Chap 4 part 2
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The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a procedural plan that helps researchers answer questions objectively and economically. A good research design specifies objectives and hypotheses, relevant data sources, and methods for collecting and analyzing data. It minimizes bias while maximizing reliability. The document outlines key aspects of research design including topic selection, reviewing past designs, sampling techniques, data collection methods, analysis tools, and reporting. It also discusses different types of study designs such as cross-sectional, before-after, and longitudinal studies.
Chap 4 part 2
- 2. MEANING Research design is a procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher to answer questions validly, objectively, accurately & economically. DEFINTION A research design is the program that guides the investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observations”
- 3. FACTORS OF RESEARCH DESGIN/ ESSENTIAL OF A GOOD RESEARCH It is plan that specifies the objectives of the study & the hypothesis to be tested It is an outline that specifies the sources & types of information relevant to the research questions It is a blue print specifying the methods to be adopted for gathering & analyzing the data
- 4. The design which minimizes bias & maximizes the reliability of the data collected & analyzed is considered a good design A design should be such that which yields maximum information and provides an opportunity for considering many different aspects of a problem A good design is one which is flexible, appropriate, efficient, & economical and so on
- 5. STEPS IN RESEARCH DESIGN 1. The topic of the study must be chosen appropriately 2. Verify other research designs prepared by different scholars 3. The judgment & rationality in deciding the topic must have the priority as the cost & time are very important aspects 4. A design is subject to alteration 5. As the sample is an important aspect of empirical research, once a method is decided, the researcher should stick on to it throughout the research
- 6. ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH DESGIN 1.Enables the researcher to Save time, energy, and money 2.Helps to prepare & execute various activity systematically 3.Helps for better documentation of the research activities 4.Ensures proper time schedule for the project 5.Provides confidence for the researcher to complete the work 6.Presents a series of guide post to progress in the right direction 7.Tell us what has to be done & how and when it is to be done
- 7. Preparation of research design What the study is about Why is the study made What is the scope Objectives of the study? Propositions to be tested? Operational definitions Place of the study Reference period Kinds and sources of data Universe /population Sample size
- 8. Sampling technique Method adopted for collecting data Tools for collecting data Tools for analysing Significance of the study Type of report Time period Cost ?
- 9. ESSENCE OF RESEARCH DESIGN 1)Selection of research approach: Type of study to be conducted Modeling research should be used to find the best result & constraints if any Algorithm research should be used to find the optimal or near optimal solution
- 10. 2) Design of sampling plan: Right sample has to be selected from the population Selection of sampling plan in turn affects the cost & time to conduct the study & reliability of inferences of the study Utmost care to be taken while selecting the sampling plan Method: probability or non probability sampling
- 11. 3) Designing the experiment: (a) Identify the response variable of the study. (b)Identify the factors affecting the response variable. (c)Write the model of the experiment
- 12. 4) Designing questionnaire Identification of research issues and finalization of the set of hypotheses. formulation of a set of questions and then deciding about the content and format of each question. Deciding question wording depending upon the types of the questions. Arrangement of questions in the questionnaire in appropriate sequence and also deciding the format of the questionnaire. Pre-testing questionnaire Review of questionnaire for improvement
- 13. Study designs based on the number of contacts Cross-sectional studies Before – and-after studies Longitudinal studies
- 14. THE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY DESIGN one-shot or status studies most used design in social sciences best suited to studies aimed at finding out the prevalence (widespread) of a phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude or issue, by taking cross-sections of the population useful in obtaining an overall” picture” as it stands at the time of study. extremely simple in design.
- 15. Appropriate for a study of the following topics: Extent of unemployment in a city Consumer satisfaction with a product. The attitudes of students towards the facilities in their library.
- 16. THE BEFORE-AND-AFTER STUDY DESIGN pre testpost-test design can measure change in a situation, phenomenon, issue, problem or attitude. appropriate for measuring the impact or effectiveness of a program. may be either an experiment or non-experiment. most commonly used designs in evaluation studies
- 17. Examples of topics that can be studied using this design. The effect of an advertisement on the sale of the product. The impact of incentives on the productivity of employees in an organisation
- 18. THE LONGITUDINAL STUDY DESIGN How does longitudinal study design differ? It measures or determine the change in pattern in relation to time It shows trend OR pattern of change Example: you may want to ascertain the trends in demand for a product Trend in the effectiveness of an employment programme