![encyclopedia. Wikipedia’s articles provide links to guide the user to related pages with additional information.
Wikipedia is written collaboratively by an international (and mostly anonymous) group of volunteers. Anyone with
internet access can write and make changes to Wikipedia articles. There are no requirements to provide one’s
real name when contributing; rather, each writer’s privacy is protected unless they choose to reveal their identity
themselves. Since its creation in 2001, Wikipedia has grown rapidly into one of the largest reference web sites,
attracting around 65 million visitors monthly as of 2009. There are more than 75,000 active contributors
working on more than 14,000,000 articles in more than 260 languages. As of today, there are 3,062,069 articles
in English. Every day, hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world collectively make tens of
thousands of edits and create thousands of new articles to augment the knowledge held by the Wikipedia
encyclopedia. (See also: Wikipedia:Statistics.)
Creative Commons
Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available
for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as
Creative Commons licenses. These licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which
rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators.
An Introduction to Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by
the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki (a technology for
creating collaborative websites, from the Hawaiian word wiki, meaning "quick") and encyclopedia.
Wikipedia's 13 million articles (three million in the English Wikipedia) have been written collaboratively
by volunteers around the world, and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the
site.[6] Launched in 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger,[7] it is currently the largest and most
popular general reference work on the Internet.[3][8][9][10]
Critics of Wikipedia accuse it of systemic bias and inconsistencies (including undue weight given to
popular culture),[11] and allege that it favors consensus over credentials in its editorial process.[12] Its
reliability and accuracy are also claimed to be an issue.[13] Other criticisms center on its susceptibility to
vandalism and the addition of spurious or unverified information,[14] though scholarly work suggests
that vandalism is generally short-lived,[15][16] and an investigation found that the material they
compared came close to the level of accuracy of Encyclopædia Britannica and had a similar rate of
"serious errors".[17] These claims have been disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica.[18]
Wikipedia's departure from the expert-driven style of the encyclopedia building mode and the large
presence of unacademic contents have been noted several times. When Time magazine recognized You
as its Person of the Year for 2006, acknowledging the accelerating success of online collaboration and
interaction by millions of users around the world, it cited Wikipedia as one of several examples of Web
2.0 services, along with YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook.[19] Some noted the importance of Wikipedia
not only as an encyclopedic reference but also as a frequently updated news resource because of how
quickly articles about recent events appear.[20][21]
History](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-3-320.jpg)
![Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language
encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.
Nupedia was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, Inc, a web portal company. Its
main figures were Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later
Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the
GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of Richard Stallman.[22]
Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales founded Wikipedia.[23][24] While Wales is credited with defining
the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,[25][26] Sanger is usually credited with the strategy
of using a wiki to reach that goal.[27] On January 10, 2001, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia
mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[28] Wikipedia was formally launched on
January 15, 2001, as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,[29] and announced by
Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.[25] Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"[30] was codified in
its initial months, and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there were
relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.[25]
Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine
indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles and 18 language editions by the end of 2001. By late
2002, it had reached 26 language editions, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004.[31]
Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and
its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. English Wikipedia passed the 2 million-article mark on
September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, eclipsing even the Yongle
Encyclopedia (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600 years.[32]
Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric
Wikipedia, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create the Enciclopedia Libre in
February 2002.[33] Later that year, Wales announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements,
and its website was moved to wikipedia.org.[34] Various other projects have since forked from
Wikipedia for editorial reasons. Wikinfo does not require a neutral point of view and allows original
research. New Wikipedia-inspired projects — such as Citizendium, Scholarpedia, Conservapedia, and
Google's Knol[35] — have been started to address perceived limitations of Wikipedia, such as its policies
on peer review, original research, and commercial advertising.
Though the English Wikipedia reached 3 million articles in August 2009, the growth of the
edition, in terms of the numbers of articles and of contributors, appeared to have abruptly flattened
around Spring 2007.[36] In July 2007, about 2,200 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia; as of
August 2009[update], that average is 1,300. A team led by Ed H Chi at the Palo Alto Research Center
speculated that this is due to the increasing exclusiveness of the project. New or occasional editors have
significantly higher rates of their edits reverted (removed) than an "elite" group of regular
editors.[citation needed] This could make it more difficult for the project to recruit and retain new
contributors, over the long term resulting in stagnation in article creation. Others prefer to simply point
out that the low-hanging fruit, the obvious articles like China, already exist, and believe that the growth
is flattening naturally.[37]
Nature of Wikipedia](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-4-320.jpg)
![In April 2009, the Wikimedia Foundation conducted a Wikipedia usability study, questioning
users about the editing mechanism.[38]In departure from the style of traditional encyclopedias,
Wikipedia employs the open editing model called "wiki". Except for a few vandalism-prone pages that
can be edited only by established users, or in extreme cases only by administrators, every article may be
edited anonymously or with a user account, while only registered users may create a new article (only in
English edition). No article is owned by its creator or any other editor, or is vetted by any recognized
authority; rather, the articles are collectively owned by a community of editors.[39]
Most importantly, when changes to an article are made, they become available immediately before
undergoing any review, no matter if they contain an error, are somehow misguided, or even patent
nonsense. The German edition of Wikipedia is an exception to this rule: it has been testing a system of
maintaining "stable versions" of articles,[40] to allow a reader to see versions of articles that have
passed certain reviews. The English edition of Wikipedia plans to trial a related approach.[41][42]
Another proposal is the use of software to create "trust ratings" for individual Wikipedia contributors
and using those ratings to determine which changes will be made visible immediately.[43]
Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page,
displayed here in red.Contributors, registered or not, can take advantage of features available in the
software that powers Wikipedia. The "History" page attached to each article records every single past
revision of the article, though a revision with libelous content, criminal threats or copyright
infringements may be removed afterwards.[44][45] This feature makes it easy to compare old and new
versions, undo changes that an editor considers undesirable, or restore lost content. The "Discussion"
pages associated with each article are used to coordinate work among multiple editors.[46] Regular
contributors often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs
on all recent changes to those articles. Computer programs called Internet bots have been used widely
to remove vandalism as soon as it was made,[16] to correct common misspellings and stylistic issues, or
to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.
