CHAPTER IV. MAN AND BIOSPHERE AND ITS TOTALITY.pptx

Reporters:
KYLA JANE S. AMARACO
NEQUIL LORENZ SALCEDO
GRECIA MAY J. CALAMBRO
CHAPTERIV.MAN
ANDBIOSPHERE
ANDITSTOTALITY
Reporters:
KYLA JANE S. AMARACO
NEQUIL LORENZ SALCEDO
GRECIA MAY J. CALAMBRO

LOSSOFBIODIVERSITYand
NATURALRESOURCES
DEGRADATION
NEQUILLORENZT.SALCEDO
Reporter

Loss of biodiversity refers to the decline or disappearance
of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms,
as well as the destruction of ecosystems and reduction in
the variety of life forms on Earth. This includes the
extinction of species, the shrinking of populations, and the
degradation of habitats.
Biodiversity is important because it helps maintain the
balance of ecosystems, provides us with food, medicine,
and clean air and water, and contributes to the stability of
the climate.
WHATISLOSSOF
BIODIVERSITY?

1.Habitat Destruction – Cutting down forests, draining wetlands,
or converting land for agriculture and urban development.
2.Pollution – Chemicals from factories, plastics in oceans, and
pesticide use harm animals and plants.
3.Overexploitation – Overfishing, hunting, and illegal wildlife
trade reduce animal populations.
4.Climate Change – Rising temperatures, droughts, and changing
rainfall patterns affect species’ survival.
5.Invasive Species – Non-native plants or animals introduced into
ecosystems can outcompete or kill native species.
CausesofBiodiversity
Loss:

1.Philippine Eagle – Critically endangered due to deforestation
and habitat loss in the Philippines.
2.Coral Reefs – Bleaching caused by ocean warming and pollution
has killed large sections of coral reefs globally.
3.Amazon Rainforest – Deforestation for agriculture and mining is
destroying one of the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth.
4.Tamaraw – An endangered species of buffalo found only in
Mindoro, Philippines, threatened by habitat loss and poaching.
5.Pollinator Decline – Bees and butterflies are disappearing due to
pesticides and climate change, affecting food production.
ExamplesofLossof
Biodiversity:

Loss of biodiversity is a serious environmental problem that
refers to the decline or extinction of species, the reduction in
genetic variety, and the destruction of ecosystems around the
world. Biodiversity includes all forms of life—plants, animals,
microorganisms—and the ecosystems they form.
When biodiversity is lost, the natural balance of the
environment is disrupted, making ecosystems weaker and less
able to recover from changes such as climate shifts, natural
disasters, or human activities. Biodiversity loss also reduces the
I.Description of the Environmental Problem:Loss of
Biodiversity

• Habitat destruction (deforestation, land conversion for
agriculture or cities)
• Pollution (oil spills, plastic waste, chemical runoff)
• Climate change (rising temperatures, extreme weather)
• Overexploitation (overfishing, poaching, illegal logging)
• Invasive species (non-native species harming native
species and ecosystems)
Main Causes:

Key Characteristics of Biodiversity Loss:
• Extinction of species (dodo bird, western black
rhinoceros)
• Decrease in population sizes of animals and plants
• Fragmentation or destruction of habitats
(rainforests, coral reefs)
• Disruption of food chains and ecosystem functions
KeyCharacteristicsof
BiodiversityLoss:

Loss of biodiversity has wide-ranging and long-
term impacts on the environment, human health,
the economy, and global sustainability. When
ecosystems lose species and become imbalanced,
their ability to function properly is reduced. Here
is an analysis of the key impacts:
II. Analysis of the Impacts of Loss of Biodiversity

1. Environmental Impacts
2. Economic Impacts
3. Social and Health Impacts
4. Global Sustainability Threat
II.Analysisof the ImpactsofLossof
Biodiversity

Enlightened environmental attitudes refer to
responsible, informed, and proactive mindsets that
individuals and communities adopt to protect and
preserve biodiversity. These attitudes are essential in
responding to the crisis of biodiversity loss and
promoting sustainable living.
III.EnlightenedEnvironmental Attitudes Toward
Loss ofBiodiversity

1. Stewardship
2. Respect for All Life Forms
3. Environmental Awareness and Education
4. Sustainable Living
5. Advocacy and Participation
6. Intergenerational Responsibility
7. Critical Thinking and Ethical Decision-Making
Here arethe key enlightenedattitudespeople
shoulddevelop:

