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Byzantine art
- 1. Byzantine Art The name – Byzantine art is the artistic products of the Eastern Roman as well as the nations and states. The art of Byzantine is developed out of the art of Roman Empire. Byzantine art never lost sight of this classical heritage. Byzantine art is divided into four period – the Early period, the middle (high period), the Period of Latin Occupation and the Late period. During Early Byzantine art, there were two important fundamental in the development of a unique. First is the Edict of Milan and the second is the dedication of Constantinople. Constantine put a great effort on the decoration of Constantinople by adorning its public spaces with ancient statuary and building a forum( a porphyry column that carried a statue of himself ). Most of the Constantinopolitan church is built by Constantine and his son. Only few Constantinopolitan monuments survive due to the rebuilding and destruction. The development of monumental can still be traced through surviving structure. Early byzantine art was marked by the cultivation of ivory carving. Another important form of luxury art is silver plates. In the Age of Justinian I, Byzantine art changed. Massive building program was a significant component of Justinian’s project of imperial renovation. Justinian renovated, rebuilt or founded anew countless churches within Constantinople and also built a number of churches and fortications. The eastern provinces of the Eastern Roman and later the Byzantine Empires inherited a strong artistic tradition from the Late Antiquity. The Christian mosaic art start from the 4th century. The first fully preserved illuminated biblical manuscripts date to the first half of the sixth century. During seventh-century crisis, the most significant surviving monumental projects were undertaken outside of the imperial capital. The Hagios Demetrios church rebuilt after a fire and Koimesis church is destroyed. The church of Rome include important surviving decorative program. Byzantine mosaicists also contributed to the decoration of the early Umayyad monuments. The most notable surviving are Syriac gospel books. The veneration of acheiropoieta is not made by human hands become significant phenomenon( credited with saving cities from military assault. Certain saints images had come to be viewed as “windows” through which one could communicate with the figure depicted. The beginning of a theology of icon is shown with these developments. Empire’s military situation improved, patronage of art and architecture also increased in the 9th and 10th centuries. New churches were commissioned, architectural form and decorative scheme of the Middle Byzantine church were standardized. The late antique technique of ivory carving is shown during Macedonian period. In Palaeologan age, Byzantine artists developed a new interest in landscapes and pastoral scenes, and the traditional mosaic-work. The icons became a favoured medium for artistic expression.