMMUNITY IS RICH?
- 49. SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS WHICH COMMUNITY IS EVEN?
- 50. MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNITY DIVERSITY ❖ Measures of diversity are INDICATORS of the well- being of ecological systems and greatly contribute in environmental monitoring efforts and conservation strategies! ❖ Diversity Index! ❖ reflects the relationship between species richness and evenness in measuring diversity! ❖ e.g. SHANNON-WEINER INDEX
- 51. ACTIVITY FOR TODAY ❖ FORM 5 GROUPS & CHOOSE A CAR PARK AS YOUR ECOSYSTEM! ❖ OBTAIN THE VARIOUS DIVERSITY DATA USING THE FOLLOWING! ❖ Genus (Car brand)! ❖ species (car characteristic)! ❖ CHOOSE A REPRESENTATIVE AND REPORT NEXT MEETING! ❖ Follow the data format on page 50-51 and answer the guide questions (submit one per group of your reported data and answers to Q)
- 54. LECTURE ON THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS Non-Living Resources! Biological Resources! Population and Human Resources! Issues on the PHL Environmental Situation www.picswallpaper.com MODULE 3 and 5
- 55. BIOMES - Interaction between living & non-living resources
- 58. THE NON-LIVING RESOURCES • AIR! • WATER! • LAND www.fs.fed.us
- 59. AIR • Air is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth's sphere! • Clean air is composed of: ! • 78 percent nitrogen! • 21 percent oxygen! • 0.9 percent argon! • 0.03 percent carbon dioxide! • trace greenhouse gasess and tratospheric ozone! • Air also contains water vapour, droplets, dust and other particles and contaminants cleantechnica.com
- 60. AIR as a Renewable resource • Air is a renewable resource replenished by natural processes! • Example: Oxygen = produced by plants! • Air can also be cleansed by natural processes, such as rain! • But air quality is changed by human and natural processes (the latter including volcanoes, forest fires) cleantechnica.com
- 61. AIR as a FREE resource • We treat the air as a free resource, as part of the Global Commons! • We don’t pay to use it for breathing ! • We don’t pay to use it as a conduit for waste disposal.! • But there are costs associated with air pollution, in terms of human health, ecosystem health, climate change and the economy cleantechnica.com
- 63. OZONE DEPLETION • TO MAKE OZONE…. cleantechnica.com
- 64. OZONE DEPLETION • TO DESTROY OZONE… cleantechnica.com
- 65. AIR POLLUTION cleantechnica.com • Air pollutants are any visible or invisible substances in the atmosphere that pose a threat to human health or the environment! • Most anthropogenic pollutants are associated with combustion of fossil fuels! • PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulates (TSP), hydrocarbon organic compounds (HCs, VOCs)! • Anthropogenic pollutants can be widely dispersed by atmospheric motions, depending on their residence time
- 66. AIR POLLUTION & WEATHER CONDITIONS cleantechnica.com
- 67. WATER • While 67% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, only less than 2.7% of global water is freshwater! • Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are locked in ice caps and glaciers. Only less than 0.7% is available for human use! • On a global basis, fresh water is a increasingly scarce resource! • It is partially caused by increasing population coupled by change of consumption pattern and climate changes imgur.com
- 70. USES OF WATER IN FOOD PRODUCTION imgur.com
- 71. CLASSIFICATION: FRESHWATER • CLASS AA: PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY; REQUIRES APPROVED DISINFECTION ONLY • CLASS A: COMPLETE TREATMENT REQUIRED (COAGULATION, SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION, DISINFECTION) • CLASS B: PRIMARY CONTACT RECREATION (BATHING, SWIMMING) • CLASS C: PROPAGATION OF FISH; BOATING; MANUFACTURING WATER AFTER TREATMENT • CLASS D: IRRIGATION imgur.com
- 72. CLASSIFICATION: MARINE WATER • CLASS SA: PROPAGATION, SURVIVAL AND HARVEST OF SHELL FISH (COMMERCIAL PURPOSES) • CLASS SB: RECREATIONAL WATER (BATHING, SWIMMING, SKINDIVING); FISHERIES (BANGUS) • CLASS SC: RECREATIONAL WATER (BOATING ETC.); SUSTENANCE FISHING; MANGROVE AS WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES • CLASS SD: INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY (COOLING) imgur.com
- 73. THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES imgur.com • Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts and floods! • Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a result of population growth! • Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff
- 74. THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES imgur.com
- 75. THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES imgur.com
- 76. THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES imgur.com
- 77. LAND RESOURCES • 3 uses that change the land are agriculture, development, and mining! • Less than 1/3 of Earth can be farmed! • New farmland must be created for the growing populations! • Poor soil management can result in 3 problems: ! • erosion, nutrient depletion, and desertification www.wallpaper2020.com