Preventing biodiversity loss requires action
from individuals, communities, governments,
and organizations. Everyone can contribute in
big or small ways. Next slide are meaningful
contributions and practical ideas that help
prevent the loss of biodiversity:
IV.ContributionsandIdeasforthe Prevention
of LossofBiodiversity

1. Habitat Protection and Restoration
2. Wildlife Conservation
3. Sustainable Lifestyle Choices
4. Resource Conservation
5. Education and Awareness
6. Community and Government Action
7. Use Technology for Good
8. Adopt Biodiversity-Friendly Attitudes
Contributions and practicalideas that help
prevent the loss of biodiversity:

D.NATURAL
RESOURCES
DEGRADATIO
N

Natural resources degradation is the decline in the
quality, quantity, and availability of Earth's natural
resources due to overuse, pollution, and poor
management. These resources include soil, water,
air, forests, minerals, and marine life, which are
essential for human survival and ecosystem health.
When natural resources are degraded, they lose
their ability to support life, provide ecosystem
I. Descriptionof the Environmental Problem:
NaturalResourcesDegradation

1.Soil Degradation
Caused by deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable farming, leading to erosion,
loss of nutrients, and desertification.
2. Water Degradation
Includes pollution of rivers, lakes, and oceans with chemicals, plastics, and waste,
making water unsafe for use.
3. Air Degradation
Results from industrial emissions, vehicle fumes, and burning of fossil fuels, which
cause air pollution and health issues.
4. Forest Degradation
Logging, mining, and land conversion lead to the destruction of forests, reducing
biodiversity and carbon absorption.
5. Marine Resource Depletion
Overfishing and pollution reduce fish stocks and damage coral reefs, threatening
food security and marine ecosystems.
KeyAspectsof Natural Resources
Degradation:

• Overexploitation of resources (e.g., overfishing, over-mining,
over-logging)
• Pollution from industries, agriculture, and households
• Urbanization and land conversion
• Climate change
• Unsustainable agricultural and industrial practices
MainCauses:
ExampleSituations:
Illegalmininginmountainscausinglandslides and
riverpollution.
Deforestationin theAmazonand Philippines
reducingforest cover.
Oilspills killingmarinelifeand damaging
ecosystems.
Over-irrigation causingwatershortagesand
salinizationofsoil.

Natural resources degradation has serious and
long-lasting impacts on the environment,
human health, society, and the economy. As
these essential resources become damaged or
depleted, the ability of ecosystems to function
and support life weakens — putting the future
of both people and the planet at risk.
II.AnalysisoftheImpactsofNatural
ResourcesDegradation

1. Environmental Impacts
2. Economic Impacts
3. Social and Health Impacts
4. Global and Long-Term
Impacts
Belowisanin-depthanalysisofthese
impacts:

Enlightened environmental attitudes are the
positive mindsets, values, and behaviors that
promote the wise, responsible, and sustainable
use of natural resources. These attitudes help
individuals and communities become more
aware of the importance of natural resources
and how to protect them from degradation.
III.EnlightenedEnvironmentalAttitudes
TowardNaturalResourcesDegradation

1. Stewardship
2. Sustainability Mindset
3. Environmental Awareness
4. Conservation-Oriented Behavior
5. Respect for Nature
6. Active Participation and Advocacy
7. Critical Thinking and Ethical Decision-Making
8. Intergenerational Responsibility
Herearethekeyenlightenedattitudesneededto
prevent andaddressnatural resourcesdegradation:

Preventing natural resources degradation is a
shared responsibility. Every person—whether a
student, farmer, business owner, or
policymaker—can take action to protect the
environment and promote sustainable use of
resources like soil, water, air, forests, and
oceans.
1V.ContributionsandIdeasforthe
PreventionofNaturalResources
Degradation

1. Sustainable Use of Resources
2. Pollution Control
3. Forest and Land Conservation
4. Water and Air Conservation
5. Environmental Education and Awareness
6. Community and Government Involvement
7. Eco-Friendly Daily Practices
8. Advocacy and Policy Support
Below arepractical contributionsandideasthat
individuals,communities, andinstitutionscan
implement:

• Loss of biodiversity and natural resources degradation
are serious environmental issues caused by human
activities such as deforestation, pollution,
overexploitation, and unsustainable practices. These
problems lead to the extinction of species, destruction of
ecosystems, and depletion of vital resources like water,
soil, and forests, resulting in food insecurity, health risks,
and climate change. To address these challenges,
individuals must develop environmental awareness and
adopt responsible attitudes, such as conserving
resources, reducing waste, and supporting protection
efforts. By acting sustainably and respecting nature, we
SUMMARY:

