![Nutri banana: Breeding banana/plantain (Musa) is complex, as commercial varieties
are sterile triploids (3X). Among the fertile groups, a high degree of cross
incompatibility can exist. Further, the Musa crop cycle is long. Genetic engineering
method of bio fortification is suitable for banana because most of the edible bananas
are vegetative propagated and transgene outflow are minimum and therefore
genetically modified bananas can be grown alongside non-GM bananas in the same
field. Also since the GM bananas are sterile, the existing diversity of bananas in India
will not be affected and there won’t be any heritable mixing of GM and non GM
cultivars in nature.
Unfortified bananas have 0.4 mg/100 gm Fe of banana while the fortified
banana would supplement this to 2.6 mg/ 100grams [18].The bio fortification of
banana by increasing their beta carotene (up to 20ppm), alphatocopherol and iron
content. Bio fortification works on banana will be beneficial where bananas are the
major staple food source and good consumer acceptance.
The bio fortification works on banana had been initiated at Queensland
University of Technology (QUT), Australia to develop pro-vitamin A (βcarotene),
alfatocopherol and iron rich varieties besides they succeed in improving the disease
resistant varieties against Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) and Fusarium Wilt.
These varieties are under field and selection for enhanced level of micronutrients that
may match pro vitamin A (PVA) and iron requirements is desirable for India. Works
initiated to transfer of specific traits in two Indian banana varieties cv. Grand Nain and
Rasthali. Donald Danforth Plant Science Centre working on nutribanana to develop 20
ppm pro-vitamin.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biofortificationbyy-200630085025/85/Biofortification-by-Y-Pooja-9-320.jpg)
More Related Content
Similar to Biofortification by Y. Pooja (20)
Biofortification by Y. Pooja
- 1. SRI KONDA LAXMAN TELANGANA STATE HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY College of Horticulture – Rajendranagar-500030 Course number: FSC- 603 Course title: Advances in Growth Regulation of Fruit Crops Assignment on: Bio-fortification in Fruit Crops Submitted To: Submitted by: Sri. Thirupathaiah, Y. Pooja, Dpt of. Fruit Science. RHD/19-07.
- 2. Out Line 1. Definition of bio fortification 2. Need of bio fortification 3. Schematic representation of bio fortification path way 4. Methods of bio fortification 5. Examples of bio fortification 6. Conclusion 7. Future Challenges 8. Reference
- 3. Bio-fortification Definition: Bio fortification is the process of adding nutritional value to the crop.It refers to nutrient enrichment of crops to address the negative economic and health consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiencies in humans. Bio-fortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively cost-effective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients. This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status. The term “hidden hunger” has been used to describe the micronutrient malnutrition inherent in human diets that are adequate in calories but lack vitamins and/or mineral elements. The diets of a large proportion of the world’s population are deficient in Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, Cu, Se, or I, which affects human health and longevity and therefore national economies. Mineral malnutrition can be addressed by increasing the amount of fish and animal products in diets, mineral supplementation, and food fortification and/or increasing the bioavailability of mineral elements in edible crops. However, strategies to increase dietary diversification, mineral supplementation, and food fortification have not always proved successful. For this reason, the biofortification of crops through the application of mineral fertilizers, combined with breeding varieties with an increased ability to acquire mineral elements, has been advocated (White and Broadley 2009). Food fortification and supplementation: are currently the most cost-effective strategies to address global mineral malnutrition. The most successful strategy has been salt iodization (fortification with iodine) which has reduced the incidence of goiter and other IDD symptoms markedly where the scheme has been introduced (Galera et al. 2010).
- 4. Need of Bio-fortification: 1. The world population was continuously increasing; suffer from lack of food, so that fighting hunger continues to be a challenge for humanity. 2. On the other hand, the world health organisation estimates that, worldwide, 1.5 billion people are overweight (WHO 2011). 3. Increasingly these two forms of malnutrition, underweight and overweight are occurring simultaneously with in the countries. 4. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is an important health concern in developing countries among children and women of childbearing age and is estimated to account for > 600,000 deaths each year globally among children <5 years of age. 5. According to Government of India statistics provided to the World Health Organization (WHO) 62% of all preschool-age children are VAD. 6. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) deficiencies are serious public health issues and important soil constraints to crop production, particularly in the developing countries. Path way of bio fortification: Methods of bio fortification: Plant Breeding: Plant breeding programs focus on improving the level and bioavailability of minerals in staple crops using their natural genetic variation (Welch and Graham 2005). Breeding approaches include the discovery of genetic variation affecting heritable mineral traits, checking their stability under different conditions,
