CHAPTER 4 : WATER RESOURCES
- 1. CHAPTER 4 WATER RESOURCES Presented by: Ram Dustin M. Angeles Frank Isaac L. Gutierrez
- 2. Water and Water ResourcesBig Idea Theme Focus Water should be understood, appreciated, valued and cared for in the context of the hydrologic cycle
- 3. - is normally perceived as restricted to its liquid form as seen in the rivers, oceans, abd the water that we drink. Yet water is also in the air, under the ground, and within our very bodies. WATER
- 4. THE PRICE OF WATER ? The demands for these manufactured products have been increasing as the problem on the availability and cleanliness of tap water never stops In this day and age, water is now considered one of the world's expensive commodities How come water has become expensive even in a country such as the Philippines where rainfall and flooding often occur?
- 5. Lesson 4.1 The Hydrologic Cycle Also known as water cycle, is the movement of water around Earth's surface and its subsystems. Water exists in the hydrospehere, geosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, and are connected together by process in the hydrologic cycle. The cycle consists of interconnected pathways and reservoirs. Reservoirs are the places where water resides for varying amount of time. Pathways are the processes that allow water to move between reservoirs and subsystems.
- 6. PROCESSES OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE EVAPORATION It is the conversion of natural liquids like water into gaseous form like air. TRANSPIRATION It is the evaporation taking place from any plant or greenery. SUBLIMATION Is a type of phase transition, or a change in a state of matter, just like melting, freezing, and evaporation CONDENSATION It is the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid. PRECIPITATION INFILTRATION It is the fall of moisture from atmosphere to the earth’s surface in any form. Rain that falls into the land surface penetrates the soil in a process. TRANSPIRATION
- 8. Lesson 4.2 Earth's Water FRESHWATER Freshwater which is only 2.5% of Earth's total water, is found in glaciers which has a percentage of 68%, Groundwater has 30%, Permafrost has 0.8% SURFACE WATER The surface water in Rivers, Lakes, Swamps, Soil moisture, Living things, Atmospheric water vapor, and Ground ice, constitute only about 0.4% of the total water on Earth. The main idea of this topic will be the composition, state, as well as uses of water that is stored in different reservoirs vary. OCEAN It is about 71% of the Earth's surface is water covered, the Ocean holds about 97 % of all Earth's water
- 9. Residence Time RESIDENCE TIME Is the average length of time spent by water molecule in a reservoir. in large reservoir, the residence time of water is longer. RESERVOIR it is a large, natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply. it also refers to a place where large amounts of water get stored. RESIDENCE TIME FOR SPECIFIC RESERVOIRS RESERVOIR RESIDENCE TIME OCEAN AND ICE SHEETS THOUSANDS OF YEARTS GROUNDWATER STREAMS AND RIVERS ATMOSPHERE ORGANISMS TENS TO HUNDREDS OF YEARS FEW WEEKS FEW DAYS FEW HOURS
- 10. Although the total amount of water in the planet remains constant, the volume of water in each reservoir varies and their volumes affect other reservoir. For instance, the melting of glaciers and ice caps in the Polar Region reduces the amount of water in these reservoir which leads to the increase in volume of water in the ocean that can cause, Sea level rise that could also cause a Coastal Flooding in low lying coastal areas.
- 11. Global Distribution of World's water The distribution of water on the Earth's surface is extremely uneven. Only 3% of water on the surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides in the ocean. Of freshwater, 69% resides in glaciers, 30% underground, and less than 1% is located in lakes, rivers, and swamps.
- 12. Ocean Is a vast body of saline water. There is only one global or world ocean and it covers 71% of Earth. The saltiness of saltwater is called salinity. Their are two major chemical elements presents in a seawater the, Sodium and the Chlorine ions. Saltwater Reservoir
- 13. THE THREE MAJOR ZONES IN THE OCEAN Surface layer Consists of relatively warm, low-density water, extends from the ocean surface to a depth of 100 m. This layer is only about 2% of the water in the ocean but it is the home of most marine plants and animals.
- 14. Thermocline The temperature of water decreases rapidly with depth while at high latitude, the thermocline reaches the surface and extends up to 1 500 m. Deep Zone The temperature in this layer is uniformly low. Eighty percent of the water in the ocean is in the deep zone.