- 78. EROSION • Process by which water, wind, or ice moves particles of rocks or soil www.wallpaper2020.com gsoil.wordpress.com
- 80. NUTRIENT DEPLETION • When farmers plant the same crops in a field year after year! • As a result, the plants use more nutrients than the decomposers can replace! • The soil becomes less fertile www.wallpaper2020.comthinktrees.co.uk
- 81. DESERTIFICATION • Desertlike conditions: farm lands or areas that are into previously were fertile advanced into becoming deserts www.wallpaper2020.comearthhabitat.wordpress.com
- 84. ENDEMISM: THE LIVING RESOURCES • Native/Indigenous species: species are those established in a given region, having originated there, or been long settled without human intervention! • Endemic organisms are found nowhere else! • Introduced/exotic/alien: is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental Paphiopedilum fowliei
- 85. LIVING RESOURCES: PLANTS • Megadiverse! • High species richness! • High endemicity! • The Philippines is the 23rd most plant species rich country in the world and the 7th in the Asian Region! • 12, 000 species of plants in the Philippines, 8, 000 of which are seed plants (Madulid 1985)! • Other estimates : about 9000 species (Ashton 1997) Paphiopedilum fowliei
- 86. WHY SO MANY PLANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES? • Geological history! • Archipelagic nature! • Climatic conditions! • Topographic features Paphiopedilum fowliei
- 87. 1,246 SPECIES OF ENDEMIC MOSSES, LIVERWORTS AND HORNWORTS ! (6.1% ENDEMISM) From LL Co Dicranum sp Marchantia sp! Sphagnum sp Bazzania sp
- 88. 1,031 SPECIES OF FERNS & FERN ALLIES (28% ENDEMISM) From LL Co Cyathea philippinensis Hymenophillum reinwardtii Dipteris lobbiana! Chingia ferox Dicksonia mollis Dryopteris purpurascens
- 89. 8,000 SPECIES OF SEED PLANTS (40% ENDEMISM) From LL Co Hoya melliflua Rhododendron javanicum var schadenbergi! Drosera spathulata Monophyllaea longipes!
- 90. 1,068 SPECIES OF NATIVE ORCHIDS (75% ENDEMISM) From LL Co Spathoglottis palawanensis Dendrobium sp.! Mycaranthes leonardoi Renanthera philippinensis
- 91. PHILIPPINE RAFFLESIAS From LL Co • There seem to be a trend where the diameter seemed to decrease with increasing latitude!
- 92. LIVING RESOURCES: ANIMALS • ENDANGERED versus ENDEMIC! • Endemic! • An organism exclusively native to a place or biota! ! • Endangered! • A species present in such small numbers that it is at risk of extinction PHILIPPINE TARSIER
- 93. ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE BIRDS! (116/185 species) Philippine Eagle Red-vented Cockatoo Palawan Peacock Pheasant ! Sulu Hornbill Mindoro Imperial Pigeon Negros Bleeding Heart Pigeon
- 94. ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE MAMMALS takdangaralin.tumblr.comnoypicollections.blogspot.comwww2.hull.ac.ukwww.pcsd.phtuylosanimales.blogspot.com Red-spotted deer Calamian Deer Philippine Tamaraw! Philippine Tarsier Palawan Bear Cat Philippine Mouse Deer (Pilandok)
- 95. ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE MAMMALS takdangaralin.tumblr.comnoypicollections.blogspot.comwww2.hull.ac.ukwww.pcsd.phtuylosanimales.blogspot.com Philippine Dugong Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat! Philippine Flyring Lemur (Kagwang) Visayan Warty Pig
- 96. THE WORLD’S SMALLEST AND BIGGEST BATS www.pcsd.ph Philippine Bamboo Bat! ! Golden-capped Fruit Bat www.trulscronberg.com
- 97. www.pcsd.ph Mindoro Freshwater Crocodile! Philippine Flat-headed Frog! Gray Monitor Lizard (Bayawak) LARGE CROCODILES, LIZARDS AND SMALL FROGS
- 98. PHILIPPINE TURTLES www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) Hawksbill sea turtle Philippine pond turtle Heosemys leytensis Philippine Green turtle Leatherback sea turtle
- 99. LARGEST AND SMALLEST FISH IN THE HOUSE… www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com Whale Shark (Butanding)! Dwarf Goby!
- 100. FAB-LOOKING CREATURES OF THE SEA www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com Philippine Seahorse! Tridacna gigas (Giant clam)! Pisidum! Connus gloriamaris
- 101. CONSERVATION PROGRAMS • Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities (DENR- PAWB and Conservation International! • www.chm.ph! • For some reference:! • http://www.conservation.org/global/philippines/Pages/ default.aspx! • http://www.philippinecockatoo.org/programs%20and %20strategies.htm! • http://fpe.ph/biodiversity-conservation-strategies.html/ view/2002-the-philippine-biodiversity-conservation- priorities PHILIPPINE TARSIER
- 102. LIVING RESOURCES: HUMANS Parungao lectures
- 104. Parungao lectures
- 105. Parungao lectures
- 106. Parungao lectures
- 107. Parungao lectures
- 108. Parungao lectures
- 109. Parungao lectures
- 110. Parungao lectures
- 111. ACTIVITY: MODULE ON PAGE 41-45 Parungao lectures
- 112. END OF EXAM COVERAGE gtdforcios.com