- 5. and the feasibility of breeding for increasing mineral content in edible tissues without affecting yields or other quality traits. Breeding for increased mineral levels has several advantages over conventional interventions (e.g., sustainability); no high mineral varieties produced by this method have been introduced onto the market thus far. This reflects long development times, particularly if the mineral trait needs to be introgressed from a wild relative. Breeders utilize molecular biology techniques such as quantitative trait locus (QTL) maps and marker-assisted selection (MAS) to accelerate the identification of high-mineral varieties, but they have to take into account differences in soil properties (e.g., pH, organic composition) that may interfere with mineral uptake and accumulation. For example, the mineral pool available to plant roots may be extremely low in dry, alkaline soils with a low organic content (Cakmak 2008). Conventional Plant Breeding: Conventional breeding is limited, however, because it can only use the genetic variability already available and observable in the crop being improved or occasionally in the wild varieties that can cross with the crop. Furthermore, conventional breeders usually have to trade away yield and sometimes grain quality to obtain higher levels of nutrition. 1. Quality protein maize (QPM), which has taken decades of conventional plant breeding work to develop into varieties acceptable to farmers. However, multiple gains are at times possible, as with iron and zinc in rice and wheat, where the characteristics that lead to more iron and zinc in the plant can also lead, by some accounts, to higher yield. 2. Orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP) promoted through the HarvestPlus program in Africa, have been successfully selected and developed for both nutrient and (at least rainy season) yield traits (Unnevehr et al. 2007). Mutation Breeding: Mutation breeding has been used extensively in developed and developing countries to develop grain varieties with improved grain quality and in some cases higher yield and other traits. This technique makes use of the greater genetic variability that can be created by inducing mutations with chemical treatments or irradiation. Varieties produced using mutagenesis can be grown and certified as organic crops in the United States, whereas transgenic crops developed using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology cannot. Agronomic Bio fortification: Application of fertilizers to increase the micronutrients in edible parts. The degree of success in agronomic bio fortification is proportional to the mobility of mineral element in the soil as well as in the plant (White and Broadley 2003). Most suitable micronutrients for agronomic bio fortification Zinc, (foliar applications of Znso4), Iodine(Soil application of iodide or iodate), Selenium(as
- 6. selenate).The application of inorganic Se fertilizers resulted in over 10-fold increase in Se concentrations .The use of inorganic I and Zn also had an impact on plant enrichment at a country scale in China and Thailand. Fe (FeSO4) shows a low mobility in soil due to conversion of Fe+3 which is unavailable to plant roots. Bottleneck of Phytoavailability, to overcome this, Synthetic metal chelators (e.g. EDTA- Fe- and Zn-chelates which were effective in increasing mineral concentration in edible vegetable and fruit tissues) (Shuman 1998). Foliar application is the quick and easy method of nutrient application to fortification of micro nutrients (Fe, Zn, cu etc.) in plants. Several studies have found that the mycorrhizal associations increase Fe, Se, Zn and Cu concentrations in crop plants (Cavagnaro 2008) .AM-fungi increases the uptake and efficiency of micronutrients like Zn, Cu, Fe etc. Molecular Breeding: Also called marker-assisted breeding, this is a powerful tool of modern biotechnology that encounters little cultural or regulatory resistance and has been embraced so far even by organic growers because it relies on biological breeding processes rather than engineered gene insertions to change the DNA of plants. The use of molecular breeding has increased dramatically both by private seed companies and government plant breeders in developed countries, and it is gradually spreading to developing countries (Pray 2006). Using this technique, plant breeders also can stack into one variety several different genes that code for different traits, for example, QPM, disease resistance, and drought tolerance in maize (Pray 2006). This technique has also been used to find recessive traits in plants that cannot be located by conventional breeding or other techniques. Genetic Engineering: Genetic engineering is the latest weapon in the armory against mineral deficiency and uses advanced biotechnology techniques to introduce genes directly into breeding varieties. The genes can come from any source (including animals and microbes) and are designed to achieve one or more of the following goals (Zhu et al. 2007): (a) Improve the efficiency with which minerals are mobilized in the soil. (b) Reduce the level of anti- nutritional compounds. (c) Increase the level of nutritional enhancer compounds such as inulin.
- 7. Examples of bio fortification: Orange sweet potato (OSP): To increase targeted level of 30 ppm of provitamin A in sweet potato, International Potato Centre (CIP) in south Africa and Uganda(Harvest plus) + National agriculture Research and Extension System (NARES) started project in 2002-2007 and the first variety released in 2002. This variety have ability to grater provitamin A retention more than 80% after boiling or steaming and at least 75% after solar or sun drying but also high yielding and drought tolerant. Harvest Plus and its partners distributed OSP to more than 24,000 households in Uganda and Mozambique. Bio fortified varieties are now being introduced in many parts of Africa and South America, as well as China. In 2009, CIP launched its Sweet Potato for Profit and Health Initiative (SPHI), which seeks to deliver OSP to 10 million households in Africa by 2020.