• 1.Convention on Biological Diversity. (2020). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. https://www.cbd.int/gbo5
• 2.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2019). Global Environment Outlook – GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People.
Cambridge University Press. https://www.unep.org/resources/global-environment-outlook-6
• 3.Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). (2019). Global Assessment Report on
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. https://ipbes.net/global-assessment
• 4.World Wildlife Fund (WWF). (2022). Living Planet Report 2022 – Building a nature-positive society.
https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/living-planet-report-2022
• 5.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2018). The State of the World’s Forests 2018. Loss of biodiv
ersity and natural resources degradation are serious environmental issues caused by human activities such as deforestation, pollution, o
verexploitation, and unsustainable practices. These problems lead to the extinction of species, destruction of ecosystems, and depletion
of vital resources like water, soil, and forests, resulting in food insecurity, health risks, and climate change. To address these challenges, i
ndividuals must develop environmental awareness and adopt responsible attitudes, such as conserving resources, reducing waste, and s
upporting protection efforts. By acting sustainably and respecting nature, we can help preserve the Earth’s ecosystems and ensure a bett
er future for the next generations.
• 6.National Geographic. (n.d.). Biodiversity. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/biodiversity/
• 7. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. World Resources Institute.
Loss of biodiversity and natural resources degradation are serious environmental issues caused by human activities such as deforestatio
n, pollution, overexploitation, and unsustainable practices. These problems lead to the extinction of species, destruction of ecosystems, a
nd depletion of vital resources like water, soil, and forests, resulting in food insecurity, health risks, and climate change. To address these
challenges, individuals must develop environmental awareness and adopt responsible attitudes, such as conserving resources, reducing
waste, and supporting protection efforts. By acting sustainably and respecting nature, we can help preserve the Earth’s ecosystems and e
nsure a better future for the next generations.
• 8.United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. (n.d.). Goal 15: Life on Land. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal15
• 9.World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Natural Resources and Human Health.
Loss of biodiversity and natural resources degradation are serious environmental issues caused by human activities such as deforestatio
n, pollution, overexploitation, and unsustainable practices. These problems lead to the extinction of species, destruction of ecosystems, a
nd depletion of vital resources like water, soil, and forests, resulting in food insecurity, health risks, and climate change. To address these
challenges, individuals must develop environmental awareness and adopt responsible attitudes, such as conserving resources, reducing
waste, and supporting protection efforts. By acting sustainably and respecting nature, we can help preserve the Earth’s ecosystems and e
nsure a better future for the next generations.
• 10. Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Philippines (DENR). (n.d.). Programs and Reports on Biodiversity and Natural
Resources. https://www.denr.gov.ph/
REFERENCES:

FOODWASTEANDOCEAN
ACIDIFICATION
KYLAJANES.AMARACO
Reporter

Food waste is when good, edible food is thrown away instead of
being eaten. It can happen at any stage—from farms to
supermarkets to our own kitchens.
Examples of Food Waste:
• Fruits and vegetables that are thrown out because they look
“ugly”
• Leftovers that people don’t finish and toss in the trash
• Food that goes bad because it wasn’t stored properly
• Items that are thrown away just because they passed their “best
before” date
WHATISFOODWASTE?

Food waste has serious consequences for the planet. Here are the major
environmental issues it contributes to:
1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• When food decomposes in landfills, it produces methane—a potent greenhouse
gas.
• Agriculture, transportation, and packaging of wasted food also contribute to
CO₂ emissions.
2. Water Waste
• Producing food requires massive amounts of water (e.g., irrigation, processing).
• Wasted food means wasted water resources—especially critical in water-scarce
regions.
3. Land Degradation
Environmental Problems Caused by Food
Waste
E. FOOD WASTE

4. Loss of Biodiversity
Intensive farming practices to meet food demand can destroy habitats and
reduce species diversity
• Pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture can pollute soil and water
systems.
5. Pollution
• Food waste contributes to air and water pollution through landfill leachate
and methane.
• Transporting and packaging food also adds plastic and chemical waste to
the environment.
Environmental Problems Caused by Food
Waste
E. FOOD WASTE