Articles in Wikipedia are organized roughly in three ways according to: development status, subject
matter and the access level required for editing. The most developed state of articles is called "featured
article": they are precisely ones that someday get featured in the main page of Wikipedia.[47][48]
Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach the FA status via intensive works of few
editors, and that the categories such as history, media, music and warfare have higher ratio of featured
articles than those such as computing, mathematics, language & linguistics and philosophy &
psychology, casting a doubt to the equation "more edits equal higher quality." In 2007, in preparation
for producing a print version, the English-language Wikipedia introduced an assessment scale against
which the quality of articles is judged;[49] other editions have also adopted this.In 2008, two
researchers theorized that the growth of Wikipedia is sustainable.[50]
Attacks on the encyclopedia
The Wikipedia is constantly edited by a wide variety of people with a wide variety of motives,
and inevitably some are trying to subvert the integrity of the encyclopedia. Research suggests that, for
the most part, these attacks are dealt with quickly.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-5-320.jpg)
![Vandalisation
The open nature of the editing model has been central to most criticism of Wikipedia. For
example, a reader of an article cannot be certain that it has not been vandalized with the insertion of
false information or the removal of essential information. Former Encyclopaedia Britannica editor-in-
chief Robert McHenry once described this by saying:[51]
The user who visits Wikipedia to learn about some subject, to confirm some matter of fact, is
rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom. It may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to
exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security.
What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him.and called Wikipedia a "faith-
based encyclopedia."[52]
John Seigenthaler has described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool."[53]In
practice, vandalism is fairly easy to remove from wikis, and the median time to detect and fix vandalisms
is typically very low, usually a few minutes,[15][16] but in one particularly well-publicized incident, false
information was introduced into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler and
remained undetected for four months.[53] John Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA
Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University, called
Jimmy Wales and asked him, "...Do you ...have any way to know who wrote that?" "No, we don't", said
Jimmy.[54]This incident led to policy changes on the site, specifically targeted at tightening up the
verifiability of all biographical articles of living people.
Spam, agenda pushing, and trolls
Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, spamming, and
those with an agenda to push.[44][55] The addition of political spin to articles by organizations including
members of the U.S. House of Representatives and special interest groups[14] has been noted,[56] and
organizations such as Microsoft have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles.[57] These
issues have been parodied, notably by Stephen Colbert in The Colbert Report.[58]
For example, in August 2007, the website WikiScanner began to trace the sources of changes
made to Wikipedia by anonymous editors without Wikipedia accounts. The program revealed that many
such edits were made by corporations or government agencies changing the content of articles related
to them, their personnel or their work.[59]
Defences
The Wikipedia has a complex multi-layered defence against these kinds of attacks. These include
users checking pages and edits, computer programs ('bots') that are carefully designed to try to detect
them and fix them automatically (or semi-automatically), blocks on the creation of links to particular
websites, blocks on edits from particular accounts, IP addresses or address ranges.
For heavily attacked pages, particular articles can be semi-protected so that only well
established accounts can edit them,[60] or for particularly contentious cases, locked so that only
administrators are able to make changes.[61]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-6-320.jpg)
![Coverage of topics
The 20 most viewed Wikipedia articles in 2009[62] Wiki
The Beatles
Michael Jackson
Favicon
YouTube
Wikipedia
Barack Obama
Deaths in 2009
United States
Facebook
Current events portal
World War II
Twitter
Transformers
Slumdog Millionaire
Lil Wayne
Adolf Hitler
India
Transformers 2
Scrubs (TV series)
As an encyclopedia building project, Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human
knowledge: all of topics covered by a conventional print encyclopedia plus any other "notable"
(therefore verifiable by published sources) topics, which are permitted by unlimited disk space.[63] In
particular, it contains materials that some people, including Wikipedia editors,[64] may find
objectionable, offensive, or pornographic.[65] It was made clear that this policy is not up for debate, and
the policy has sometimes proved controversial. For instance, in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online
petition against the inclusion of Muhammad's depictions in its English edition, citing this policy. The
presence of politically sensitive materials in Wikipedia had also led the People's Republic of China to
block access to parts of the site.[66] (See also: IWF block of Wikipedia)
Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular copyright law) in Florida, where
Wikipedia servers are hosted, and several editorial policies and guidelines that are intended to reinforce
the notion that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is
encyclopedic and thus is worthy of inclusion. A topic is deemed encyclopedic if it is "notable"[67] in the
Wikipedia jargon; i.e., if it has received significant coverage in secondary reliable sources (i.e.,
mainstream media or major academic journals) that are independent of the subject of the topic. Second,
Wikipedia must expose knowledge that is already established and recognized.[68] In other words, it
must not present, for instance, new information or original works. A claim that is likely to be challenged
requires a reference to reliable sources. Within the Wikipedia community, this is often phrased as
"verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers are left themselves to check the
truthfulness of what appears in the articles and to make their own interpretations.[69] Finally, Wikipedia
does not take a side.[70] All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources, must enjoy
appropriate share of coverage within an article.[71] Wikipedia editors as a community write and revise
those policies and guidelines[72] and enforce them by deleting, annotating with tags, or modifying](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-7-320.jpg)
![article materials failing to meet them. (See also deletionism and inclusionism)[73][74]
Quality
Critics argue that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually rewrite
small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be
intermingled within an entry. Historian Roy Rosenzweig noted: "Overall, writing is the Achilles' heel of
Wikipedia. Committees rarely write well, and Wikipedia entries often have a choppy quality that results
from the stringing together of sentences or paragraphs written by different people."[75]
Reliability
As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its
content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.[76] Concerns have been
raised regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity,[77] the insertion of
spurious information[78], vandalism, and similar problems.
Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting systemic bias and inconsistency;[13] but critics argue
that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it
unreliable.[79] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is generally reliable, but that the reliability
of any given article is not always clear.[12] Editors of traditional reference works such as the
Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[80] Many
university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring
primary sources;[81] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.[82] Co-founder Jimmy Wales
stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not
be relied upon as authoritative.[83]
However, an investigation reported in the journal Nature in 2005 suggested that for scientific
articles Wikipedia came close to the level of accuracy of Encyclopædia Britannica and had a similar rate
of "serious errors."[17] These claims have been disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica.[84]
Andrew Lih, author of the 2009 book The Wikipedia Revolution, notes: "A wiki has all its
activities happening in the open for inspection... Trust is built by observing the actions of others in the
community and discovering people with like or complementary interests.”*85+ Economist Tyler Cowen
writes, "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was
more likely to be true, after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that many
traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases. Novel results are over-reported in journal
articles, and relevant information is omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors
are frequently found on Internet sites, and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting
them.[86]
In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that some of the
professors at Harvard University include Wikipedia in their syllabus, but that there is a split in their
perception of using Wikipedia.[87] In June 2007, former president of the American Library Association](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-8-320.jpg)
![Michael Gorman condemned Wikipedia, along with Google,[88] stating that academics who endorse the
use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big
Macs with everything". He also said that "a generation of intellectual sluggards incapable of moving
beyond the Internet" was being produced at universities. He complains that the web-based sources are
discouraging students from learning from the more rare texts which are either found only on paper or
are on subscription-only web sites. In the same article Jenny Fry (a research fellow at the Oxford
Internet Institute) commented on academics who cite Wikipedia, saying that: "You cannot say children
are intellectually lazy because they are using the Internet when academics are using search engines in
their research. The difference is that they have more experience of being critical about what is retrieved
and whether it is authoritative. Children need to be told how to use the Internet in a critical and
appropriate way."[88]
Wikipedia community
The Wikipedia community has established "a bureaucracy of sorts", including "a clear power
structure that gives volunteer administrators the authority to exercise editorial control."[89][90][91]
Wikipedia's community has also been described as "cult-like",[92] although not always with entirely
negative connotations,[93] and criticized for failing to accommodate inexperienced users.[94] Editors in
good standing in the community can run for one of many levels of volunteer stewardship; this begins
with "administrator",[95][96] a group of privileged users who have the ability to delete pages, lock
articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes, and block users from editing.
