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Cohesive Devices.pptx
- 2. • Human beings use language to communicate with each other and to represent their ideas or thoughts, • Communication can be in the form of written as well as spoken discourse (stretch of lang). • To do all this they use one or more word or/and more than one sentence. • The wide range of sentences can be used as a unified whole or separate unrelated sentences. • In this way they produce long texts.
- 3. Meaning • Cohesive device is a device which holds different parts of a thing together. • In terms of communication, cohesive devices are typically single words or phrases that hold and hang different parts of the text. • These are basically tools of cohesion • Function: The major function of cohesion is text formation. • Helps in achieving unity of text as a semantic whole. unified whole of linguistic items.
- 4. Cont…. • A text must be meaningful. A text that is not cohesive is never meaningful. • They show the logical relationship between sentences and paragraphs. • They help expand the context, such as; - whether information is completely new, - related to information in other sentences, - or is a reference to "old" information from a previous sentence. • improves reading and comprehension skills.
- 5. Cont… • Importance: Without them the semantic system cannot be effectively activated at all. how meaning in language is created by the use and inter-relationship of words, phrases, and sentences • Links together structurally unrelated elements through the dependence of one on the other for its interpretation. • e.g. Aslam (proper noun) is an intelligent boy. He (pronoun) always stand first in class. He is holding two sentences together.
- 6. Cont… • Mary will jump if she is fit. • The company will change its policy. • Ayesha wants to know if her proposal was accepted. Cohesive devices may take a number of forms e.g. pronouns, nouns, conjunctions etc.
- 7. Examples • Numerous words are considered cohesive devices in the English language. For example; however, in conclusion, basically, at last, eventually, after all, rarely, normally, at first, often, further, and firstly. Each of the above examples can be used to start a sentence to link together the sentences or story.
- 8. Types of cohesive devices • Sentences that are presented as a whole are linked and related to each other by means of specific cohesive devices, i.e. • Reference, • Substitution, • Ellipsis, • Conjunctions, • Lexical items
- 9. Reference • Reference is used to describe the different ways in which entities- things, people, events- are referred to within texts • Linguistic features e.g. pronouns are used to refer to the already mentioned entities. • Certain terms in any language cannot be interpreted semantically rather they make reference to something else within the text for their interpretation.
- 10. Cont… • e.g. Saira went to the market in rain. She stepped in puddle and never went there again. • She and there show that the information about them is retrieved elsewhere within the text. This type of cohesion is called reference. • Types: - Personal ref; e.g. I, me, mine, mine, his, her, they, them, he, she, you, we, us etc.
- 11. Cont… • Demonstrative ref; here/there) (This/these, that/those, It is a form of pointing the referent on the basis of proximity (near, far) e.g. Leave that there and come here. I like these books but I don’t like those. • Comparative ref; Here things compared show likeness or unlikeness. e.g. It is the same pen I bought yesterday.
- 12. Cont… It is different pen yesterday. (general) from the one I bought There are twice as many books there as the last time. Take some more tea (particular comparison)
- 13. Substitution • It is replacement of one linguistic item by another i.e. replacement of one word/phrase with another word/phrase. • Used to avoid repetition of a particular item. • Something you use instead of the thing you would normally use. e.g. The glass broke. I must get another. You know she already know this. I think everybody does.
- 14. Cont… A: I will have two eggs on the bread. B: I will have the same. I don’t know the meaning of those words, and I don’t believe you do either. Is this mango ripe? It seems so
- 15. Ellipsis • It is the deletion or omission of a linguistic item. • It can be interpreted as that form of substitution in which an item is replaced by nothing. • An occasion when words are deliberately left out of a sentence, though the meaning can still be understood.
- 16. Cont… • Leaving out of words or sentences as they are necessary because they have already been referred or mentioned. e.g.A: Where are you going? B: To town instead of I am going to town. A: Have you been swimming? B: yes
- 17. Conjunction • A word which joins words and sentences such as but, when, and, so, or, unless etc. • Categories: - Additive (substance added to another) - Adversative (contrary to expectations) -Causal (relations expressed by so, hence, therefore, thus) - Temporal (relation expressed by “then”
- 18. Lexical cohesion • Lexical cohesion is established through vocabulary. • While reference, ellipsis and conjunction tend to link clauses which are near each other in the text, lexical cohesion tends to link much larger parts of the text • Lexical cohesion is created by Reiteration and Collocation
- 19. Cont… • Reiteration; involves - the repetition of the same word - a synonym or near-synonym - a general word e.g. There is a boy climbing that tree - The boy is going to fall……. - The lad is going to fall…….. - The idiot is going to fall……
- 20. Cont… • Collocation; is the way in which particular words tend to occur or belong together.