Food waste happens at every stage of the supply chain from farm to fork. Here
are the key causes:
1. Overproduction
• Farmers and manufacturers often produce more than needed to meet
uncertain demand.
• Surplus food may be discarded if not sold or stored properly.
2. Poor Storage and Transportation
• Lack of refrigeration or proper handling leads to spoilage, especially in
developing regions.
• Damage during transport can make food unsellable.
3. Retail Practices
Probable Causes of Food Waste
E. FOOD WASTE

4. Consumer Behavior
• People buy more than they need, forget what’s in their fridge, or
misunderstand expiration labels.
• Leftovers and unused ingredients are frequently thrown away.
5. Confusing Date Labels
• “Best before,” “sell by,” and “use by” labels can be misleading.
• Many consumers discard food that’s still safe to eat.
Probable Causes of Food Waste
E. FOOD WASTE

1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Climate Change
→
• Impact: Methane from decomposing food in landfills is 25x more potent
than CO₂ in trapping heat.
• Result: Accelerated global warming leads to extreme weather events, rising
sea levels, and disrupted agriculture.
• Human Cost: Increased food insecurity, displacement from climate
disasters, and health risks from heatwaves and pollution.
Analyzing the Impacts of Food Waste
E. FOOD WASTE

2. Water Waste Resource Scarcity
→
• Impact: Agriculture uses 70% of global freshwater; wasting food wastes this
precious resource.
• Result: Depletion of aquifers, reduced water availability for drinking and
sanitation.
• Human Cost: Water shortages affect millions, especially in drought-prone
areas, and increase conflict over water access.
3. Land Degradation Soil Erosion & Deforestation
→
• Impact: Land cleared for agriculture loses fertility and biodiversity when food
is wasted.
• Result: Soil erosion, desertification, and reduced agricultural productivity.
E. FOOD WASTE

4. Loss of Biodiversity Ecosystem Collapse
→
• Impact: Monoculture farming and habitat destruction for food production
reduce species diversity.
• Result: Fragile ecosystems become less resilient to pests, diseases, and climate
shifts.
• Human Cost: Loss of pollinators like bees threatens food supply; fewer
medicinal plants and natural resources.
5. Pollution Air, Soil, and Water Contamination
→
• Impact: Landfills leak toxins; fertilizers and pesticides pollute rivers and oceans.
• Result: Algal blooms, dead zones in oceans, and poor air quality.
• Human Cost: Health problems like asthma, cancer, and waterborne diseases
E. FOOD WASTE

1. From Indifference to Awareness
• Past Attitude: Food waste was often seen as a minor inconvenience or a personal
issue.
• Shift: Growing awareness of climate change and resource scarcity has reframed
food waste as a global environmental threat.
• Enlightened View: People now recognize that wasting food means wasting water,
energy, labor, and land—resources that are increasingly limited.
2. From Convenience to Conscious Consumption
• Old Habit: Overbuying, oversized portions, and discarding leftovers were
normalized.
• New Mindset: Conscious consumers prioritize meal planning, proper storage, and
using leftovers creatively.
•
EnlightenedEnvironmental Attitudes Toward
Food Waste
E. FOOD WASTE

3. From Blame to Shared Responsibility
• Traditional View: Blame was placed on individuals or households.
• Modern Perspective: Responsibility is shared across the food chain—farmers,
retailers, restaurants, and governments.
• Enlightened View: Systemic solutions like redistribution networks, composting
programs, and policy reforms are embraced.
4. From Waste to Resource
• Old Thinking: Food waste was trash.
• Innovative Thinking: Food waste is now seen as a resource—usable for compost,
bioenergy, or animal feed.
• Enlightened View: Circular economy principles are applied to food systems,
reducing environmental impact and creating value from waste.
Food Waste
E. FOOD WASTE

5. From Passive to Activist
• Passive Attitude: “It’s just a little waste, it won’t matter.”
• Active Engagement: Movements like “zero waste,” “ugly produce,” and “food
rescue” empower people to act.
• Enlightened View: Individuals become advocates, educators, and innovators
in reducing food waste.
Food Waste
E. FOOD WASTE

1. Smart Food Planning & Consumption
• Meal Planning Apps: Help consumers buy only what they need and use
ingredients efficiently.
• Proper Storage Education: Teach people how to store food to extend shelf life
and reduce spoilage.
• “First In, First Out” Rule: Rotate pantry and fridge items to use older food first.
2. Redistribution & Rescue Programs
• Food Banks & Surplus Sharing: Collect excess food from restaurants, groceries,
and farms to feed those in need.
• Logistics Platforms: Use tech to connect donors with recipients in real time,
minimizing waste.
ContributedIdeastoPreventFoodWaste
E. FOOD WASTE