Despite the name, administrators do not enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead they are
mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary
editors, and to ban users making disruptive edits (such as vandalism).[97][98]
Wikimania, an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the
Wikimedia Foundation.As Wikipedia grows with an unconventional model of encyclopedia building,
"Who writes Wikipedia?" has become one of the questions frequently asked on the project, often with a
reference to other Web 2.0 projects such as Digg.[99] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community
... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and
that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". Wales performed a study finding
that over 50% of all the edits are done by just .7% of the users (at the time: 524 people). This method of
evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled
had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low
edit counts.[100] A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and
infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who
register with the site."[101] Although some contributors are authorities in their field, Wikipedia requires
that even their contributions be supported by published and verifiable sources. The project's preference
for consensus over credentials has been labeled "anti-elitism".[11]
In a 2003 study of Wikipedia as a community, economics Ph.D. student Andrea Ciffolilli argued
that the low transaction costs of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative
development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.[102] In his 2008
book, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, Jonathan Zittrain of the Oxford Internet Institute
and Harvard Law School’s Berkman Center for Internet & Society cites Wikipedia's success as a case](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-9-320.jpg)
![study in how open collaboration has fostered innovation on the web.[103] A 2008 study found that
Wikipedia users were less agreeable and open, though more conscientious, than non-Wikipedia
users.[104][105] A 2009 study suggested there was "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia
community to new content."[106]
The Wikipedia Signpost is the community newspaper on the English Wikipedia,[107] and was
founded by Michael Snow, an administrator and the current chair of the Wikimedia Foundation board of
trustees.[108] It covers news and events from the site, as well as major events from sister projects, such
as Wikimedia Commons.[109] Notable users of Wikipedia include film critic Roger Ebert[110][111] and
University of Maryland physicist Robert L. Park.[112]
Operation
Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters
Wikimedia Foundation logoWikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a
non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wikibooks. The
Wikimedia chapters, local associations of Wikipedia users, also participate in the promotion, the
development, and the funding of the project.
Software and hardware
The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki
software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database.[113] The software incorporates
programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and
URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and used by all Wikimedia
projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by
Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double
bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a
PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus
Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing
demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki,
originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker. Several MediaWiki extensions are installed[114] to extend the
functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005 a Lucene extension[115][116] was added to
MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Currently
Lucene Search 2.1,[117] which is written in Java and based on Lucene library 2.3,[118] is used.
Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers (mainly Ubuntu),[119][120] with
a few OpenSolaris machines for ZFS. As of February 2008, there were 300 in Florida, 26 in Amsterdam,
and 23 in Yahoo!'s Korean hosting facility in Seoul.[121] Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004,
when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture. In January 2005, the
project ran on 39 dedicated servers in Florida. This configuration included a single master database
server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server,
and seven Squid cache servers.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-10-320.jpg)
![Wikipedia receives between 25,000 and 60,000 page requests per second, depending on time of
day.[122] Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squid caching servers.[123] Requests
that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual
Server software, which in turn pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering
from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the
language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed
memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page
accesses. Two larger clusters in the Netherlands and Korea now handle much of Wikipedia's traffic load.
Delivery media
Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web
browser through a fixed internet connection. However, Wikipedia content is now also accessible
through offline media, and through the mobile web.
On mobile devices access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004,
through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), through the Wapedia service. In June 2007, Wikipedia
launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009 a newer mobile
service was officially released,[124] located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced
mobile devices such as the iPhone, Android-based devices, or the Palm Pre. Several other methods of
mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged (See Wikipedia:Mobile access). Several devices and
applications optimise or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also
incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata (See Wikipedia:Metadata), such as
geoinformation.[125]
Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical disks. An English version, 2006
Wikipedia CD Selection, contained about 2,000 articles.[126][127] The Polish version contains nearly
240,000 articles.[128] There are also German versions.[129]
License and language editions
Article number of different languages families (06/09/09)All text in Wikipedia was covered by
GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of
derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work,[130] up
until June 2009, when the site switched to Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-by-SA)
3.0.[131] Wikipedia had been working on the switch to Creative Commons licenses because the GFDL,
initially designed for software manuals, is not suitable for online reference works and because the two
licenses were incompatible.[132] In response to the Wikimedia Foundation's request, in November
2008, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of GFDL designed specifically to allow](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-11-320.jpg)
![Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC-BY-SA by August 1, 2009. Wikipedia and its sister projects held a
community-wide referendum to decide whether or not to make the license switch.[133] The
referendum took place from April 9 to 30.[134] The results were 75.8% "Yes", 10.5% "No", and 13.7%
"No opinion".[135] In consequence of the referendum, the Wikimedia Board of Trustees voted to
change to the Creative Commons license, effective June 15, 2009.[135] The position that Wikipedia is
merely a hosting service has been successfully used as a defense in court.[136][137]
Percentage of all Wikipedia articles in English (red) and top ten largest language editions (blue).
As of July 2007, less than 23% of Wikipedia articles are in English. The handling of media files (e.g.,
image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia,
include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to. This is in part
because of the difference in copyright laws between countries; for example, the notion of fair use does
not exist in Japanese copyright law. Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g., Creative
Commons' cc-by-sa) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project
operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.
There are currently 262 language editions of Wikipedia; of these, 24 have over 100,000 articles
and 81 have over 1,000 articles.[1] According to Alexa, the English subdomain (en.wikipedia.org; English
Wikipedia) receives approximately 54% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among
the other languages (Japanese: 10%, German: 8%, Spanish: 5%, Russian: 4%, French: 4%, Italian: 3%).[3]
As of July 2008, the five largest language editions are (in order of article count) English, German, French,
Polish, and Japanese Wikipedias.[138]
Since Wikipedia is web-based and therefore worldwide, contributors of a same language edition
may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition).
