Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN by DEEPA (1).pptx

SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN
by
Siti Dianah binti Abdul
Bujang Sharifah Nur
binti Syed Ismail
Department of Information and
Communication Technology 2017

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN
What is Information?
Information is data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users.
What is Information System?
Information system deals with data of the organizations.
The purposes of Information system are to process input, maintain data, produce
reports, handle queries, handle on line transactions, generate reports, and other
output.
What is Information System Components?
An information system has five key components:
1. hardware
2. software
3. data
4. processes
5. people
Reference : Shelly Rosenblatt, “Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edition”, page 7-8

1. Hardware consists of everything in the physical layer of the information system. For
example, hardware can include servers, workstations, networks, telecommunications
equipment, fiber-optic cables, mobile devices, scanners, digital capture devices, and
other technology-based infrastructure.
2. Software refers to the programs that control the hardware and produce the desired
information or results.
a. System software manages the hardware components, which can include a single
workstation or a global network with many thousands of clients.
b. Application software consists of programs that support day-to-day business
functions and provide users with the information they require.
3. Data is the raw material that an information system transforms into useful information.
4. Processes describe the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff
members perform to achieve specific results.
5. People who have an interest in an information system are called stakeholders.

What is types of Information?
Information systems different in their business needs. It also depending upon
different levels in organization information systems differ.
Three major information systems are:
Transaction
processing
Management
information
system
Decision
support system

EXERCISE
1. Define Information
- Data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users
2. List the components of information system
- Hardware
- Software
- Data
- Processes
- People
3. Which of the following is not one of the three major classes of information systems?
A. Decision support system
B. Collaboration system
C. Management information system
D. Transaction processing system
Answer : B

EXERCISE
4. Decision support system deals with information that is required at the operational
level of an organization.
A. True
B. False
Answer : B
5. Which of the following is not one of the functions of an information system?
A. Maintaining files
B. Producing information
C. Make decisions
D. Generate report
Answer : C
6. In _________ management, information system are used to see employees’ records.
A. marketing
B. transportation
C. manufacturing
D. human resource
Answer : D

System Development Method:
Structured Analysis Object Oriented Analysis Agile / Adaptive Method
1. Structured analysis is a traditional
systemsdevelopmenttechnique that is
time-testedand easy to understand.
2. Structured analysis uses a series of
phases, called the systems development
life cycle (SDLC) to plan, analyze, design,
implement, and support an information
system.
1. Object oriented analysis combines data and
the processes that act on the data into
things called objects.
2. Use Object Oriented to model real-world
business processes and operations
1. Newest developmenttechniques
change over time.
2. Attempt to develop a system
incrementally, by building a series of
prototypes and constantly adjusting
them to user requirements.
3. Agile methods typically use a spiral
model, which represents a series of
iterations, or revisions, based on user
feedback.

System Development Method:
Reference : Shelly Rosenblatt, “Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edition”, page 21

Structured Analysis
 Represents the system in terms of data and the processes that act upon that data.
 System development is organized into phases, with deliverables and milestones to
measure progress.
 It is called process centered technique because it focuses on processes that transform
data into useful information
 Modelling tool – Data Flow Diagram (DFD). Uses various symbols and shapes to
represent data flow, processing and storage
 Advantages - Traditional method, relies on written documentation, frequent phase
iteration can provide flexibility comparable with other methods, well-suited to project
management tools and techniques.
 Disadvantages - Changes can be costly, requirements are defined early and can change
during development, users might not be able to describe their needs until they can see
examples of features and functions.
 The SDLC waterfall model typically consists of five phases:
a) Planning
b) Analysis
c) Design
d) Implementation
e) Support and Security

Structured Analysis

Object Oriented Analysis
 Views the system in terms of objects that combine data and processes.
 The objects represent actual people, things, transactions, and events.
 O-O phases tend to be more interactive.
 Modelling tool - Various object-oriented diagrams depict system actors, methods and
messages.
 Advantages - Integrates easily with object-oriented programming languages, code is
modular and reusable, which can reduce cost and development time, easy to maintain
and expand as new objects can be cloned using inherited properties.
 Disadvantages - Newer method might be less familiar to development team members,
interaction of objects and classes can be complex in larger systems.