3. Composting & Waste-to-Energy Solutions
• Community Composting Hubs: Turn food scraps into nutrient-rich soil for urban
gardens.
• Anaerobic Digesters: Convert organic waste into biogas and electricity.
• Home Compost Kits: Encourage households to compost instead of sending food
to landfills.
4. Policy & Regulation
• “No Waste” Laws: Mandate food donation and penalize excessive waste (e.g.,
France’s supermarket law).
• Tax Incentives: Reward businesses that donate surplus food or invest in waste-
reduction tech.
E. FOOD WASTE

5. Cultural & Behavioral Shifts
• “Ugly Produce” Campaigns: Normalize imperfect fruits and vegetables to reduce
cosmetic waste.
• Public Awareness Drives: Use media to highlight the environmental cost of food
waste.
• Family Challenges: Encourage households to track and reduce their weekly food
waste.
6. Technology & Innovation
• AI-Powered Inventory Systems: Help restaurants and stores predict demand and
reduce overstocking.
• Edible Coatings: Extend shelf life of produce using biodegradable materials.
E. FOOD WASTE

Food waste isn’t just a moral or economic issue
—it’s an environmental crisis. Every banana
tossed or loaf of bread forgotten contributes to
a chain of damage that affects climate,
ecosystems, and human survival. Reducing food
waste is one of the most powerful actions we
can take to protect the planet. The shift in
environmental attitudes toward food waste
reflects a deeper cultural transformation—from
careless consumption to mindful stewardship.
It’s not just about saving food; it’s about
respecting the planet and the interconnected
systems that sustain life. These ideas work best
when combined—individual action, community
programs, and government support all play a
role. Preventing food waste isn’t just about
saving leftovers; it’s about transforming how
Summary:

Ocean acidification refers to the decrease in the
pH of seawater caused by the absorption of
excess carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the
atmosphere. This process makes the ocean more
acidic, disrupting marine chemistry and
ecosystems.
WHATISOCEAN
ACIDIFICATION?

EnvironmentalProblemsCausedby Ocean
Acidification
F. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

1. Excess Carbon Dioxide Emissions
• Source: Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas), industrial activities, and transportation
• Effect: CO₂ dissolves in seawater, forming carbonic acid, which lowers pH
2. Deforestation
• Source: Cutting down forests reduces natural CO₂ absorption
• Effect: More CO₂ remains in the atmosphere and is absorbed by oceans
3. Industrial Agriculture
• Source: Emissions from fertilizers, livestock, and land use changes
• Effect: Adds greenhouse gases that intensify acidification
4. Natural Processes (Exacerbated by Human Activity)
• Source: Respiration, decomposition, and volcanic activity
• Effect: Normally balanced, but overwhelmed by anthropogenic CO₂
ProbableCausesofOceanAcidification

1. Disruption of Marine Ecosystems
• Problem: Acidification alters the chemical balance of seawater, reducing the
availability of carbonate ions.
• Impact: Calcifying organisms like corals, mollusks, and some plankton struggle
to build and maintain their shells and skeletons.
• Result: Coral reefs weaken and erode, leading to habitat loss for thousands of
marine species.
2. Threat to Marine Biodiversity
• Problem: Many species cannot adapt quickly to the changing pH levels.
• Impact: Sensitive organisms, especially larvae of fish and shellfish, experience
developmental issues and higher mortality.
• Result: Food webs destabilize, and predator-prey relationships are disrupted,
AnalyzingtheImpactsofOceanAcidification

3. Economic Consequences
• Problem: Ocean acidification affects fisheries, aquaculture, and
tourism.
• Impact: Shellfish industries suffer as oysters, clams, and mussels
become harder to cultivate.
• Result: Coastal communities face job losses, reduced income, and food
insecurity.
4. Reduced Ocean Carbon Absorption
• Problem: Acidified oceans become less efficient at absorbing
atmospheric CO₂.
• Impact: This feedback loop accelerates global warming.

5. Increased Jellyfish Populations
• Problem: Some species thrive in acidic conditions while others
decline.
• Impact: Jellyfish populations may increase, outcompeting other
marine life.
• Result: Ecosystem imbalance and potential harm to fisheries and
tourism.
6. Vulnerability to Other Environmental Stressors
• Problem: Acidification compounds the effects of pollution,
overfishing, and invasive species.
• Impact: Marine ecosystems become more fragile and less resilient.