- 15. - It is located in the deep zone which is driven by density differences, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). - This circulation is propelled by the sinking of cold, salty, and dense water in the polar region, and rising of the warm, less salty water of the tropics. THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION
- 16. FRESHWATER RESERVOIR - Most of the freshwater on Earth is stored in glaciers situated inaccessible areas such as the Polar Region and high mountains. The readily available freshwater sources are the surface water reservoir and ground reservoir.
- 17. DID YOU KNOW THAT? The ocean is one of the most valuable resources on the planet. Aside from providing the voluminous marine food resources, It is also use in transportations and recreation. More importantly, it plays a vital role in regulating the climate thrtough its interaction with the atmosphere. It absorbs and circulates heat, water and carbon dioxide which are vital in the many chemical cycles on Earth.
- 18. GLACIER - A glacier is a permanent body of ice, which consists of largely recrystallized snow in the Polar Regions and high-altitude regions, not all of the snow that fall melts because of very cold temperature even during summer. The unmelted snow is covered with another layer the following winter. The snow gradually accumulates and becomes compacted, turning into a mass of ice. GLACIER
- 19. - An ice sheet is a mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50,000 km^2. There are currently ice sheets covering most of Greenland and Antartica. During the last ice age, ice sheets also extended to North America and Scandinavia. ICE SHEETS ICE SHEETS
- 20. - A soil, Rock or sediment that is frozen for more than two years is called Permafrost. Most of permafrost is found in Polar Regions, although they may exist in high-altitude regions. The total water stored us underground ice in a permafrost is estimated to be 300,300 km^2. it comprises about 0.8% of the total freshwater resource. PERMAFROST PERMAFROST
- 22. STREAM Stream is a moving body of surface water that flows downslope toward sea level because of gravity. It has clearly- defined passageways called channels where particles and dissolved substances are transported. STREAM
- 23. LAKES Lakes are large inland bodies of fresh or saline water. Its upper surface is exposed to the atmosphere and is essentially flat. It forms in places where water collects in low area (depression) and behind natural or human made dams. Water in the lakes came from streams, overland flow, and groundwater. Water exits from lakes through outlet streams or by evaporation and infiltration into the ground STREAM
- 24. WETLANDS A wetland is a place where the land is covered by water, either salt, fresh or somewhere in between. Wetlands are biologically diverse environments filled with species that rely both aland and water for survival. WETLANDS
- 25. TYPES OF WETLANDS SWAMP is a wetland with lush trees and vegetation found in low-lying areas besides slow-moving rivers. ESTUARY Is a partly enclosed coastal body of water where fresh water from stream meets the salt water from the sea. MARSH It is a shallow wetland around lakes, streams, and oceans where grasses and reeds are the dominant vegetation.
- 26. FLOODS A flood is a natural event wherein an area is that is usually dry is submerged under water. It usually occurs when the rate of precipitation is higher than the rate in which it could be absorbed by the ground or carried by streams. It can also occur even during dry period when natural human made reservoir collapsed some floods may occur suddenly and recede quickly. FLOODS
- 27. GROUNDWATER Groundwater is fresh water found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface the ground water is the largest reservoir of liquid freshwater on earth. It constitutes about 30.1% of the total freshwater on the planet. Water-bearing rock layers called aquifers are akin to a “sponge” which holds groundwater in tiny cracks, cavities, and pores between mineral grains. GROUNDWATER
- 28. Aquifers, Artesian Wells, and Springs ARTESIAN WELL An artesian well is simply a well that doesn't require a pump to bring water to the surface; this occurs when there is enough pressure in the aquifer. The pressure forces the water to the surface without any sort of assistance. SPRINGS When groundwater emerges to the ground surface, a spring is created. Springs usually appear in place where there is a decrease in permeability of the underlying material, such as presence of an aquiclude below an aquifer AQUIFERS An aquifer is an underground layer of water- bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Groundwater can be extracted using a water well.
- 29. Lesson 4.3 Water as a Resource Most of the early human civilizations were developed along the world’s greatest rivers; the Tigris and Euphrates of Mesopotamia, the Nile River of Egyptians, and the Yellow River of the Huang-He civilization. Their vast floodplains supported agriculture, and their large channels allowed commerce to flourish. Today, billions of people are still dependent on water channels for food, water, transportation, and recreational, and religious activities. Humans need water in order to exist.