These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences, (e.g. color vs. colour)[139] or
points of view.[140] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral
point of view," they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that
are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.[141][142][143]
Contributors for English Wikipedia by country as of September 2006.[144]Jimmy Wales has
described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible
quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".[145] Though each language edition
functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are
coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its
projects (Wikipedia and others).[146] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all
language editions of Wikipedia,[147] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.[148]
The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science,
technology, foodstuffs, and mathematics. As for the rest, it is not rare for articles strongly related to a
particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns
in the United States might only be available in English.
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because
automated translation of articles is disallowed.[149] Articles available in more than one language may
offer "InterWiki" links, which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-12-320.jpg)
![Cultural significance
In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles,[150] Wikipedia has steadily gained
status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.[151] According to Alexa and comScore,
Wikipedia is among the ten most visited websites worldwide.[10][152] Of the top ten, Wikipedia is the
only non-profit website. The growth of Wikipedia has been fueled by its dominant position in Google
search results;[153] about 50% of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,[154] a good
portion of which is related to academic research.[155] In April 2007 the Pew Internet and American Life
project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.[156] In October 2006, the site
was estimated to have a hypothetical market value of $580 million if it ran advertisements.[157]
Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court
cases.[158][159][160] The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex
marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act.[161] The
encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal
Courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization[162] – though mainly for supporting
information rather than information decisive to a case.[163] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also
been cited as a source and referenced in some U.S. intelligence agency reports.[164] In December 2008,
the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules
and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for
publication in Wikipedia.[165]
The Onion newspaper headline "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American
Independence"Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,[166] sometimes without
attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.[167][168][169]
In July 2007, Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on BBC Radio 4[170] which argued
that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is
such that the term is one of a select band of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar (Google, Facebook,
YouTube) that they no longer need explanation and are on a par with such 20th-century terms as
Hoovering or Coca-Cola. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying
the online encyclopedia project's articles. Notably, comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or
referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related
term "wikiality".[58]
The site has created an impact upon several forms of media. Some media sources satirize
Wikipedia's susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, such as a front-page article in The Onion in July 2006
with the title "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence".[171] Others may draw upon
Wikipedia's statement that anyone can edit, such as "The Negotiation," an episode of The Office, where
character Michael Scott said that "Wikipedia is the best thing ever. Anyone in the world can write
anything they want about any subject, so you know you are getting the best possible information".
Other media sources parody Wikipedia's policies, such as the xkcd strip named "Wikipedian Protester."
An xkcd strip titled "Wikipedian Protester"Dutch filmmaker IJsbrand van Veelen premiered his
45-minute television documentary The Truth According to Wikipedia in April, 2008.[172] Another
documentary film about Wikipedia, titled Truth in Numbers: The Wikipedia Story, is scheduled for a
2009 release. Shot on several continents, the film will cover the history of Wikipedia and feature
interviews with Wikipedia editors around the world.[173][174]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-13-320.jpg)
![On September 28, 2007, Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the
Minister of Cultural Resources and Activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that
the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website" to forbid all images of
modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.[175]
Jimmy Wales receiving the Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment awardOn September 16, 2007,
The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 U.S. election
campaign, saying, "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page,
making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential
entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."[176] An October 2007
Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of
how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.[177]
Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.[178] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital
Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700)
grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second
was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.[179] Wikipedia was also nominated for a
"Best Practices" Webby. On January 26, 2007, Wikipedia was also awarded the fourth highest brand
ranking by the readers of brandchannel.com, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question
"Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"
In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of
Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadid, Eckart Höfling, and Peter Gabriel. The award was
presented to Jimmy Wales by David Weinberger.[181]
In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia, which was set on a website
which was a parody of Wikipedia. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its
articles.[182]
Related projects
Find more about Wikipedia on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed
long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which
included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in
the UK, and covering the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia
encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with
the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user-interface and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-14-320.jpg)
![part of the content of the Domesday Project have now been emulated on a website. One of the most
successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was created
by Douglas Adams and is run by the BBC. The h2g2 encyclopedia was relatively light-hearted, focusing
on articles which were both witty and informative. Both of these projects had similarities with
Wikipedia, but neither gave full editorial freedom to public users. A similar non-wiki project, the
GNUPedia project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its
creator, free software figure Richard Stallman, has lent his support to Wikipedia.
Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects, which are also run by the Wikimedia
Foundation. The first, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", created in October 2002,[185] detailed the
September 11 attacks; this project was closed in October 2006. Wiktionary, a dictionary project, was
launched in December 2002;[186] Wikiquote, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia
launched, and Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free books. Wikimedia has since started
a number of other projects, including Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials
and the provision of online learning activities.[187] None of these sister projects, however, has come to
meet the success of Wikipedia.
Some subsets of Wikipedia's information have been developed, often with additional review for
specific purposes. For example, Wikipedia for Schools, the Wikipedia series of CDs/DVDs, produced by
Wikipedians and SOS Children, is a free, hand-checked, non-commercial selection from Wikipedia
targeted around the UK National Curriculum and intended to be useful for much of the English speaking
world.[188] The project is available online; an equivalent print encyclopedia would require roughly
twenty volumes. There has also been a attempt to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed
book form.[189][190]
Other websites centered on collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration
from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as Susning.nu, Enciclopedia Libre, and WikiZnanie likewise
employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional peer review, such as
Encyclopedia of Life, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Scholarpedia, h2g2, and Everything2.
Citizendium, an online encyclopedia, was started by Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger in an attempt to
create an "expert-friendly" Wikipedia.[191][192][193].
Notes
ab
1. "Statistics". English Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics. Retrieved
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2. Jonathan Sidener. "Everyone's Encyclopedia". The San Diego Union-Tribune.
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abc
3. "Five-year Traffic Statistics for Wikipedia.org". Alexa Internet.
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4. "Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress". Wikipedia.
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03.
5. Some versions, such as the English language version, contain non-free content.
6. In some parts of the world, the access to Wikipedia has (or had) been blocked.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-15-320.jpg)
![7. Mike Miliard (2008-03-01). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive
Contributors to Wikipedia?". Salt Lake City Weekly. http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-
5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-
wikipedia.html. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
8. Bill Tancer (2007-05-01). "Look Who's Using Wikipedia". Time.
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"The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online
reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the U.S., Wikipedia is
#1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category" Cf. Bill Tancer (Global Manager, Hitwise),
"Wikipedia, Search and School Homework", Hitwise: An Experian Company (Blog), March 1,
2007. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
9. Alex Woodson (2007-07-08). "Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news". Reuters.
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ab
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ab
11. Larry Sanger, Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism, Kuro5hin, December 31, 2004.
ab
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ab
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ab
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abc
16. Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, and
John Riedl (GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University
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ab
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o "Wikipedia survives research test". BBC News (BBC). December 15, 2005.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bsyswordteamassignment-091116001753-phpapp02/85/BSYS-Word-2007-Team-Assignment-16-320.jpg)
![18. Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., March 2006
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10-13.