1. From Scientific Curiosity to Global Concern
• Past Attitude: Ocean acidification was once a niche topic studied mainly by
marine chemists.
• Shift: As research revealed its devastating effects on coral reefs, shellfish, and
marine biodiversity, it gained global attention.
• Enlightened View: It's now recognized as a major consequence of climate change,
with serious implications for ecosystems and human livelihoods.
2. From Passive Observation to Active Advocacy
• Old Mindset: Many viewed ocean changes as natural and inevitable.
• New Mindset: People now understand that human activities—especially CO₂
emissions—are the primary cause.
• Enlightened View: Citizens, scientists, and policymakers advocate for emission
reductions and marine conservation.
Enlightened EnvironmentalAttitudesToward Ocean
Acidification

3. From Isolated Action to Collective Responsibility
• Traditional View: Responsibility was placed on marine industries or coastal
communities.
• Modern Perspective: Everyone—from urban dwellers to global corporations—
plays a role in reducing carbon footprints.
• Enlightened View: Ocean acidification is seen as a shared challenge requiring
international cooperation and systemic change.
4. From Ignorance to Education
• Old Reality: Few people understood the chemistry behind ocean acidification.
• Current Trend: Schools, media, and environmental groups now educate the public
about its causes and consequences.
• Enlightened View: Knowledge empowers people to support sustainable policies
and make informed choices.
Acidification

5. From Exploitation to Stewardship
• Past Behavior: Oceans were treated as limitless resources.
• New Ethic: There's a growing sense of stewardship—protecting
marine life and habitats for future generations.
• Enlightened View: Attitudes are shifting toward sustainable fishing,
marine protected areas, and carbon-neutral lifestyles.
Acidification

1. Drastically Reduce CO₂ Emissions
• Transition to Renewable Energy: Shift from fossil fuels to solar, wind, hydro, and
geothermal power.
• Promote Low-Carbon Transportation: Encourage biking, walking, public transit,
and electric vehicles.
• Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS): Invest in technologies that trap and store CO₂
before it reaches the atmosphere.
2. Support Marine Ecosystems
• Protect Coral Reefs and Shellfish Habitats: Establish marine protected areas to
reduce stress on vulnerable species.
• Cultivate Seaweed and Phytoplankton: These organisms naturally absorb CO₂ and
help buffer ocean acidity.
• Enhance Ocean Alkalinity: Add alkaline substances to seawater to neutralize
Contributed Ideasto Prevent Ocean
Acidification

3. Sustainable Agriculture & Land Use
• Use Natural Fertilizers: Reduce chemical runoff that worsens acidification and
harms marine life.
• Promote Regenerative Farming: Practices that restore soil health and reduce
emissions.
• Reforestation & Afforestation: Trees absorb CO₂, helping reduce atmospheric
levels.
4. Empower Individuals & Communities
• Buy Sustainably Made Products: Support companies with low carbon footprints
and ethical practices.
• Reduce Food Waste: Less waste means less methane and CO₂ from landfills.
• Raise Awareness: Educate others about ocean acidification and its global impact.
• 5. Policy & Global Cooperation
Acidification

5. Policy & Global Cooperation
• Enforce Emission Regulations: Governments must implement strict CO₂
limits across industries.
• Support UN Sustainable Development Goals: Especially Goal 14: Life Below
Water.
• International Agreements: Strengthen climate accords like the Paris
Agreement to include ocean acidification targets.
Acidification

Summary:
Ocean acidification is a silent but powerful force
reshaping marine ecosystems. Its causes are
deeply tied to human activity, especially carbon
emissions. The consequences ripple through
biodiversity, food security, and global economies.
Addressing it requires urgent action to reduce
emissions and protect marine habitats. Ocean
acidification is a slow-moving but deeply
destructive force. It undermines the foundation
of marine life, disrupts economies, and
accelerates climate change. Its impacts are
complex and cascading, making it one of the
most urgent environmental challenges of our
time. The evolution of environmental attitudes
toward ocean acidification reflects a broader
cultural awakening. People are moving from
Summary:

1. Learning Through Direct Experience
Experiential education emphasizes hands-on learning, where students engage
directly with real-world problems. In the context of food waste and ocean
acidification:
• Students can track their own food waste, participate in composting, or visit local
farms and markets.
• They can conduct experiments on ocean pH, simulate acidification effects, or
analyze marine data.
2. Connecting Knowledge to Action
Experiential education bridges the gap between awareness and behavior. It
encourages learners to:
Educational Theories: Experiential
Theory
THEORIES