- 8. Bio Cassava: Project on Bio Cassava Plus initiative started in 2009 by Donald Danforth Plant Science Center to target Nigeria, Kenya with 6 major objectives namely to increase the minerals zinc and iron, vitamins A and E, protein contents and decrease cyanogen content, delay postharvest deterioration, and develop virus- resistant varieties. The scientists of Nigeria have developed three new yellow colour varieties of cassava by hybridization and selective breeding methods. The se varieties can produce higher amount of beta-carotene which helps to fight against vitamin A malnourishment in the region and release of the varieties will be in 2017. Potato: CIP (International centre for potato) started project on development of Fe rich potatoes by conventional bio fortification method in 2009 and the varieties will be release in 2017. Cow pea Pioneer research on biofortifcation of cow pea has initiated G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. Two early maturing high iron and zinc fortified varieties namely Pant Lobia-1(82ppm Fe and 40ppm Zn), Pant Lobia-2(100ppm Fe and 37 ppm Zn) has been developed by conventional plant breeding and released in 2008 and 2010.Pant Lobia-3 (67 ppm Fe and 38 ppm Zn), Pant Lobia-4(51ppm Fe and 36 ppm Zn) released in 2013 and 2014 respectively. Brazil also released three varieties of high-iron cowpeas, developed by Embrapa, in 2008 and 2009 and bio availability.
- 9. Nutri banana: Breeding banana/plantain (Musa) is complex, as commercial varieties are sterile triploids (3X). Among the fertile groups, a high degree of cross incompatibility can exist. Further, the Musa crop cycle is long. Genetic engineering method of bio fortification is suitable for banana because most of the edible bananas are vegetative propagated and transgene outflow are minimum and therefore genetically modified bananas can be grown alongside non-GM bananas in the same field. Also since the GM bananas are sterile, the existing diversity of bananas in India will not be affected and there won’t be any heritable mixing of GM and non GM cultivars in nature. Unfortified bananas have 0.4 mg/100 gm Fe of banana while the fortified banana would supplement this to 2.6 mg/ 100grams [18].The bio fortification of banana by increasing their beta carotene (up to 20ppm), alphatocopherol and iron content. Bio fortification works on banana will be beneficial where bananas are the major staple food source and good consumer acceptance. The bio fortification works on banana had been initiated at Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia to develop pro-vitamin A (βcarotene), alfatocopherol and iron rich varieties besides they succeed in improving the disease resistant varieties against Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) and Fusarium Wilt. These varieties are under field and selection for enhanced level of micronutrients that may match pro vitamin A (PVA) and iron requirements is desirable for India. Works initiated to transfer of specific traits in two Indian banana varieties cv. Grand Nain and Rasthali. Donald Danforth Plant Science Centre working on nutribanana to develop 20 ppm pro-vitamin.
- 10. Beans: Iron (Fe) content in common bean is about 50 parts per million (ppm) and target in bio fortification of bean by conventional breeding is 94 ppm, bio fortified beans provide about 60% of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR).Average bean yields in Rwanda. Non-bio fortified beans produce approximately 0.8 tons/hectare (bush and climbers combined)but bio fortified bush beans yield around 1.5 t/ha and biofortified climber beans 2–3 t/ha. Among the different varieties released in Rwanda in 2012 and 2014 MAC-42 from CIT contains 91ppm iron and ability to resistance against anthracnose and bean common mosaic virus and ability to produce 3.5t/ha. Conclusion: Bio fortified crops, either by conventional breeding methods or by modern biotechnological tools, are not a solution for malnourishment. The ultimate aim in global nutrition remains a sufficient and diverse diet for the world’s population. However, bio fortified crops can complement existing micronutrients interventions; can have a significant impact on the lives and health of millions of people, especially those most in need. Future Challenges: Produce crops for human nutrition with increased iron concentration. Biofortification strategies alternative to reduction in concentration of phytic acid or polyphenols should be explored further, in order to increase iron absorption without loss of their beneficial effects. When overexpressing ferritin, such crops should be tested for concentration of various heavy metals, in laboratory as in open-field trials, before releasing to the public. Detailed knowledge on mechanisms regulating iron compartmentalization in various plant organs will offer a major contribution for reaching such goal.
- 11. Reference: Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: agronomic or genetic biofortification?. Plant Soil. 302:1–17. Cavagnaro, T. R. 2008.The role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in improving plant zinc nutrition under low soil zinc concentrations: A review. Plant and Soil. 304: 315–325. Galera, S.G, Rojas, E, Sudhakar, D, Zhu, C, Pelacho, A. M, Capell, T, Christou, P. 2010. Critical evaluation of strategies for mineral fortification of staple food crops. Transgenic Res. 19:165–180. Pray, C. 2006. The Asian Maize Biotechnology Network (AMBIONET): a model for strengthening national agricultural research systems. CIMMYT, Mexico. Shuman, L. M. 1998. Micronutrient fertilizers. Journal of Crop Production. 1:165- 195. Unnevehr, L, Pray, C, Paarlberg, R. 2007. Addressing micronutrient deficiencies: alternative interventions and technologies. AgBioforum. 10(3):124–134. Welch, R. M, Graham, R. D. 2005. Agriculture: the real nexus for enhancing bioavailable micronutrients in food crops. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 18:299–307. White, P. J, Broadley, M. R. 2009. Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets – iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine. New Phytol. 182:49–84. White, P. J., and Broadley, M. R. 2003. Calcium in plants. Annals of Botany. 92:487- 511. Zhu, C, Naqvi, S, Gomez-Galera, S, Pelacho, A. M, Capell, T, Christou, P. 2007. Transgenic strategies for the nutritional enhancement of plants. Trends Plant Sci. 1212:548–555.