Object Oriented Analysis
Web-Based Catalogue

Agile/Adaptive Methods
 Breaks development process down into cycles, or iterations that add functionality.
 Each iteration is designed, built, and tested in an ongoing process.
 Attempts to reduce major risks by incremental steps in short time intervals.
 Modelling tool - Tools that enhance communication, such as collaborative software,
brainstorming, and whiteboards, business process modeling.
 Advantages - Very flexible and efficient in dealing with change, stresses team
interaction and reflects a set of community-based values, frequent deliverables
constantly validate the project and reduce risk.
 Disadvantages - Team members need a high level of technical and communications
skills, lack of structure and documentation can introduce risk factors, overall project
might be subject to scope change as user requirements change.

EXERCISE
1. List the types of system development method
- Structured Analysis
- Object-Oriented Analysis
- Agile/Adaptive Methods
2. Structured Analysis is based on the principle of Bottom-Up Approach.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B
3. Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding the waterfall method?
A. Fairly rigid approach
B. Can easily go back to previous phases
C. Good for traditional type of projects
D. Not as good for many of the new types of interactive and highly complex
applications
Answer : B

EXERCISE
4. Which of the following is the main goal of the object-oriented approach?
A. Maintaining systems
B. Minimizing the impact of change
C. Reusability
D. Functional control
Answer: C
5. Agile methods seem to work best when team members have a relatively high skill
level.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
6. What is the disadvantages of Agile Methodology?
A. Speedy and continuous delivery of the software
B. Documentation and designing take a back seat
C. Facilitates close interaction between business people and developers
D. All of the above
Answer : B

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Planning Analysis Design Development Testing Implementation Maintenance

1. Planning
- Identify problem
- Gather requirement
2. Analyze
Analysis detail requirement

3. Design
framework
System
server
design
Database
relationship
- Business rule – clear
session on logout
- User interface Layout
- Color scheme
- Programming
Language Supported browser

Designer continue planning
user interface
Tester start building test case for test plan
4. Development
Operation team
Developer
start writing
code

5. Testing
Why testing important
???
- Testing using test
cases from the test
plan.
- Validate all the
requirement has
been met.
- Make sure all the
functionality are
working as expected.
- Find as many
possible bug
(people cannot logout,
user can’t register and
etc

6. Implementation
Real user use the application
7.
Maintenance
- Maintain the server and system
- Make larger server and database
- Customer email problem
- Fix the problem

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) of Clinic Management System
Project Initiation
Head of Outpatient Clinic
(Client)
 Has a business idea to
enhance the current
system
 Send a formal request
to IT dept which is
called system request
Head of IT Department
(Project Manager)
 Arrange a
meeting/discussion
* System request can either be a system change or an improvement to the current system

Project Initiation
 Both client and project manager discuss about:
- problem in the current system
- what are the solutions
- time factor
- how will it increase the efficiency
 Both agrees to the terms and agreement
 Client then sign the agreement
 Project manager accept the project

Planning
 Understanding why the system should be developed
(identify the problem) and how it is suppose to be
developed
 Deliverables
- Feasibility Analysis/Study
* technical feasibility (Can the system be developed?)
* economic feasibility (Will it provide business value?)
* organizational feasibility (If system is developed, is it
usable?)
- Project plan, Gantt Chart, Cost and Benefit Report
 Project manager and client bring the system request and
feasibility analysis to the steering committee for approval
 Once approved, the project enters into project
management

Planning
 Staff project (Designer, Programmer, DBA, Software tester, Network Manager)
- Create work breakdown structure
 Identify scope
 Identify and manage risk
 Gather requirements (interviews, questionnaire, observation)
- User Registration
- Login
- Homepage
- Logout
 Begin documentation

