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Carbon compounds (ppt)
The document provides an overview of organic chemistry, focusing on carbon compounds and their structures, including hydrocarbons and functional groups. It discusses the diversity of organic molecules formed by carbon chains and the properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Additionally, it outlines the significance of polymers and various classes of compounds relevant to biological systems.
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Carbon compounds (ppt)
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- 2. Although cellsare 70-95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to atoms of other elements. These other elements commonly include hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P). Introduction
- 3. The studyof carbon compounds, organic chemistry, focuses on any compound with carbon (organic compounds). Organic compounds can range from the simple (CH4) to complex molecules, like proteins, that may weigh over 100,000 daltons. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
- 4. Because of carbon’s versatility,these few elements can be combined to build an inexhaustible variety of organic molecules.
- 5. With atotal of 6 electrons, a carbon atom has 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second shell. Carbon has little tendency to form ionic bonds by losing or gaining 4 electrons. Instead, carbon usually completes its valence shell by sharing electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds. Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules
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- 7. Carbon chainsform the skeletons of most organic molecules. The skeletons may vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings. The carbon skeletons may also include single, double and triple bonds.. Variation in carbon skeletons contributes to the diversity of organic molecules
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- 9. Fats arebiological molecules that have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a non-hydrocarbon component. Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- 10. Isomers are compoundsthat have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different chemical properties. For example, butane and isobutane have the same molecular formula C4 H10 , but butane has a straight skeleton and isobutane has a branched skeleton.
- 11. The componentsof organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions are known as functional groups. The number and arrangement of functional groups help give each molecule its unique properties. Functional groups contribute to the molecular diversity of life
- 12. Saturated Hydrocarbons AHydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon. In a saturated hydrocarbon, all the bonds are single bonds. Alkane is another name for a saturated hydrocarbon.
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- 14. Characteristics of Hydrocarbons Factorsthat determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are: The number of carbon atoms How the atoms are arranged: Straight chain Branched chain Ring
- 15. Straight Chains Ahydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in methane or thousands of carbon atoms, as in cellulose. One carbon Methane Two carbon ethane Three carbon propane Four carbon butane Five carbons pentane Six carbon hexane
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- 17. Branched Chains Thestructural formula for certain alkanes can differ. Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are isomers.
- 18. The Ring Carbonscan be arranged in a ring, such as cyclobutane.
- 19. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons A hydrocarbonthat contains one or more double or triple bonds is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. There are three types of unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
- 20. Alkenes Many fruit bearingplants produce ethene, which controls the rate at which fruits ripening.
- 21. Alkynes Alkynes arethe most reactive hydrocarbon compounds. They produce extremely high temperatures while burning.
- 22. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Thesealternating single and double bond hydrocarbons form a ring. Many of these compounds have strong aromas or odors.
- 23. Fossil Fuels Threetypes of fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels are carbon dioxide and water.
- 24. Substituted Hydrocarbons The functionalgroup in an alcohol is a hydroxyl group, -OH. The functional group in an organic acid is a carboxyl group,- COOH. The functional group in an amine is an amino group, -NH2
- 25. Alcohols When a halocarbon reactswith a hydroxyl group.
- 26. Polymers Polymers canbe classified as natural polymers or synthetic polymers. Rubber, nylon, and polyethylene are three examples of compounds than can be synthesized.
- 27. Types Four typesof polymers produced in plant and animal cells are: Starches Cellulose Nucleic acids Proteins
- 28. Name :-Nabaneet Mondal Class :- X “B” Roll no. :- 20 Subject :- Science (Chemistry) Thank You for watching…..