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BIS CH2 Computers and their Applications.pptx
- 1. Module 2 Computers and Their Business Applications
- 2. Learning Objectives (1 of 2) • Define a computer system, and describe its components • Discuss the history of computer hardware and software • Analyze the impact of the three factors distinguishing the computing power of computers • Summarize the three basic computer operations • Discuss the types of input, output, and memory devices
- 3. Learning Objectives (2 of 2) • Explain how computers are classified and their business applications • Apply knowledge of two major types of software and their use in a business setting • List the five generations of computer languages • Define object-oriented programming
- 4. Defining a Computer (1 of 3) • A computer is a machine that: • Accepts data as input • Processes data without human intervention using stored instructions • Outputs information • Instructions (i.e., a program) are: • Step-by-step directions for performing a specific task • Written in a language the computer can understand
- 5. Defining a Computer (2 of 3) • Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) • If input data is erroneous, the information provided by the computer is also erroneous
- 6. Defining a Computer (3 of 3) • Writing a computer program • Identify what needs to be done • Plan a method to achieve the goal • Select the right language • Depends on the problem being solved and the type of computer being used • A program is also called the source code • Must be translated into object code, consisting of binary 0s and 1s • Computer understands 0s and 1s of binary code as on or off signals
- 7. Components of a Computer System (1 of 5) • Hardware components • Physical devices such as keyboards, monitors, and processing units • Software components • Programs written in computer languages
- 8. Components of a Computer System (2 of 5) • Central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of a computer; has two components: • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic operations (+, –, *, /) and comparison or relational operations (<, >, =) • Control unit: tells the computer what to do, such as instructing the computer which device to read or send output to
- 9. Components of a Computer System (3 of 5) • Computers can either have a single processor or multiprocessors • Multiprocessing: use of two or more CPUs in a single computer system
- 10. Exhibit 2.1 The Building Blocks of a Computer
- 11. Components of a Computer System (4 of 5) • Bus: link between devices connected to the computer • Parallel or serial • Internal (local) or external • Disk drive: peripheral device for recording, storing, and retrieving information
- 12. Components of a Computer System (5 of 5) • CPU case: enclosure containing the computer’s main components • Referred to as computer chassis or tower • Motherboard: main circuit board containing connectors for attaching additional boards • Usually contains CPU, basic input/output systems (BIOS), memory, storage, interfaces and expansion slots
- 13. Exhibit 2.2 Components of a Computer System
- 14. The History of Computer Hardware and Software • Major developments in hardware have taken place over the past 60 years • To make these developments more clear, computers are often categorized into “generations”
- 15. Table 2.1 Hardware Generations Generation Date Major Technologies Example First 1946-1956 Vacuum tube ENIAC Second 1957-1963 Transistors IBM 7094, 1401 Third 1964-1970 Integrated circuits, remote data entry, telecommunications IBM 360, 370 Fourth 1971-1992 Miniaturization, VSLI, personal computers, optical disks Cray XMP, Cray II Fifth 1993-present Parallel processing, gallium arsenide chips, optical technologies IBM System zEnterprise EC12
- 16. The Power of Computers • Computers draw their power from three factors that far exceed human capacities • Speed • Accuracy • Storage and retrieval capabilities
- 17. Speed • Computer speed is measured as the number of instructions performed per fractions of a second • Millisecond: 1/1,000 of a second • Microsecond:1/1,000,000 of a second • Nanosecond:1/1,000,000,000 of a second • Picosecond:1/1,000,000,000,000 of a second
- 18. Accuracy • Degree of accuracy is critical in many computer applications • A small degree of inaccuracy could lead the space shuttle to land in Canada instead of the United States
- 19. Storage and Retrieval • Storage: saving data in computer memory • Retrieval: accessing data from memory • Data is stored in bits • American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) • Data code for text files, PC applications, and the Internet • Defines up to 128 characters
- 20. Table 2.3 Storage Measurements (Approximations) Value Size in Bytes 1 bit A single value of 0 or 1 8 bits 1 byte or character 210 bytes 1,000 bytes, or 1 kilobyte (KB) 220 bytes 1,000,000 bytes, or 1 megabyte (MB) 230 bytes 1,000,000,000 bytes, or 1 gigabyte (GB) 240 bytes 1,000,000,000,000 bytes, or 1 terabyte (TB) 250 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes, or 1 petabyte (PB) 260 bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes, or 1 exabyte (EB)
- 21. Computer Operations • Computer functions • Three basic tasks: arithmetic operations, logical operations, and storage and retrieval operations • Add, subtract, multiply, divide, and raise numbers to a power (exponentiation) • Perform comparison operations by comparing two numbers • Store massive amounts of data in very small spaces and locate a particular item quickly
- 22. Input, Output, and Memory Devices • To use a computer and process data, three major components are needed • Input • Output • Memory
- 23. Input Devices • Send data and information to the computer • Keyboard, mouse, touch screen, stylus, trackball, data tablet, barcode reader, optical character reader (OCR), magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) system, optical mark recognition (OMR) system, camera, microphone
- 24. Output Devices • Many output devices are available for both mainframes and personal computers • Display output in the forms of soft copy (screen) and hard copy (print) • CRT, LCD OLED displays • Inkjet, Laser printers • Other output devices include: • Plotters to convert output to graphics • Voice synthesizers convert output to voice
- 25. Memory Devices • Main memory • Stores data and information and is usually volatile • Contents are lost when electrical power is turned off • Secondary memory • Nonvolatile • Holds data when the computer is off or during course of a program's operation • Serves as archival storage
