Class method

Chapter 6

Classes And Method

http://www.java2all.com

Method Overloading


• A class can contain any number of methods.
Methods can be with parameter and without
parameter.
• The parameter in a method are called type
signature.
• It is possible in java to define two or more
methods within the same class that share the same
name, but with different parameter declarations
(type signatures).
• When this is the case, the methods are said to
be overloaded, and the process is referred to as
method overloading.

• Overloading methods demonstrate the concept
of polymorphism.

• When an overloaded method is invoked, java
uses the type and/or number of arguments as its
guide to determine which version of the overloaded
method to call.

• Thus, overloaded methods must differ in the
type and/or number of their parameters.

• Overloaded methods may have different return
types.

• When java encounters a call to an overloaded
method, it simply executes the version of the
method whose parameters match the arguments
used in the call.


public class MethodOver
{
int n1;
int n2;
MethodOver()
{
n1 = 10;
n2 = 20;
}
void square()
{
System.out.println("The Square is " + n1 * n2);
}
void square(int p1)
{
n1 = p1;
}
void square(int p1, int p2)
{
n1 = p1;
n2 = p2;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
MethodOver obj1 = new MethodOver();
obj1.square(); //call non parameterise method
obj1.square(4); //call method which has 1 argument
obj1.square(7,8); //call method which has 2 argument
}

public class MethodOver
{
int n1;
int n2;
MethodOver()
{
n1 = 10;
n2 = 20;
}
void square()
{
}
Output :
void square(int p1)
{
n1 = p1;
} The Square is 200
void square(int p1, int p2)
{ The Square is 80
n1 = p1;
The Square is 56
n2 = p2;
} You can see that here we have 3 square
{ methods with different argument.
MethodOver obj1 = new MethodOver();
Its called method overloading.
obj1.square(); //call non parameterise method
obj1.square(4); //call method which has 1 argument
obj1.square(7,8); //call method which has 2 argument
}

Constructors overloading


Constructors

Along with method overloading, we can
also overload constructors.

Constructors having the same name with
different parameter list is called constructor
overloading.


class Point
{
int x;
int y;
Point(int a, int b)
{
x = a;
y = b;
}

}
class Circle
{
int originX;
int originY;
int radius;

//Default Constructor

Circle()
{
originX = 5;
originY = 5;
radius = 3;

}
// Constructor initializing the coordinates of origin and the radius.

Circle(int x1, int y1, int r)
{
originX = x1;
originY = y1;
radius = r;
}
Circle(Point p, int r)
{
originX = p.x;
originY = p.y;
radius = r;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("--Center at " + originX + " and " + originY);
System.out.println("Radius = " + radius);
}
{

Circle c1 = new Circle();
Circle c2 = new Circle(10,20,5);
Circle c3 = new Circle(new Point(15,25),10);
c1.display();
c2.display();
c3.display();
}
} http://www.java2all.com

Circle(int x1, int y1, int r)
{
originX = x1;
originY = y1;
radius = r;
}
Circle(Point p, int r)
{
originX = p.x;
originY = p.y;
radius = r;
}
void display()
{ Output :
--Center at 5 and 5
System.out.println("--Center at " + originX + " and " + originY);
System.out.println("Radius = " + radius);
} Radius = 3
{ --Center at 10 and 20
Circle c1 = new Circle(); = 5
Radius
--Center at 15 and 25
Circle c2 = new Circle(10,20,5);
Circle c3 = new Circle(new Point(15,25),10);
c1.display(); Radius = 10
c2.display();
c3.display();
}

Above program is quite complicated here i am
giving you perfect flow of program.

First of all note one thing that
newClassName() this is a short syntax of creating object
of any class.

And we all know that when we create object the
constructor of that class will be called automatically.

So in our program first of all due to syntax Circle
c1 = new Circle(); non parameterize constructor will be
called for object c1 so we get output like Center at 5 and
5 Radius = 3 in c1.display().


Next due to syntax Circle c2 = new
Circle(10,20,5); constructor which has 3 arguments will
be called for object c2 so we get output like Center at 10
and 20 Radius = 5 in c2.display().

Now when we define object c3 our syntax is
like Circle c3 = new Circle(new Point(15,25),10); so first
of all it will create object for Point class so constructor of
point class will be called and it will set parameter x and y.

Then constructor of circle class which has Point
class object as an argument along with one int argument
will be called and set all parameter as per program and we
get output like Center at 15 and 25 Radius = 10 in
c3.display().

More About Method


1. Passing Objects as a Parameter to Method.

We have seen that methods can take
parameters as input and process them.

