CVS.pptx
- 1. Cardiovascular System Dr Ayesha Anwer Ali
- 2. Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath) Dyspnea, also called shortness of breath, is a tight feeling in your chest where you may not be able to take a deep breath. Causes Anemia (low level of red blood cells). Asthma. Anxiety. Heart or lung problems. History of smoking. Infections. Poor fitness. Severe obesity.
- 4. Orthopnea Orthopnea is a shortness of breath some people experience when lying down, which goes away once they return to an upright position. Dyspnea, which describes the sensation of difficult breathing, regardless of position Platypnea, which describes difficulty breathing when standing Trepopnea, which describes difficulty breathing when lying on the side Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), a condition where the person experiences sudden difficulty breathing during sleep. Causes Orthopnea usually happens because your heart isn't strong enough to pump out all the blood sent from your lungs. Heart disease, cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure.
- 6. Palpitation Palpations are sensations by a person that they are having hard, rapid, or irregular heartbeats. causes strenuous exercise excess caffeine or alcohol use nicotine from tobacco products such as cigarettes and cigars stress anxiety lack of sleep fear panic dehydration
- 8. Pain Pain is a general term that describes uncomfortable sensations in the body. It stems from activation of the nervous system. Pain can range from annoying to debilitating. Some common causes of pain include: headache toothache sore throat stomach ache or cramps muscle cramps or strains cuts, burns, or bruises bone fractures
- 9. Types of pain Acute Pain Acute pain develops over a short period of time. It tends to occur suddenly, often as a result of a known injury, illness, or medical procedure. Acute pain tends to be sharp, rather than dull. It usually goes away within a few days, weeks, or months, after the cause has been treated or resolved. For example, acute pain may result from: injuries such as cuts, burns, muscle strains, or bone fractures illnesses such as food poisoning, strep throat, or appendicitis medical procedures such as injections, dental work, or surgery.
- 10. Chronic Pain Chronic pain lasts, or comes and goes, over multiple months or years. It may result from a variety of health conditions, such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic migraine, or cancer.
- 11. Nociceptive pain Nociceptive pain is caused by tissue damage. For example, it may result from injuries such as cuts, burns, bruises, or fractures. It may also result from certain health conditions that cause tissue inflammation and damage, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). When nociceptive pain develops in your skin, muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints, or bones, it’s known as somatic pain. When it develops in your internal organs, it’s known as visceral pain. Nociceptive pain may be acute or chronic, depending on the underlying cause. It may feel achy, throbbing, or sharp.
- 12. Neuropathic pain Neuropathic pain results from nerve damage, which may be caused by a variety of injuries and illnesses. Neuropathic pain may feel like a stabbing, shooting, burning, or prickling sensation. You may also find that you’re hypersensitive to touch, movement, or hot and cold temperatures.
- 13. RICE Rest the injured area Ice the injured area, by applying a towel-wrapped cold pack or ice pack for 10 to 20 minutes at a time Compress the injured area, by wrapping it in an elastic bandage tightly enough to provide support, but not so tightly that it causes numbness Elevate the injured area above your heart
- 14. Syncope Syncope (pronounced “sin ko pea”) is the medical term for fainting or passing out. It is caused by a temporary drop in the amount of blood that flows to the brain. Syncope can happen if you have a sudden drop in blood pressure, a drop in heart rate, or changes in the amount of blood in areas of your body.
- 15. Types of Syncope 1 ) Vasovagal syncope (also called cardio-neurogenic syncope) Vasovagal syncope is the most common type of syncope. It is caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure, which causes a drop in blood flow to the brain.
- 16. 2) Situational syncope Situational syncope is a type of vasovagal syncope. It happens only during certain situations that affect the nervous system and lead to syncope. Some of these situations are: Dehydration Intense emotional stress Anxiety Fear Pain Hunger Use of alcohol or drugs Hyperventilation (breathing in too much oxygen and getting rid of too much carbon dioxide too quickly) Coughing forcefully, turning the neck, or wearing a tight collar (carotid sinus hypersensitivity) Urinating (micturition syncope)
- 17. 3) Postural syncope (also called postural hypotension) Postural syncope is caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure due to a quick change in position, such as from lying down to standing. Certain medications and dehydration can lead to this condition. 4) Neurologic syncope Neurologic syncope is caused by a neurological condition such as seizure, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Other less common conditions that lead to neurologic syncope include migraines and normal pressure hydrocephalus.
- 19. Peripheral edema Peripheral edema is swelling of your lower legs or hands. The cause may be simple, such as sitting for too long on a plane or standing for too long. Or it may involve a more serious underlying disease. Edema occurs when something disrupts the usual balance of fluids in your cells. Peripheral edema is common in older adults and pregnant women, but it can occur at any age.
- 20. Symptoms look swollen and puffy feel heavy, achy, or stiff be bruised or discolored from an injury Other symptoms may include: skin in the swollen area that feels tight or warm pitting (when you press on your skin for about five seconds, your finger leaves a dent in the skin) swollen legs or feet that make it hard for you to walk difficulty putting on stockings or shoes weight that goes up from the fluid increase
- 21. Temporary conditions associated with edema Injury Sitting or standing too long Pregnancy Hormonal changes Excessive salt intake Drug reactions Allergic reaction
- 23. Cough cough, also known as tussis, is a voluntary or involuntary act that clears the throat and breathing passage of foreign particles, microbes, irritants, fluids, and mucus; it is a rapid expulsion of air from the lungs. There are three phases to cough: Inhalation (breathing in). Increased pressure in the throat and lungs with the vocal cords closed. An explosive release of air when the vocal cords open, giving a cough its characteristic sound.
- 24. Causes Causes of acute (short-term) cough In most cases, the infection is in the upper respiratory tract and affects the throat, this is known as a URTI or URI (upper respiratory tract infection). Examples include: flu common cold Laryngitis Causes of chronic (long-term) cough smoking mucus dripping down the throat from the back of the nose (post nasal drip) GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease) asthma some medications (e.g., ACE inhibitors) Chronic coughs in children are most often caused by asthma, but can also be from conditions like post-nasal drip or GERD. Less common causes of chronic cough in adults include TB (tuberculosis), fungal infections of the lung, and lung cancer.