Cholera and SARS
Download as PPTX, PDF1 like195 views
The document discusses cholera, which is an acute enteric infection caused by ingesting water or food contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It can lead to severe dehydration and death if left untreated. Prevention involves providing access to clean water and sanitation as well as promoting good hygiene practices. Symptoms of cholera include diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes lost from diarrhea.
Cholera and SARS
- 1. Submitted to: Ms. Kanika Patel (Assistance professor) Date of Submission: 09/04/2021 Submitted By: Name: Imdad H. Mukeri Bachelor of Pharmacy (8th Sem) Id No. 17BPH084 Subject: Social Preventive Pharmacy (802T) 4/3/2021 1 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 2. 4/3/2021 2 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 3. Cholera is an acute enteric infection caused by the ingestion of bacterium Vibrio cholera present in faecally contaminated water or food. Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water or food. Cholera is an acute enteric infection caused by the ingestion of bacterium Vibrio cholerae present in faecally contaminated water or food. The extremely short incubation period - two hours to five days- enhances the potentially explosive pattern of outbreaks. Cholera can rapidly lead to severe dehydration and death if left untreated. 4/3/2021 3 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 4. Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually found in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the infection. Common sources include: I. Municipal water supplies II. Ice made from municipal water III. Foods and drinks sold by street vendors IV. Vegetables grown with water containing human wastes V. Raw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters polluted with sewage. 4/3/2021 4 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 5. Rapid heart rate Loss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to original position quickly if pinched) Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth throat, nose, and eyelids Low blood pressure Thirst Muscle cramps 4/3/2021 5 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 6. Measures for the prevention of cholera mostly consist of providing clean water and proper sanitation to populations who do not yet have access to basic services. Health education and good food hygiene are equally important. Communities should be reminded of basic hygienic behaviors, including the necessity of systematic hand-washing with soap after defecation and before handing food or eating, as well as safe preparation and conservation of food. 4/3/2021 6 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 7. Appropriate media, such as radio, television or newspapers should be involved in disseminating health education messages. Community and religious leaders should also be associated to social mobilization campaigns. In addition, strengthening surveillance and early warning greatly helps in detecting the first cases and put in place control measures. Conversely, routine treatment of a community with antibiotics, or mass chemoprophylaxis, has no effect on the spread of cholera, can have adverse effects by increasing antimicrobial resistance and provides a false sense of security. 4/3/2021 7 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 8. Proper and timely case management in cholera treatment centres. Specific training for proper case management, including avoidance of nosocomial infections. Sufficient pre-positioned medical supplies for case management (e.g. diarrhoeal disease kits) Improved access to water, effective sanitation, proper waste management and vector control Enhanced hygiene and food safety practices Improved communication and public information. 4/3/2021 8 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 9. 1. Vaxchora (lyophilized CVD 103-HgR): The FDA a single-dose live oral cholera vaccine called Vaxchora (lyophilized CVD 103-HgR) in the United States. Vaxchora has been reported to reduce the chance of severe diarrhea in people by 90% at 10 days after vaccination and by 80% at 3 months after vaccination. Side effects from Vaxchora are uncommon and may include tiredness, headache, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, lack of appetite, and diarrhea. 2. Dukoral, ShanChol and Euvichol-Plus/Euvichol: Three other oral inactivated, or non-live cholera vaccines are available. 4/3/2021 9 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 10. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/cholera- faq(Accessed on 28/03/2021) https://www.who.int/cholera/technical/WHOPolicy November2008.pdf (28/03/2021) https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/prevention.html#:~:t ext=Prevention%20of%20cholera%20is%20depende nt,and%20other%20diarrheal%20disease%20prevent ion. (28/03/2021) 4/3/2021 10 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 11. 4/3/2021 11 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 12. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, was a contagious and potentially fatal respiratory illness. An outbreak occurred from 2002 to 2003. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of viral pneumonia caused by the SARS coronavirus. The respiratory illness known as SARS first appeared in China in November 2002, and scientists identified it in February 2003. SARS spread to over 24 countries before health authorities managed to contain it. Nevertheless, between November 2002 to July 2003, there were 8,098 (Trusted Source) cases worldwide and 774 deaths. The World Health Organization has designated SARS a global health threat. In 2003, an epidemic killed approximately 774 people Trusted Source worldwide before it was successfully contained. No new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004. 4/3/2021 12 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 13. When SARS was occurring, its symptoms appeared 2–7 days after a person was exposed to the virus. The first symptom was a high fever of more than 100.4°F (38.0°C). Other mild respiratory symptoms were similar to those of flu. SARS symptoms are similar to those of the flu, including: fever over 100.4°F, dry cough, sore throat problems breathing, including shortness of breath Headache, body aches loss of appetite, Malaise (feeling of overall weakness) night sweats and chills, confusion Rash, diarrhea 4/3/2021 13 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 14. SARS was a zoonotic disease, meaning it was of animal origin but passed on to humans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that 75% of emerging infectious diseases come from animals, including rabies and Ebola. Most zoonotic diseases originate in wild animals rather than pets or domestic animals. Some animals can carry a virus without becoming sick because their bodies are accustomed to the virus. This fact means they are likely to have immunity. Viruses can change, however. If a virus changes through contact with another type of animal, it can become unpredictable and possibly dangerous. When a new virus first emerges, people do not have immunity. In time, the immune system develops antibodies for the new virus, and these antibodies equip it to fight the resulting disease. 4/3/2021 14 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 15. Various lab tests have been developed to detect the SARS virus. During the first outbreak of SARS, there were no laboratory tests for the disease. Diagnosis was made primarily through symptoms and medical history. Now, laboratory tests can be performed on nasal and throat swabs or blood samples. A chest X-ray or CT scan may also reveal signs of pneumonia characteristic of SARS. 4/3/2021 15 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 16. As with other infectious diseases, some simple steps would help prevent the spread of SARS if it were to occur again. These include: washing hands frequently or cleaning with an alcohol-based detergent avoiding touching the eyes, mouth, and nose with unclean hands covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing avoiding sharing food, drinks, and utensils staying at least 3 feet away from other people regularly cleaning surfaces with disinfectant 4/3/2021 16 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 17. Controlling outbreaks relies on containment measures including: prompt detection of cases through good surveillance networks and including an early warning system. isolation of suspected of probably cases. tracing to identify both the source of the infection and contacts of those who are sick and may be at risk of contracting the virus. quarantine of suspected contacts for 10 days. exit screening for outgoing passengers from areas with recent local transmission by asking questions and temperature measurement and disinfection of aircraft and cruise vessels having SARS cases on board using WHO guidelines. 4/3/2021 17 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India
- 18. https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute- respiratory-syndrome (accessed on 02/04/2021) https://www.healthline.com/health/severe-acute- respiratory-syndrome-sars (accessed on 02/04/2021) https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7543 (accessed on 02/04/2021) https://www.who.int/csr/media/sars_wha.pdf (accessed on 02/04/2021) https://www.who.int/health-topics/severe-acute- respiratory-syndrome(accessed on 02/04/2021) 4/3/2021 18 DOPs, SIHAS, SHUATS, Prayajraj, U.P,India