It is also common to pass objects as a
parameter to methods.


class PassObj
{
int n1;
int n2;
PassObj() // constructor
{
n1 = 0;
n2 = 0;
}
PassObj(int p1, int p2) Output :
{
n1 = p1;
n2 = p2; Multiplication is
}
void multiply(PassObj p1) 30
{
int temp;
temp = p1.n1 * p1.n2;
System.out.println("Multiplication is " + temp);
}
{
PassObj obj1 = new PassObj(5,6);
PassObj obj2 = new PassObj();
obj2.multiply(obj1);
}
}

2. Method overloading with object as a parameter
class MetObjOv
{
int n1;
int n2;

// constructor
MetObjOv()
{
n1 = 0;
n2 = 0;
}
MetObjOv(int x, int y)
{
n1 = x;
n2 = y;
}
void multiply(MetObjOv p1)
{
n1 = p1.n1;
n2 = p1.n2;
System.out.println("There is nothing to multiply ");
System.out.println("n1 = "+n1+"tn2 = " +n2);
}


void multiply(MetObjOv p1, MetObjOv p2)
{
n1 = p1.n1 * p2.n1;
n2 = p1.n2 * p2.n2;

System.out.println("Multiplication of two objects ");
System.out.println("n1 = " + n1 + "tn2 = " + n2 );
}

{
MetObjOv obj1 = new MetObjOv(5,6);
MetObjOv obj2 = new MetObjOv(6,5);
MetObjOv obj3 = new MetObjOv();
obj3.multiply(obj1);
obj3.multiply(obj1, obj2);
}
} Output :
There is nothing to multiply
n1 = 5 n2 = 6
Multiplication of two objects
n1 = 30 n2 = 30

3. Return an Object.

A method can return any type of
data, including class type (object)
that you create.


class RetObj
{
int n1;
int n2;

// constructor
RetObj()
{
n1 = 0;
n2 = 0;
}
RetObj(int x, int y)
{
n1 = x;
n2 = y;
}
RetObj multiply(RetObj p1, RetObj p2)
{
n1 = p1.n1 * p2.n1;
n2 = p1.n2 * p2.n2;
return (this);
}

void display()
{
System.out.println("An Example of returning an Object ");
System.out.println("n1 = "+n1+"tn2 = " +n2);

{
RetObj obj1 = new RetObj(5,6);
RetObj obj2 = new RetObj(6,5);
RetObj obj3 = new RetObj();
obj3 = obj3.multiply(obj1, obj2);
obj3.display();
}
}
Output :
An Example of returning an
Object
n1 = 30 n2 = 30

RetObj multiply(RetObj p1, RetObj p2) This is the syntax in our
program which has return type object.

obj3 = obj3.multiply(obj1, obj2); this is the syntax which calls method
multiply and return object, it will store in obj3.

Call By Value


Now we all know that how to define and call the
methods.
There are two types of calling method and those are

1. call by value
2. call by reference

Here we illustrate call by value and in next topic
we will look at call by reference.

In call by value when we call any method we
pass value as method parameter so changing in
local variables of the method doesn‘t affect the
original variables of class. http://www.java2all.com

This method copies the value of an argument
into the formal parameter of the subroutine.

Therefore, changes made to the parameter of the
subroutine have no effect on the argument.

In java, when we pass a primitive type to a
method, it is passed by value.

Thus, what occurs to the parameter that receives
the argument has no effect outside the method.


public class CallBy_Value
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Value v = new Value(10,20);
System.out.println("a and b before call............");
System.out.println("a = "+v.a);
System.out.println("b = "+v.b);
v.call(v.a,v.b); // CALL BY VALUE
System.out.println("a and b after call............");
System.out.println("a = "+v.a);
System.out.println("b = "+v.b);
}
}
class Value Output :
{
int a,b;
Value(int i,int j) a and b before call............
{
a=i; a = 10
b = j;
} b = 20
void call(int a, int b)
{
a and b after call............
a = a * 2; a = 10
b = b * 2;
} b = 20

You can see that after calling method we change
value of a and b but it will not affect the original value of
class` members because of call by value.

We pass value v.a and v.b as parameter and it will
change local method`s a and b variables.


Call By Reference


Here we pass reference as parameter in
function calling.
We all know that reference means object so we
pass object as parameter.

A reference to an argument (not value of
argument) is passed to the parameter.

Inside the subroutine, this reference is used to
access the actual argument specified in the call.

This means that changes made to the
parameters will affect the argument used to call the
subroutine. http://www.java2all.com

When we pass an object to a method, the
situation changes, because objects are passed by
call-by-reference.