1. Knowledge Is Built, Not Given
Constructivism emphasizes that learners actively construct knowledge based on their
experiences and prior understanding. When students explore food waste or ocean
acidification:
• They connect new information to what they already know about climate,
consumption, and ecosystems.
• They form personal meaning through inquiry, discussion, and reflection.
This makes learning deep and lasting, especially for complex environmental issues.
2. Real-World Problems as Learning Contexts
Constructivist classrooms often use authentic problems to drive learning. Food waste and
ocean acidification are:
• Multidisciplinary (involving science, ethics, economics)
• Relevant to students’ lives (what they eat, how they live)
Educational Theories: Constructivist
Theory
THEORIES

3. Social Interaction and Reflection
Constructivism values dialogue and peer learning. Students can:
• Debate causes and consequences of ocean acidification
• Share personal strategies to reduce food waste
• Reflect on how their actions impact the planet
Educational Theories: Constructivist
Theory
THEORIES

Microplastics are tiny plastic particles
less than 5 milliliter size that pollute the
environment. Some of them are visible
to our naked eye while others are
microscopic.
What is Microplastics?

Two Types of Microplastics
Primary
Microplastics
Secondary
Microplastics

Primary Microplastics
Microplastics that are manufactured into small pieces
for specific uses. It is typically less than 5 mm in size.
Examples of Microplastics
•Microbeads
•Nurdles
•Microfibers
•Plastic Glitter

Microbeads -a tiny manufactured plastic particles less than 1 mm in size
that are used in personal care products and industrial applications.
Personal care products and cosmetics products
1. Facial scrubs
2. Body washes
3. Toothpaste
4. Shampoos
5. Makeup products

Nurdles- are small sized plastic pellets used as the raw
material in the manufacture of larger plastic products.
Nurdles are melted down and molded into everyday
plastic items like:
1. Bottles and containers
2. Toys
3. Car parts

Microfibers -a tiny synthetic fibers that are
shed from clothing during washing. They
are from:
1. Washing clothes
2. Drying clothes

Plastic Glitter- is made of tiny, reflective
particles, usually measuring less than 1
millimeter in diameter. Most glitter is a
combination of:
1. Plastic: usually PET (polyethylene
terephthalate) or PVC
2. Aluminum: for the shiny metallic effect

Secondary Microplastics
Microplastics are tiny plastic particles that form when larger
plastic items break down in the environment over time. They
are broken down into smaller pieces through natural forces
such as sunlight (UV radiation), wind, waves, mechanical
abrasion, heat, and microbial action.
Examples of Secondary Microplastics
• Plastic Fragments
•Foam Particles
• Tire Wear Particles

Plastic Fragments- are small broken pieces of plastic
debris that are sharp or irregular in shape resulting
from the breakdown of larger plastic items. They are
from:
1. Bottle water
2. smaller pieces from plastic bags
3. Thin films from packaging and wrappers

Foam Particles -small pieces of expanded
polystyrene (like styrofoam) that break off from
larger foam products. They are from:
1. Styro cups, box, plates etc.
2. Installation foam used in buildings
3. Foam coolers, surfboards, buoys etc.

Tire wear Particles- are tiny fragments that break
off from vehicle tires as they wear down. They
often mix with road dust, heavy metals, and oils,
forming a toxic combination.

●Water: Oceans, rivers, lakes, bottled water.
●Soil: Agricultural fields (especially from plastic
mulch or sewage sludge).
●Air: Dust and fibers from synthetic materials.
●Food: Seafood, salt, honey, fruits, vegetables.
Where can we find the Microplastics?

1. Breakdown of Larger Plastic Waste
• Sunlight (UV rays), water, and mechanical wear cause plastic bottles,
bags, and containers to break into fragments.
• Common in oceans, rivers, landfills, and streets.
2. Washing of Synthetic Clothes
• Fabrics like polyester, nylon, and acrylic shed microfibers during
washing.
The Probable Causes of Microplastics

3. Tire and Road Wear
• As cars and trucks move, their rubber tires wear down, releasing
plastic-based dust and fragments.
• Particles are washed into storm drains or blown into the air.
➤ Especially common in urban areas with heavy traffic.
4. Use of Personal Care Products
• Microbeads in soaps, facial scrubs, and toothpaste are intentionally

5. Plastic Packaging and Litter
• Discarded wrappers, containers, and packaging materials break into
smaller pieces when exposed to the environment.
➤ Common in landfills, streets, and coastal areas.
6. Industrial Spills (Nurdles)
• Small plastic pellets used to manufacture plastic goods can spill during
transport or factory operations.
➤ These nurdles reach water systems and beaches.