Analysis
Project team
 Discuss the requirements gathered in detail
(Functional and non-functional requirement)
 Develop Requirements Definition

Analysis
1. USER REGISTRATION
a) Username input field
b) Full name field
c) New IC field
d) Status selection
e) Module access right selection
f) Submit button
g) Save user in database
2. LOGIN
a) Username input field
b) Password field
c) Submit button
d) Read user from database
e) Log user into the system
4. LOGOUT
a) Logout button
b) Clear session
3. HOMEPAGE
a) New user should redirect here
b) Existing users redirect here after login

Analysis
Project team
 Develop use cases
 Develop data flow diagrams
 Develop Entity Relationship Model (ER-D)
 Deliverable
- Software Requirement Specification (SRS)

Design
 Architecture design
- describes the hardware/ software/ network/
- Eg. Client side, server side, web-based
 User interface design (GUI)
- layout, color scheme (purple, grey)
 Program design (programming language)
- ASP

Design
 Framework
- Javascript, MySQL, MariaDB

Design
 System server design
- client-server architecture
- network
- IP address
- server
 System database design
- database name
- table names
- fields

Design
 Browser compatibility
- design so that it support various browsers
 Mobile support
- design so that it support various mobile
framework
 Deliverables
- Software Design Definition (SDD)
- Database Definition Documentation (DDD)

Development
 Operation Team will setup physical
hardware (server, database)
 Programmers will write the code

Development
 Designers continue to plan user interfaces
 Testers will start to develop test cases for
the test plan
 Start to imagine usability of the system and
see whether the user interfaces flow
together
 Testers might discover flaws in the early
stage of the system

Testing
 Example, when testing logout function in the
system, tester found out that the browser did not
clear the session.
 An authorized user can use the computer to login,
get the access to all data, manipulate the system,
release bugs
 Testers will test based on the test cases built (Unit
testing/System testing)
 Validate all the requirements that has been created
so that all functionality work as expected
 Find as many bugs as possible
 Deliverable
- Test Cases/Test Plan/Test Result

Implementation
 The project team will get ready with the production
server (install new hardware, server, scalable for
production)
 Setting up URL links, database
 Some organization may start with a pilot
project/launch
 Once everything is ready, the system will Go-Live to
the real users
 Deliverable
- Complete Functioning System

Maintenance
 Once the system is successfully running, many
users start to use the system on a daily basis, the
server and environment need to be monitored.
 DBA has to monitor on the load, performance,
storage so that it does not bring the system down
at any point
 Larger servers, databases might be needed

Maintenance
 Bugs/errors might be found by users during
production
 Users will write an email/call the IT dept to report
the issue
 Programmers will then fix the bugs and deploy again
 Deliverable
- Operational Information System

Life Cycle Models
• Waterfall model
• Spiral Model
• Iterative and incremental development
• Agile Model
• Prototyping model
• Rapid Application Development (RAD)
• Joint Application Development (JAD)

WaterfallModel
a. This model is simple and easy to understand and use.
b. It is easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model – each phase has specific
deliverables and a review process.
c. In this model phases are processed and completed one at a time. Phases do not
overlap.
d. Waterfall model works well for smaller projects where requirements are very
well understood.
a. It is very difficult to go back and change something that was not well-thought out
in the concept stage.
b. No working software is produced until late during the life cycle.
c. High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
d. Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects.
e. Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
Reference : http://istqbexamcertification.com/

Spiral Model
a. High amount of risk analysis hence, avoidance of Risk is enhanced.
b. Good for large and mission-critical projects.
c. Strong approval and documentation control.
d. Additional Functionality can be added at a later date
a. Can be a costly model to use.
b. Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.
c. Project’s success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase.
d. Doesn’t work well for smaller projects.