ab
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abc
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- 1. Table of Contents Attribution 2 Our Contribution 2 Wikipeda 2 An Introduction to Wikipedia 3 History 3 Nature of Wikipedia 4 Attacks on the encyclopedia 5 Vandalisation 6 Spam, agenda pushing, and trolls 6 Defences 6 Coverage of topics 7 Quality 8 Reliability 8 Wikipedia community 9 Operation 10 Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters 10 Software and hardware 10 Delivery media 11 License and language editions 11 Cultural significance 13 Related projects 14 Notes 15 Resources 27
- 2. Attribution All the content in this report, except for the Top Web Links section is from Wikipedia, licensed under the Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0 Unported License (see below for an overview of both Wikipedia and the Creative Commons). The following picture shows the full license below (it is also set up as a hyperlink to the original web source for this license). (Wikipedia, 2009) Figure 1 – Wikipedia Creative Commons License Our Contribution We have attempted to add extra value to the content by structuring it in an easy to read, business report format and to add an informative “Top Web Links” section. We have also added an index to help you find what you are looking for. We hope you find it useful and worth the $1 purchase price. We have prepared this report as part of a MS Word 2007 assignment for BSYS 1000 – Computer Applications I that we are taking at the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). All proceeds will go to student clubs within the School of Business at BCIT. Wikipeda Wikipedia is a multilingual, Web-based, free-content encyclopedia project based mostly on anonymous contributions. The name “Wikipedia” is a portmanteau of the words wiki (a type of collaborative Web site) and
- 3. encyclopedia. Wikipedia’s articles provide links to guide the user to related pages with additional information. Wikipedia is written collaboratively by an international (and mostly anonymous) group of volunteers. Anyone with internet access can write and make changes to Wikipedia articles. There are no requirements to provide one’s real name when contributing; rather, each writer’s privacy is protected unless they choose to reveal their identity themselves. Since its creation in 2001, Wikipedia has grown rapidly into one of the largest reference web sites, attracting around 65 million visitors monthly as of 2009. There are more than 75,000 active contributors working on more than 14,000,000 articles in more than 260 languages. As of today, there are 3,062,069 articles in English. Every day, hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world collectively make tens of thousands of edits and create thousands of new articles to augment the knowledge held by the Wikipedia encyclopedia. (See also: Wikipedia:Statistics.) Creative Commons Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses. These licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. An Introduction to Wikipedia Wikipedia is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki (a technology for creating collaborative websites, from the Hawaiian word wiki, meaning "quick") and encyclopedia. Wikipedia's 13 million articles (three million in the English Wikipedia) have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site.[6] Launched in 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger,[7] it is currently the largest and most popular general reference work on the Internet.[3][8][9][10] Critics of Wikipedia accuse it of systemic bias and inconsistencies (including undue weight given to popular culture),[11] and allege that it favors consensus over credentials in its editorial process.[12] Its reliability and accuracy are also claimed to be an issue.[13] Other criticisms center on its susceptibility to vandalism and the addition of spurious or unverified information,[14] though scholarly work suggests that vandalism is generally short-lived,[15][16] and an investigation found that the material they compared came close to the level of accuracy of Encyclopædia Britannica and had a similar rate of "serious errors".[17] These claims have been disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica.[18] Wikipedia's departure from the expert-driven style of the encyclopedia building mode and the large presence of unacademic contents have been noted several times. When Time magazine recognized You as its Person of the Year for 2006, acknowledging the accelerating success of online collaboration and interaction by millions of users around the world, it cited Wikipedia as one of several examples of Web 2.0 services, along with YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook.[19] Some noted the importance of Wikipedia not only as an encyclopedic reference but also as a frequently updated news resource because of how quickly articles about recent events appear.[20][21] History
- 4. Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, Inc, a web portal company. Its main figures were Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of Richard Stallman.[22] Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales founded Wikipedia.[23][24] While Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,[25][26] Sanger is usually credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal.[27] On January 10, 2001, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[28] Wikipedia was formally launched on January 15, 2001, as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,[29] and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.[25] Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"[30] was codified in its initial months, and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.[25] Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles and 18 language editions by the end of 2001. By late 2002, it had reached 26 language editions, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004.[31] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. English Wikipedia passed the 2 million-article mark on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, eclipsing even the Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600 years.[32] Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Wikipedia, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create the Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002.[33] Later that year, Wales announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org.[34] Various other projects have since forked from Wikipedia for editorial reasons. Wikinfo does not require a neutral point of view and allows original research. New Wikipedia-inspired projects — such as Citizendium, Scholarpedia, Conservapedia, and Google's Knol[35] — have been started to address perceived limitations of Wikipedia, such as its policies on peer review, original research, and commercial advertising. Though the English Wikipedia reached 3 million articles in August 2009, the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of articles and of contributors, appeared to have abruptly flattened around Spring 2007.[36] In July 2007, about 2,200 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia; as of August 2009[update], that average is 1,300. A team led by Ed H Chi at the Palo Alto Research Center speculated that this is due to the increasing exclusiveness of the project. New or occasional editors have significantly higher rates of their edits reverted (removed) than an "elite" group of regular editors.[citation needed] This could make it more difficult for the project to recruit and retain new contributors, over the long term resulting in stagnation in article creation. Others prefer to simply point out that the low-hanging fruit, the obvious articles like China, already exist, and believe that the growth is flattening naturally.[37] Nature of Wikipedia
- 5. In April 2009, the Wikimedia Foundation conducted a Wikipedia usability study, questioning users about the editing mechanism.[38]In departure from the style of traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia employs the open editing model called "wiki". Except for a few vandalism-prone pages that can be edited only by established users, or in extreme cases only by administrators, every article may be edited anonymously or with a user account, while only registered users may create a new article (only in English edition). No article is owned by its creator or any other editor, or is vetted by any recognized authority; rather, the articles are collectively owned by a community of editors.[39] Most importantly, when changes to an article are made, they become available immediately before undergoing any review, no matter if they contain an error, are somehow misguided, or even patent nonsense. The German edition of Wikipedia is an exception to this rule: it has been testing a system of maintaining "stable versions" of articles,[40] to allow a reader to see versions of articles that have passed certain reviews. The English edition of Wikipedia plans to trial a related approach.[41][42] Another proposal is the use of software to create "trust ratings" for individual Wikipedia contributors and using those ratings to determine which changes will be made visible immediately.[43] Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.Contributors, registered or not, can take advantage of features available in the software that powers Wikipedia. The "History" page attached to each article records every single past revision of the article, though a revision with libelous content, criminal threats or copyright infringements may be removed afterwards.[44][45] This feature makes it easy to compare old and new versions, undo changes that an editor considers undesirable, or restore lost content. The "Discussion" pages associated with each article are used to coordinate work among multiple editors.[46] Regular contributors often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles. Computer programs called Internet bots have been used widely to remove vandalism as soon as it was made,[16] to correct common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. Articles in Wikipedia are organized roughly in three ways according to: development status, subject matter and the access level required for editing. The most developed state of articles is called "featured article": they are precisely ones that someday get featured in the main page of Wikipedia.[47][48] Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach the FA status via intensive works of few editors, and that the categories such as history, media, music and warfare have higher ratio of featured articles than those such as computing, mathematics, language & linguistics and philosophy & psychology, casting a doubt to the equation "more edits equal higher quality." In 2007, in preparation for producing a print version, the English-language Wikipedia introduced an assessment scale against which the quality of articles is judged;[49] other editions have also adopted this.In 2008, two researchers theorized that the growth of Wikipedia is sustainable.[50] Attacks on the encyclopedia The Wikipedia is constantly edited by a wide variety of people with a wide variety of motives, and inevitably some are trying to subvert the integrity of the encyclopedia. Research suggests that, for the most part, these attacks are dealt with quickly.