8. Styrofoam (Foam) Disintegration
• Polystyrene foam (like food containers) is fragile and breaks
easily.
• Wind and water carry these foam particles into the environment.
9. Glitter and Craft Materials
• Made from PET plastic and aluminum, glitter is washed off skin,
clothes, or crafts.

Environmental Impacts of
Microplastics
Microplastics are tiny particles that do not
biodegrade. Once they enter the environment,
they accumulate and spread, affecting
ecosystems on land, in water, and even in the
air. Their impact is long-lasting and harmful.

Microplastics
● Harmful to Marine and Aquatic Life-
Ingestion by animals: Some marine animals such as
fish, turtles, plankton, etc. mistakenly as food.
Chemical exposure: Microplastics absorb and carry
toxic substances like pesticides and heavy metals,

Microplastics
● Damage to Soil and Land Ecosystems-
-Microplastics are found in farmlands through sewage
sludge and plastic mulch.
-They affect soil health, plant growth, and microbial
activity, possibly reducing agricultural productivity.

Microplastics
● Air Pollution and Inhalation-
-Microplastics, especially microfibers and tire particles, can become
airborne.
-They settle in cities and indoor spaces, where humans and animals
inhale them unknowingly.
-Long-term exposure may lead to respiratory issues or toxic.
● Impact on wildlife on land-

Microplastics
● Disruption of the Food Chain-
-Since microplastics are eaten by small organisms (like
plankton), they enter the food web.
-Larger animals (including humans) eat those smaller
animals, leading to bioaccumulation.

Microplastics
● Pollution of Water Bodies-
-Microplastics are present in oceans, lakes, and rivers
globally.
-They make water harder to clean, endanger aquatic
life, and reduce water quality.
-Even remote areas like the Arctic and deep sea have

Environmental Attitudes Towards
Microplastics
Some people try to reduce their use of plastics by
bringing reusable bags, bottles, and containers. They
are more careful about buying products that are eco-
friendly or plastic-free. These positive attitudes show
that people are willing to help protect the
environment when they understand the problem

Environmental Attitudes Towards
Microplastics
In schools and communities, more students and groups
are joining clean-up drives and recycling programs. Social
media and news reports help spread information,
encouraging people to take action. Some even support
laws that ban single-use plastics or microbeads in beauty
products. Some people may care about the environment
but still use a lot of plastic because it’s convenient, cheap,
or hard to avoid.

How do we prevent Microplastics?
1. Reduce Single-Use Plastics
• Avoid plastic bags, straws, cups, and utensils.
• Use reusable alternatives like cloth bags, metal straws, and
glass containers.
2. Wash Clothes Responsibly
• Use a laundry bag or microfiber filter to catch synthetic
fibers.

3. Drive Less and Maintain Your Vehicle
• Tires release microplastics when they wear down.
• Walk, bike, or use public transport when possible.
• Keep your tires properly inflated and avoid aggressive
driving.
4. Choose Eco-Friendly Personal Care Products
• Buy shampoos, soaps, and toothpaste from brands that are

5. Reuse and Recycle Properly
• Sort your waste correctly.
• Clean plastic items before recycling.
• Reuse containers, jars, and packaging instead of throwing
them away.
6. Support Bans and Regulations
• Advocate for laws that ban microplastics in products and limit

7. Educate and Raise Awareness
• Teach others about microplastics through school projects,
social media, or clean-up events.
• The more people understand the issue, the more change can
happen.
8. Choose Natural Alternatives
• Replace synthetic sponges, glitter, and cleaning products with
natural or biodegradable versions.

III. Summary
Microplastics pose serious environmental and health risks.
They can harm marine life when ingested, pollute ecosystems,
and may carry toxic chemicals. Humans may also be exposed
to microplastics through food chains, which could affect
health, though research is still ongoing. The main causes
include plastic pollution from packaging, synthetic clothing,
tires, personal care products, and poor waste management.
Preventing microplastic pollution requires reducing plastic
use, recycling properly, using natural alternatives, and
supporting policies that limit plastic production and waste.

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