Iterative and Incremental Development Model
a. Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle.
b. This model is more flexible – less costly to change scope and requirements.
c. It is easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration.
d. In this model customer can respond to each built.
e. Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and handled during
it’d iteration.
a. Needs good planning and design.
b. Needs a clear and complete definition of the whole system before it can be
broken down and built incrementally.
c. Total cost is higher than waterfall.

Agile Development Model
a. People and interactions are emphasized rather than process and tools.
b. Customers, developers and testers constantly interact with each other.
c. Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication.
d. Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers.
e. Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design.
a. In case of some software deliverables, especially the large ones, it is difficult to
assess the effort required at the beginning of the software development life
cycle.
b. There is lack of emphasis on necessary designing and documentation.
c. The project can easily get taken off track if the customer representative is not
clear what final outcome that they want.

Prototyping Development Model
a. Users are actively involved in the development
b. Users get a better understanding of the system being developed.
c. Errors can be detected much earlier.
d. Quicker user feedback is available leading to better solutions.
e. Missing functionality can be identified easily
f. Confusing or difficult functions can be identified
a. Leads to implementing and then repairing way of building systems.
b. Increase the complexity of the system as scope of the system may expand
beyond original plans.
c. Incomplete or inadequate problem analysis.

Rapid Application Development Model (RAD)
a. Reduced development time.
b. Increases reusability of components
c. Quick initial reviews occur
d. Encourages customer feedback
e. Integration from very beginning solves a lot of integration issues.
a. Depends on strong team and individual performances for identifying business
requirements.
b. Only system that can be modularized can be built using RAD
c. Requires highly skilled developers/designers.
d. High dependency on modeling skills

Joint Development Model (JAD)
a. Allows key users to participate effectively.
b. The result in a more accurate statement of system requirements, a better
understanding of common goals, and a stronger commitment to the success
of the new system.
a. More expensive and can be cumbersome if the group is too large relative to
the size of the project.

Leadership & Project Manager
Project manager, or project leader, usually is a senior systems analyst or an IT
department manager if the project is large.
An analyst or a programmer/analyst might manage smaller projects. In
addition to the project manager, most large projects have a project
coordinator.
A project coordinator handles administrative responsibilities for the team and
negotiates with users who might have conflicting requirements or want
changes that would require additional time or expense.
Project managers typically perform four activities, or functions: planning,
scheduling, monitoring, and reporting.

Project Management Activities
Project Planning • includes identifying all project tasks and estimating the
completion time and cost of each.
Scheduling
Monitoring
Reporting
• Involves the creation of a specific timetable,
• usually in the form of charts that show tasks, task dependencies,
and critical tasks that might delay the project.
• Scheduling also involves selecting and staffing the project team
and
• assigning specific tasks to team members.
• Project scheduling uses Gantt charts and PERT/CPM charts, which
are explained in the following sections.
• Requires guiding, supervising, and coordinating the project
• team’s workload.
• The project manager must monitor the progress, evaluate the
• results, and take corrective action when necessary to control the
project and stay on target.
• Regular progress reports to management, users, and the
• project team itself.
• Effective reporting requires strong communication skills and a
• sense of what others want and need to know about the project.

Project Management Activities
Reference : Shelly Rosenblatt, “Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edition”, page 55, 59

Work Breakdown Structure
Before creating work breakdown structures, you should understand the two primary
chart types: Gantt charts and PERT/CPM charts.
A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart that represents a set of tasks.
Microsoft Project

• Critical Path Method (CPM) was developed by private industry to meet similar
project management needs.
• The distinction between the two methods has disappeared over time, and today
the technique is called either PERT, CPM, or PERT/CPM.

A work breakdown structure
(WBS) involves breaking a project
down into a series of smaller tasks.
Tasks in a work breakdown
structure must be arranged in a
logical sequence called a task
pattern.
Task patterns can involve
dependent tasks, multiple
successor tasks, and multiple
predecessor tasks.
Reference : Shelly Rosenblatt, “Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edition”, page 110 - 119

Task 1
1. Perform a group of 2 or 3
2. Appoint a Project Manager
3. Discuss Project

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