- 26. Main Memory Devices (1 of 2) • Semiconductor chips made of silicon • Can be volatile or nonvolatile • Random access memory (RAM) • Volatile memory, in which data can be read from and written to • Known as read-write memory • Cache RAM: stores recently accessed memory • Resides on the processor
- 27. Main Memory Devices (2 of 2) • Read-only memory (ROM) • Nonvolatile • Data cannot be written to it • Typically stores BIOS information and the computer system’s clock • Other types of ROM • Programmable read-only memory (PROM) • Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)
- 28. Secondary Memory Devices (1 of 2) • Nonvolatile; used for storing large volumes of data for long periods • Magnetic disks • Made of Mylar or metal • Used for random-access processing • Magnetic tape • Made of a plastic material • Stores data sequentially; used for storing backups
- 29. Secondary Memory Devices (2 of 2) • Other devices include: • Hard disks • USB flash drives and memory cards • Solid-state drives (SSD) • Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) system • Collection of disk drives used for fault tolerance and improved performance • Found in large network systems • Cloud storage • Online storage involving multiple virtual servers that are hosted by third parties • Access data anytime, anywhere • Improved security and collaboration
- 30. Table 2.4 Capacity of Secondary Memory Devices Device Storage Capacity Memory stick 1 TB Hard disk 16 TB SD Card 1 TB SSD 60 TB
- 31. Storage Area Networks and Network-Attached Storage • Storage area network (SAN) • Dedicated high-speed network consisting of both hardware and software • Connect and manage shared storage devices • Disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical storage devices • Network-attached storage (NAS) • Network-connected computer dedicated to provide file-based data storage services to other network devices • Software on the NAS handles data storage, file access • Popular for Web servers and e-mail servers
- 32. Classes of Computers • Classified based on cost, amount of memory, speed, and sophistication • Computer classifications • Subnotebooks and notebooks • Personal and minicomputers • Mainframes • Supercomputers
- 33. Server Platforms: An Overview • Server: computer and all the software for managing network resources and offering services to a network • Available server platforms: • Application servers • Database servers • Disk servers • Fax servers • File servers • Mail servers • Print servers • Remote access servers (RAS) • Web servers
- 34. What is Software? • The programs that run a computer system • Classifications • System software: works in the background and takes care of tasks such as deleting unneeded files • Application software: performs specialized tasks
- 35. Operating System Software (1 of 2) • Set of programs for controlling and managing computer hardware and software • Provides an interface between a computer and the user • Increases computer efficiency by helping users share computer resources and performing repetitive tasks for users
- 36. Operating System Software (2 of 2) • Consists of control programs to manage hardware and resources by performing: • Job management • Resource allocation • Data management • Communication • Supervisor program (i.e., the kernel) • Responsible for controlling all other programs in the OS
- 37. Application Software • Commercial software or software developed in house; used to perform a variety of tasks on a personal computer • Word processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation, and graphics • Desktop publishing • Financial planning and accounting • Project management • Computer-aided design (CAD)
- 38. Computer Languages (1 of 4) • Machine language • First generation of computer languages • Consists of a series of 0s and 1s representing data or instructions • Dependent on the machine • Time-consuming to write a program
- 39. Computer Languages (2 of 4) • Assembly language • Second generation of computer languages • Higher-level language than machine language • Also machine dependent • Uses a series of short codes, or mnemonics, to represent data or instructions • Writing programs in assembly language is easier than in machine language
- 40. Computer Languages (3 of 4) • High-level languages • Third-generation of computer languages • Machine independent • Used for Web development and Internet applications • Self-documenting; easier to learn and code • Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) • Commands are powerful and easy to learn • Use macro codes that can take the place of several lines of programming
- 41. Computer Languages (4 of 4) • Fifth-generation languages (5GLs) • Use artificial intelligence technologies • Knowledge-based systems, natural language processing (NLP), visual programming, and a graphical approach to programming • Designed to facilitate natural conversations between an individual and the computer
- 42. Object-Oriented Programming: A Quick Overview (1 of 2) • Object-oriented programming (OOP) language • Organized around a system of objects that represent the real world as opposed to a series of computational steps used in traditional languages. • Two main parts: objects and classes • Objects • Items that contain both data and the procedures that read and manipulate it • Classes • Define the format of the object and the action it performs
- 43. Object-Oriented Programming: A Quick Overview (1 of 2) • Major advantages of OOP • Modularity • Written for specific and self-contained modules • Easier to write, modify, and troubleshoot than traditional codes • New features can be added as new modules without impacting existing modules • Reuse of codes for other purposes • Codes written for one object can be simply modified for another object • Effective problem solving • Can break down a program into small-sized problems • Can solve one module or one object at a time
- 44. Exhibit 2.4 Object-oriented Programming key principles
- 45. Summary (1 of 2) • A computer can have many definitions • Major developments in hardware have taken place over the past 60 years • Computers draw their power from speed, accuracy, and storage and retrieval capabilities • Computers perform arithmetic, logical, and storage and retrieval operations
- 46. Summary (2 of 2) • Computers are classified based on cost, amount of memory, speed, and sophistication • To process data, a computer requires input, output, and memory devices • Software is all the programs that run a computer system • System software • Application software • Computer languages include machine, assembly, high-level, fourth- and fifth- generation languages • OOP languages emphasize simplicity and adaptability