- 6. Vandalisation The open nature of the editing model has been central to most criticism of Wikipedia. For example, a reader of an article cannot be certain that it has not been vandalized with the insertion of false information or the removal of essential information. Former Encyclopaedia Britannica editor-in- chief Robert McHenry once described this by saying:[51] The user who visits Wikipedia to learn about some subject, to confirm some matter of fact, is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom. It may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him.and called Wikipedia a "faith- based encyclopedia."[52] John Seigenthaler has described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool."[53]In practice, vandalism is fairly easy to remove from wikis, and the median time to detect and fix vandalisms is typically very low, usually a few minutes,[15][16] but in one particularly well-publicized incident, false information was introduced into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler and remained undetected for four months.[53] John Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University, called Jimmy Wales and asked him, "...Do you ...have any way to know who wrote that?" "No, we don't", said Jimmy.[54]This incident led to policy changes on the site, specifically targeted at tightening up the verifiability of all biographical articles of living people. Spam, agenda pushing, and trolls Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, spamming, and those with an agenda to push.[44][55] The addition of political spin to articles by organizations including members of the U.S. House of Representatives and special interest groups[14] has been noted,[56] and organizations such as Microsoft have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles.[57] These issues have been parodied, notably by Stephen Colbert in The Colbert Report.[58] For example, in August 2007, the website WikiScanner began to trace the sources of changes made to Wikipedia by anonymous editors without Wikipedia accounts. The program revealed that many such edits were made by corporations or government agencies changing the content of articles related to them, their personnel or their work.[59] Defences The Wikipedia has a complex multi-layered defence against these kinds of attacks. These include users checking pages and edits, computer programs ('bots') that are carefully designed to try to detect them and fix them automatically (or semi-automatically), blocks on the creation of links to particular websites, blocks on edits from particular accounts, IP addresses or address ranges. For heavily attacked pages, particular articles can be semi-protected so that only well established accounts can edit them,[60] or for particularly contentious cases, locked so that only administrators are able to make changes.[61]
- 7. Coverage of topics The 20 most viewed Wikipedia articles in 2009[62] Wiki The Beatles Michael Jackson Favicon YouTube Wikipedia Barack Obama Deaths in 2009 United States Facebook Current events portal World War II Twitter Transformers Slumdog Millionaire Lil Wayne Adolf Hitler India Transformers 2 Scrubs (TV series) As an encyclopedia building project, Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge: all of topics covered by a conventional print encyclopedia plus any other "notable" (therefore verifiable by published sources) topics, which are permitted by unlimited disk space.[63] In particular, it contains materials that some people, including Wikipedia editors,[64] may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic.[65] It was made clear that this policy is not up for debate, and the policy has sometimes proved controversial. For instance, in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of Muhammad's depictions in its English edition, citing this policy. The presence of politically sensitive materials in Wikipedia had also led the People's Republic of China to block access to parts of the site.[66] (See also: IWF block of Wikipedia) Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular copyright law) in Florida, where Wikipedia servers are hosted, and several editorial policies and guidelines that are intended to reinforce the notion that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and thus is worthy of inclusion. A topic is deemed encyclopedic if it is "notable"[67] in the Wikipedia jargon; i.e., if it has received significant coverage in secondary reliable sources (i.e., mainstream media or major academic journals) that are independent of the subject of the topic. Second, Wikipedia must expose knowledge that is already established and recognized.[68] In other words, it must not present, for instance, new information or original works. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to reliable sources. Within the Wikipedia community, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers are left themselves to check the truthfulness of what appears in the articles and to make their own interpretations.[69] Finally, Wikipedia does not take a side.[70] All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources, must enjoy appropriate share of coverage within an article.[71] Wikipedia editors as a community write and revise those policies and guidelines[72] and enforce them by deleting, annotating with tags, or modifying
- 8. article materials failing to meet them. (See also deletionism and inclusionism)[73][74] Quality Critics argue that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. Historian Roy Rosenzweig noted: "Overall, writing is the Achilles' heel of Wikipedia. Committees rarely write well, and Wikipedia entries often have a choppy quality that results from the stringing together of sentences or paragraphs written by different people."[75] Reliability As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.[76] Concerns have been raised regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity,[77] the insertion of spurious information[78], vandalism, and similar problems. Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting systemic bias and inconsistency;[13] but critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable.[79] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is generally reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not always clear.[12] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[80] Many university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources;[81] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.[82] Co-founder Jimmy Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.[83] However, an investigation reported in the journal Nature in 2005 suggested that for scientific articles Wikipedia came close to the level of accuracy of Encyclopædia Britannica and had a similar rate of "serious errors."[17] These claims have been disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica.[84] Andrew Lih, author of the 2009 book The Wikipedia Revolution, notes: "A wiki has all its activities happening in the open for inspection... Trust is built by observing the actions of others in the community and discovering people with like or complementary interests.”*85+ Economist Tyler Cowen writes, "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true, after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that many traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases. Novel results are over-reported in journal articles, and relevant information is omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites, and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.[86] In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that some of the professors at Harvard University include Wikipedia in their syllabus, but that there is a split in their perception of using Wikipedia.[87] In June 2007, former president of the American Library Association