- 30. Activities Affecting the Quality of Water The human activities affecting the water resources: 1. Population growth, particularly in short-water regions 2. Movement of large number of people from the countryside to towns and cities 3. Demands for greater food security and higher living standard 4. Increased competition between uses of water resources 5. Pollution from factories, cities, and farmlands
- 31. Degradation of Ecosystems Is one of the serious threats, which occur due to the changes in landscapes--- deforestation, conversion of natural landscapes into farm or residential areas, urban growth, road building, and surface mining. These activities led to too much soil and sediments delivered to streams in a process of sedimentation. Mining of certain metals have also caused surface water to become acidic, producing a discharge called mine drainage. Improper waste disposal contributes significantly to the degradation of streams and lakes in urban areas. These result to damages in the aquatic ecosystems, impairs water quality, and hinders water transport in large bodies of inland waters.
- 32. Wastes Produced by Human Activities Wastes produced by human activities pollute the air, land, and the water. They affect rainwater and water resources both surface and underground. The sources of freshwater pollution include industrial wastes, sewage, runoff from farmlands, cities, and factory effluents, and the build-up of sediments. Emissions from factories and vehicles also pollute the atmospheric water and results to acid rain. Nutrients coming from sewage and from farmland runoff may lead to eutrophication in the receiving water reservoir and cause excessive aquatic plant growth that could have damage ecological effects.
- 33. Overexploitation of the Surface and Groundwater Overexploitation of the surface and groundwater often causes irreversible effects. Lakes and streams have dried up in some regions due to excessive water withdrawal and improper management. For example, only 25% of the water in the Aral Sea in Central Asia remains after the water from its feeder rivers war diverted for agricultural use
- 34. Consequences of Excessive Water Withdrawals Consequences of excessive water withdrawals include spring yields, diminished river flow, poorer quality of water, damage to natural habitats, and the gradual sinking of land known as subsidence. Natural phenomenon such as climate change also contributes significantly to the existing stress in the water sources. Extreme conditions such as drought have forced people to pump out more groundwater or divert from stream flows. During extreme wet season, floods are very common and more severe, causing an increase in sedimentation from already denuded landscapes. Global warming also plays a vital role in the shrinking of glaciers and the consequences of sea level.
- 35. Water Resource Management and Conservation The ever-increasing pressure in water resources calls for an effective water resources management. It involves planning, developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. Successful management requires accurate knowledge of the available resources and demands, and mechanisms necessary to translate policies into actions. These include rainwater harvesting for direct consumption and for replenishment of groundwater. Surface water is diverted into basins in recharge zones to increase infiltration, reduce evaporation, and improve water quality. Dams and reservoirs are built to provide additional water storage. For example, the Ipo transbasin tunnel transfers water from Angat River to La Mesa Dam, augmenting the water supply required for Metro Manila.
- 36. Current technological advances make the wastewater reusable after extensive treatment to remove biodegradable materials, nutrients, and pathogens. Non- portable water can be used for irrigation, in industry, to maintain stream flow, and to replenish aquifers. In the Middle East, countries in coastal areas also practice desalination. Desalination involves the reduction of the mineral content by taking salt water out of seawater and brackish water to produce freshwater. Recent advances in technology have made the process more accessible and cost-efficient, which have allowed many countries to adapt the method.
- 37. 1. Presidential Decree (PD) No.424 of 1974 created the National Water Resources Council (NWRC) to coordinate and integrate water resources water development. 2. PD No. 1067 (1967) instituted the Water Code which consolidated the laws governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection for the water resources subject to regulation by the NWRC. 3. Executive Order (EO) No.222 of 1995 established the Presidential Committee on Water Conservation and Demand Management which was tasked to prepare a nationwide Water Conservation Plan. 4. Republic Act (RA) No.8041 or the National Water Crisis Act of 1995 addressed the country’s water problem through an integrated water management program and development of new water resources and conservation of identified watersheds, among other provisions. 5. The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 also provide a comprehensive water quality management Policies and Laws for the protection, conservation and management of freshwater resources
- 38. END OF POWERPOINT PRESENTATION. THANKS FOR LISTENING!!