Chapter 9 Organizational Structure and Design.ppt
- 1. Chapter 9 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND DESIGN 1
- 2. OUTLINE Defining Organizational Structure Work specialization Departmentalization Chain of Command Span of Control Centralize vs. Decentralize Formalization Org. Design Decisions Mechanistic and Organic Contingency Factors Common Designs 2
- 3. Defining Organizational Structure Organizational Structure The formal arrangement of jobs within an organization Organizational Design A process involving decisions about six key elements: 1. Work specialization 2. Departmentalization 3. Chain of command 4. Span of control 5. Centralization and decentralization 6. Formalization 3
- 4. Purposes of Organizing 4 • Divides work to be done into specific jobs and departments • Assigns tasks and responsibilities associated with individual jobs • Coordinates diverse organizational tasks • Clusters jobs into units • Establishes relationships among individuals, groups, and departments • Establishes formal lines of authority • Allocates and deploys organizational resources
- 5. Organizational Structure Work Specialization The degree to which tasks in the organization are divided into separate jobs with each step completed by a different person 5
- 6. Departmentalization by Type Functional Grouping jobs by functions performed Product Grouping jobs by product line Geographical Grouping jobs on the basis of territory or geography Process Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow Customer Grouping jobs by type of customer and needs 6
- 7. Functional Departmentalization 7 Plant Manager Manager, Manufacturing Manager, Human Resources Manager, Accounting Manager, Engineering Manager, Purchasing + Efficiencies from putting together similar specialties and people with common skills, knowledge, and orientations + Coordination within functional area + In-depth specialization – Poor communication across functional areas – Limited view of organizational goals
- 8. Geographical Departmentalization 8 Vice President for Sales Sales Director, Central Region Sales Director, Prairies Region Sales Director, Western Region Sales Director, Eastern Region + More effective and efficient handling of specific regional issues that arise + Serve needs of unique geographic markets better – Duplication of functions – Can feel isolated from other organizational areas
- 9. Product Departmentalization 9 + Allows specialization in particular products and services + Managers can become experts in their industry + Closer to customers – Duplication of functions – Limited view of organizational goals Bombardier, Ltd. Industrial Equipment Division Recreational and Utility Vehicles Sector Mass Transit Sector Rail Products Sector Rail and Diesel Products Division Bombardier–Rotax (Gunskirchen) Recreational Products Division Logistic Equipment Division Mass Transit Division Bombardier–Rotax (Vienna)
- 10. Process Departmentalization 10 + More efficient flow of work activities – Can only be used with certain types of products Plant Superintendent Sawing Department Manager Planing and Milling Department Manager Assembling Department Manager Lacquering and Sanding Department Manager Finishing Department Manager Inspection and Shipping Department Manager
- 11. Customer Departmentalization 11 + Customers’ needs and problems can be met by specialists – Duplication of functions – Limited view of organizational goals Director of Sales Manager, Wholesale Accounts Manager, Retail Accounts Manager, Government Accounts
- 12. Organizational Structure (cont’d) Chain of Command The continuous line of authority that extends from upper levels of an organization to the lowest levels of the organization and clarifies who reports to whom 12
- 13. Organizational Structure (cont’d) Authority The rights inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to expect them to do it Responsibility The obligation or expectation to perform. Responsibility brings with it accountability (the need to report and justify work to manager’s superiors) Unity of Command The concept that a person should have one boss and should report only to that person Delegation The assignment of authority to another person to carry out specific duties 13
- 14. Organizational Structure (cont’d) Line and Staff Authority Line managers are responsible for the essential activities of the organization, including production and sales. Line managers have the authority to issue orders to those in the chain of command Staff managers have advisory authority, and cannot issue orders to those in the chain of command (except those in their own department) 14
- 15. Organizational Structure (cont’d) Span of Control The number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently supervised by a manager 15
- 16. Organizational Structure (cont’d) Centralization The degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization Organizations in which top managers make all the decisions and lower-level employees simply carry out those orders 16
- 17. Organizational Structure (cont’d) Decentralization The degree to which lower-level employees provide input or actually make decisions Employee Empowerment Increasing the decision-making discretion of employees 17
- 18. Organizational Structure (cont’d) Formalization The degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behaviour is guided by rules and procedures. 18
- 19. Organizational Design Decisions Mechanistic Organization A rigid and tightly controlled structure Organic Organization Highly flexible and adaptable structure 19 Mechanistic • High Specialization • Rigid Departmentalization • Clear Chain of Command • Narrow Spans of Control • Centralization • High Formalization Organic • Cross-Functional Teams • Cross-Hierarchical Teams • Free Flow of Information • Wide Spans of Control • Decentralization • Low Formalization
- 20. Traditional Organizational Designs Simple Structure Low departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralized authority, little formalization Functional Structure Departmentalization by function Operations, finance, human resources, and product research and development Divisional Structure Composed of separate business units or divisions with limited autonomy under the coordination and control of the parent corporation 20
- 21. Contemporary Organizational Designs Team Structures The entire organization is made up of work groups or self- managed teams of empowered employees Matrix Structures Specialists for different functional departments are assigned to work on projects led by project managers Matrix participants have two managers Project Structures Employees work continuously on projects, moving on to another project as each project is completed 21
- 22. Contemporary Organizational Designs(cont’d) Boundaryless Organization A flexible and an unstructured organizational design that is intended to break down external barriers between the organization and its customers and suppliers Learning Organization An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change through the practice of knowledge management by employees 22
- 23. Group Exercise Think of a place where you have (or do) work(ed). Looking at the various forms of departmentalization…choose an example from one of your group members places of employment and answer the following: Which would have been (would be) the most appropriate model of departmentalization for this workplace? Why – explain your rationale? 23