- 9. Michael Gorman condemned Wikipedia, along with Google,[88] stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything". He also said that "a generation of intellectual sluggards incapable of moving beyond the Internet" was being produced at universities. He complains that the web-based sources are discouraging students from learning from the more rare texts which are either found only on paper or are on subscription-only web sites. In the same article Jenny Fry (a research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute) commented on academics who cite Wikipedia, saying that: "You cannot say children are intellectually lazy because they are using the Internet when academics are using search engines in their research. The difference is that they have more experience of being critical about what is retrieved and whether it is authoritative. Children need to be told how to use the Internet in a critical and appropriate way."[88] Wikipedia community The Wikipedia community has established "a bureaucracy of sorts", including "a clear power structure that gives volunteer administrators the authority to exercise editorial control."[89][90][91] Wikipedia's community has also been described as "cult-like",[92] although not always with entirely negative connotations,[93] and criticized for failing to accommodate inexperienced users.[94] Editors in good standing in the community can run for one of many levels of volunteer stewardship; this begins with "administrator",[95][96] a group of privileged users who have the ability to delete pages, lock articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes, and block users from editing. Despite the name, administrators do not enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead they are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to ban users making disruptive edits (such as vandalism).[97][98] Wikimania, an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.As Wikipedia grows with an unconventional model of encyclopedia building, "Who writes Wikipedia?" has become one of the questions frequently asked on the project, often with a reference to other Web 2.0 projects such as Digg.[99] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". Wales performed a study finding that over 50% of all the edits are done by just .7% of the users (at the time: 524 people). This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.[100] A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site."[101] Although some contributors are authorities in their field, Wikipedia requires that even their contributions be supported by published and verifiable sources. The project's preference for consensus over credentials has been labeled "anti-elitism".[11] In a 2003 study of Wikipedia as a community, economics Ph.D. student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.[102] In his 2008 book, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, Jonathan Zittrain of the Oxford Internet Institute and Harvard Law School’s Berkman Center for Internet & Society cites Wikipedia's success as a case
- 10. study in how open collaboration has fostered innovation on the web.[103] A 2008 study found that Wikipedia users were less agreeable and open, though more conscientious, than non-Wikipedia users.[104][105] A 2009 study suggested there was "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content."[106] The Wikipedia Signpost is the community newspaper on the English Wikipedia,[107] and was founded by Michael Snow, an administrator and the current chair of the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees.[108] It covers news and events from the site, as well as major events from sister projects, such as Wikimedia Commons.[109] Notable users of Wikipedia include film critic Roger Ebert[110][111] and University of Maryland physicist Robert L. Park.[112] Operation Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters Wikimedia Foundation logoWikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wikibooks. The Wikimedia chapters, local associations of Wikipedia users, also participate in the promotion, the development, and the funding of the project. Software and hardware The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database.[113] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker. Several MediaWiki extensions are installed[114] to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005 a Lucene extension[115][116] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Currently Lucene Search 2.1,[117] which is written in Java and based on Lucene library 2.3,[118] is used. Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers (mainly Ubuntu),[119][120] with a few OpenSolaris machines for ZFS. As of February 2008, there were 300 in Florida, 26 in Amsterdam, and 23 in Yahoo!'s Korean hosting facility in Seoul.[121] Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers.
- 11. Wikipedia receives between 25,000 and 60,000 page requests per second, depending on time of day.[122] Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squid caching servers.[123] Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Two larger clusters in the Netherlands and Korea now handle much of Wikipedia's traffic load. Delivery media Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed internet connection. However, Wikipedia content is now also accessible through offline media, and through the mobile web. On mobile devices access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), through the Wapedia service. In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009 a newer mobile service was officially released,[124] located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone, Android-based devices, or the Palm Pre. Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged (See Wikipedia:Mobile access). Several devices and applications optimise or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata (See Wikipedia:Metadata), such as geoinformation.[125] Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical disks. An English version, 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection, contained about 2,000 articles.[126][127] The Polish version contains nearly 240,000 articles.[128] There are also German versions.[129] License and language editions Article number of different languages families (06/09/09)All text in Wikipedia was covered by GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work,[130] up until June 2009, when the site switched to Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-by-SA) 3.0.[131] Wikipedia had been working on the switch to Creative Commons licenses because the GFDL, initially designed for software manuals, is not suitable for online reference works and because the two licenses were incompatible.[132] In response to the Wikimedia Foundation's request, in November 2008, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of GFDL designed specifically to allow
- 12. Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC-BY-SA by August 1, 2009. Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum to decide whether or not to make the license switch.[133] The referendum took place from April 9 to 30.[134] The results were 75.8% "Yes", 10.5% "No", and 13.7% "No opinion".[135] In consequence of the referendum, the Wikimedia Board of Trustees voted to change to the Creative Commons license, effective June 15, 2009.[135] The position that Wikipedia is merely a hosting service has been successfully used as a defense in court.[136][137] Percentage of all Wikipedia articles in English (red) and top ten largest language editions (blue). As of July 2007, less than 23% of Wikipedia articles are in English. The handling of media files (e.g., image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to. This is in part because of the difference in copyright laws between countries; for example, the notion of fair use does not exist in Japanese copyright law. Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g., Creative Commons' cc-by-sa) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. There are currently 262 language editions of Wikipedia; of these, 24 have over 100,000 articles and 81 have over 1,000 articles.[1] According to Alexa, the English subdomain (en.wikipedia.org; English Wikipedia) receives approximately 54% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages (Japanese: 10%, German: 8%, Spanish: 5%, Russian: 4%, French: 4%, Italian: 3%).[3] As of July 2008, the five largest language editions are (in order of article count) English, German, French, Polish, and Japanese Wikipedias.[138] Since Wikipedia is web-based and therefore worldwide, contributors of a same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences, (e.g. color vs. colour)[139] or points of view.[140] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view," they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.[141][142][143] Contributors for English Wikipedia by country as of September 2006.[144]Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".[145] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects (Wikipedia and others).[146] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia,[147] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.[148] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, foodstuffs, and mathematics. As for the rest, it is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might only be available in English. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because automated translation of articles is disallowed.[149] Articles available in more than one language may offer "InterWiki" links, which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.