When we create a variable of a class type, we
are only creating a reference to an object. Thus,
When you pass this reference to a method, the
parameter that receives it will refer to the same
object as that referred to by the argument.

This effectively means that objects are passed
to method do affect the object used as an
argument.

public class CallBy_Reference
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Reference r = new Reference(10,20);
System.out.println("a and b before call............");
System.out.println("a = "+r.a);
System.out.println("b = "+r.b);
r.call(r); // CALL BY REFERENCE
System.out.println("a and b after call.............");
System.out.println("a = "+r.a);
System.out.println("b = "+r.b);
}
}
class Reference Output :
{
int a,b;
Reference(int i,int j)
{
a and b before call............
a=i;
b = j;
a = 10
} b = 20
void call(Reference r)
{ a and b after call.............
r.a = a * 2;
r.b = b * 2;
a = 20
}
} b = 40

You can see that after calling method value
of original a and b is changed because of call by
reference.

Here we pass "r" reference (Object) as
parameter in method calling. So changes inside
method will affect original variable of class.


Recursion


Recursion
• Recursion is the process of defining something
in terms of itself.

• When function call it self is called recursion.

• A method that calls itself is said to be
recursive.


import java.util.Scanner;
class Factorial
{
int fact(int n) // this is a recursive function
{
int result;
if(n==1)
return 1;
result = fact(n-1) * n; //From here function call it self (fact(n-1))
return result;
}
}
public class Recursion
Output :
{
{
Enter int no = 7
int x; Factorial of7 is 5040
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter int no = ");
x = s.nextInt();
Factorial f = new Factorial();
System.out.println("Factorial of" + x + " is " + f.fact(x));
}
}


• Here the method fact is recursive because it
calls itself.

• The whole process something like this

• result = fact(7-1) * 7 and so on until it returns 1.

• So one thing is sure that we have to take care
that in every recursive process there must be a
terminate condition to come out from recursion.


Nested Class


It is possible to define a class within another
class; such classes are known as nested classes.

The scope of a nested class is bounded by the
scope of its enclosing class.

That means, if class B is defined within class
A, then B is known to A, but not outside A.

If A is nesting class B, then A has access to all
the members of B, including private members. But
the B does not have access to the members of nested
class. http://www.java2all.com

There are two types of nested classes:
1. Static
2. Non – Static

Static nested class :-

A static nested class is one which has the
static modifier, as it is static it must access the
member of its enclosing class through an object.
That means it cannot refer to member of its
enclosing class directly.


Non – Static nested class :-

Non – Static nested class is known as inner
class.

It has access to all of its variables and
methods of its outer class and can refer to them
directly.

An inner class is fully within the scope of its
enclosing class.

class Inner1
{
class Contents
{
private int i = 16;
public int value()
{
return i;
}
}
class Destination
{
private String label;
Destination(String whereTo)
{
label = whereTo;
}
}
public void ship(String dest)
{
Contents c = new Contents(); // create object of inner class Contents
Destination d = new Destination(dest); // create object of inner class Destination

System.out.println("Shipped " + c.value() + " item(s) to " + dest);
}

{
Inner1 p = new Inner1();
p.ship("Congo"); //call ship method of outer class "inner1"
}
}

Output :

Shipped 16 item(s) to Congo


Let us see one more example but here the
program will not compile
class Outer
{
int outer_x = 100;
void test()
{
Inner inner = new Inner();
inner.display();
}
class Inner // this is an inner class
{
int y = 10; // y is local to Inner
void display()
{
System.out.println("display: outer_x = " + outer_x);
}
}
void showy()
{
System.out.println(y); // error, y not known here!
}
}

class InnerClassDemo
{
{
Outer outer = new Outer();
outer.test();
}
}

Here, y is declared as an instance variable
of Inner. Thus it is not known outside
Of that class and it cannot be used by
showy( ).


Command Line
Argument


Sometimes you will want to pass information
into a program when you run it. This is
accomplished by passing command-line arguments
to main( ).

A command-line argument is the information
that directly follows the program’s name on the
command line when it is executed.

To access the command-line arguments inside a
Java program is quite easy—they are stored as
strings in the String array passed to main( ).

Example :-
class CommandLine
{
{
for(int i=0; i < args.length; i++)
System.out.println("args[" + i + "]: " +args[i]);
}
}
Try executing this program, as shown here:
java Command Line this is a test 100 -1
When you do, you will see the following output:

args[0]: this
args[1]: is
args[2]: a
args[3]: test
args[4]: 100
args[5]: -1

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