- 13. Cultural significance In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles,[150] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.[151] According to Alexa and comScore, Wikipedia is among the ten most visited websites worldwide.[10][152] Of the top ten, Wikipedia is the only non-profit website. The growth of Wikipedia has been fueled by its dominant position in Google search results;[153] about 50% of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,[154] a good portion of which is related to academic research.[155] In April 2007 the Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.[156] In October 2006, the site was estimated to have a hypothetical market value of $580 million if it ran advertisements.[157] Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.[158][159][160] The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act.[161] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization[162] – though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.[163] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some U.S. intelligence agency reports.[164] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia.[165] The Onion newspaper headline "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence"Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,[166] sometimes without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.[167][168][169] In July 2007, Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on BBC Radio 4[170] which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the term is one of a select band of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar (Google, Facebook, YouTube) that they no longer need explanation and are on a par with such 20th-century terms as Hoovering or Coca-Cola. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Notably, comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term "wikiality".[58] The site has created an impact upon several forms of media. Some media sources satirize Wikipedia's susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, such as a front-page article in The Onion in July 2006 with the title "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence".[171] Others may draw upon Wikipedia's statement that anyone can edit, such as "The Negotiation," an episode of The Office, where character Michael Scott said that "Wikipedia is the best thing ever. Anyone in the world can write anything they want about any subject, so you know you are getting the best possible information". Other media sources parody Wikipedia's policies, such as the xkcd strip named "Wikipedian Protester." An xkcd strip titled "Wikipedian Protester"Dutch filmmaker IJsbrand van Veelen premiered his 45-minute television documentary The Truth According to Wikipedia in April, 2008.[172] Another documentary film about Wikipedia, titled Truth in Numbers: The Wikipedia Story, is scheduled for a 2009 release. Shot on several continents, the film will cover the history of Wikipedia and feature interviews with Wikipedia editors around the world.[173][174]
- 14. On September 28, 2007, Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the Minister of Cultural Resources and Activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website" to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.[175] Jimmy Wales receiving the Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment awardOn September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 U.S. election campaign, saying, "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."[176] An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.[177] Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.[178] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.[179] Wikipedia was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. On January 26, 2007, Wikipedia was also awarded the fourth highest brand ranking by the readers of brandchannel.com, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?" In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadid, Eckart Höfling, and Peter Gabriel. The award was presented to Jimmy Wales by David Weinberger.[181] In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia, which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles.[182] Related projects Find more about Wikipedia on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Images and media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Learning resources from Wikiversity A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in the UK, and covering the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user-interface and
- 15. part of the content of the Domesday Project have now been emulated on a website. One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was created by Douglas Adams and is run by the BBC. The h2g2 encyclopedia was relatively light-hearted, focusing on articles which were both witty and informative. Both of these projects had similarities with Wikipedia, but neither gave full editorial freedom to public users. A similar non-wiki project, the GNUPedia project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, free software figure Richard Stallman, has lent his support to Wikipedia. Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects, which are also run by the Wikimedia Foundation. The first, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", created in October 2002,[185] detailed the September 11 attacks; this project was closed in October 2006. Wiktionary, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002;[186] Wikiquote, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free books. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, including Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.[187] None of these sister projects, however, has come to meet the success of Wikipedia. Some subsets of Wikipedia's information have been developed, often with additional review for specific purposes. For example, Wikipedia for Schools, the Wikipedia series of CDs/DVDs, produced by Wikipedians and SOS Children, is a free, hand-checked, non-commercial selection from Wikipedia targeted around the UK National Curriculum and intended to be useful for much of the English speaking world.[188] The project is available online; an equivalent print encyclopedia would require roughly twenty volumes. There has also been a attempt to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form.[189][190] Other websites centered on collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as Susning.nu, Enciclopedia Libre, and WikiZnanie likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional peer review, such as Encyclopedia of Life, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Scholarpedia, h2g2, and Everything2. Citizendium, an online encyclopedia, was started by Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger in an attempt to create an "expert-friendly" Wikipedia.[191][192][193]. Notes ab 1. "Statistics". English Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics. Retrieved 2008-06-21. 2. Jonathan Sidener. "Everyone's Encyclopedia". The San Diego Union-Tribune. http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html. Retrieved 2006-10-15. abc 3. "Five-year Traffic Statistics for Wikipedia.org". Alexa Internet. http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/wikipedia.org?range=5y&size=large&y=t. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 4. "Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress". Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_a_work_in_progress. Retrieved 2008-07- 03. 5. Some versions, such as the English language version, contain non-free content. 6. In some parts of the world, the access to Wikipedia has (or had) been blocked.
- 16. 7. Mike Miliard (2008-03-01). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?". Salt Lake City Weekly. http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article- 5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to- wikipedia.html. Retrieved 2008-12-18. 8. Bill Tancer (2007-05-01). "Look Who's Using Wikipedia". Time. http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1595184,00.html. Retrieved 2007-12-01. "The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the U.S., Wikipedia is #1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category" Cf. Bill Tancer (Global Manager, Hitwise), "Wikipedia, Search and School Homework", Hitwise: An Experian Company (Blog), March 1, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2008. 9. Alex Woodson (2007-07-08). "Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSN0819429120070708. Retrieved 2007-12- 16. "Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings." ab 10. "Top 500". Alexa. http://www.alexa.com/site/ds/top_sites?ts_mode=global&lang=none. Retrieved 2009-10-13. ab 11. Larry Sanger, Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism, Kuro5hin, December 31, 2004. ab 12. Danah Boyd (2005-01-04). "Academia and Wikipedia". Many 2 Many: A Group Weblog on Social Software. Corante. http://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php. Retrieved 2008- 12-18. "[The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] ... a doctoral student in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley [,] and a fellow at the Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society [at Harvard Law School.]" ab 13. Simon Waldman (2004-10-26). "Who knows?". Guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2004/oct/26/g2.onlinesupplement. Retrieved 2007-02- 11. ab 14. Ahrens, Frank (2006-07-09). "Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html. Retrieved 2006-11-01. ab 15. Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave (2004). "Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations" (PDF). Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (Vienna, Austria: ACM SIGCHI): 575– 582. doi:10.1145/985921.985953. ISBN 1-58113-702-8. http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-24. abc 16. Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, and John Riedl (GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota) (2007-11-04). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF). Association for Computing Machinery GROUP '07 conference proceedings (Sanibel Island, Florida). http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-13. ab 17. Jim Giles (December 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head". Nature 438: 900– 901. doi:10.1038/438900a. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html. The study (that was not in itself peer reviewed) was cited in several news articles, e.g., o "Wikipedia survives research test". BBC News (BBC). December 15, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm.
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- 26. 27.
- 27. Resources Top Web Source Source URL Academic studies about Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia# Wikipedia Democratization of Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization_of_knowledge knowledge Wikipedia Review Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Review USA Congressional staff Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikiped edits to Wikipedia ia# Wikipedia Watch Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Watch
- 28. Index A F S A Mission of Enlightenment award · Facebook · 8 Scrubs (TV series) · 8 15 Slumdog Millionaire · 8 Adolf Hitler · 8 software · 12 advertising · 5 G general reference website · 13 T B The Beatles · 8 Barack Obama · 8 I The Harvard Crimson · 9 Transformers · 8 India · 8 Transformers 2 · 8 C Twitter · 8 Content · 8 J Contributors · 13 U Creative Commons · 4 John Seigenthaler · 7 Current events portal · 8 United States · 8 L D W Lil Wayne · 8 Deaths in 2009 · 8 Wikimedia Foundation · 5 Wikipedia · 8 M World War II · 8 E Michael Jackson · 8 mobile devices · 12 Y encyclopedia · 3 YouTube · 8