Dermatolody quizzes

Dermatology
Quizzes

Fayza Rayes
MBBCh. Msc. MRCGP (UK)
Consultant Family Physician
Joint Program of Family & Community Medicine – Jeddah

www.fayzarayes.com

fayzarayes@yahoo.com

1 This child became unwell and
developed abdominal pain,
painful swelling of the joints and
a purpuric eruption on the lower
legs. Her platelet count was
normal and she had received no
drugs.
Q1. What is the condition ?
Q2. What other problems might
arise ?
Q3. What is the cause ?
Q4. What is the treatment?
.

Henoch-Schonlien Purpura
A2. Bleeding from the gut and
Acute glomerulonephritis
A3. Usually none is found. In
former years streptococcal
infection was thought to he
important. It is now
regarded as an immune
complex disease but the
antigen is usually difficult
to identify.
A4. High-dose steroids

Henoch Schonlein purpura
Localized oedema Nephritis
face, hands, feet, microscopic
scrotum haematuria
Arthritis proteinuria
flitting, large joints mild focal
glomerulonephritis
Abdominal pain
Maculopapular-
melaena
purpura rash
haematemesis
haemorrhage with buttocks and
extensor surface of
oedema of gut wall
legs and arms

2

A child presented with pyrexia and
eruption which consisted of papules,
pustules and vesicles.
Q.1 What is the disease ?
Q.2 What complication may occur ?

Chickenpox

A2. Complications :
Secondary infection:
Thrombocytopenic purpura Encephalitis
Varicella pneumonia ( usually in adults)
and those with impaired immune response.

3
This boy has
developed a
smooth round
bald patch on
the scalp.

Q.1 What is this most likely to be ?
Q.2 hat is the prognosis ?
Q.3 Name some other causes of patchy hair
loss in a child ?
Q.4 Name three systemic diseases in which
non-scarring alopecia may occur ?

Alopecia areata

A.2 In most cases patches regrow completely in a few
months some follow a relapsing pattern and 'm some
cases A the hair is lost ( Alopecia totalis).

A.3 Ringworm infection (tinea capitis), hair plucking.

A.4 SLE, Secondary syphilis, sickle cell anaemia

4

A symptomless, white slightly scaly eruption
increased throughout 3 years over a man's trunk
Q1. What is it ?
Q2. What is the differential diagnosis ?
Q3. How would you treat it ?

Pityriasis versicolor
A2. It is not to he confused with
vitiligo when this is usually total loss
of skin melanin in affected areas.

A3. With topical agents e.g. benzoic
acid compound ointment
BPC(Whitfield's ointment), selenium
sulphide lotion, creams or lotions of
the imidazole group. None offers a
permanent cure.

This is 22-year-old
5 building laborer
presented in
September with white
patches on his trunk.
Q1 What is the
diagnosis?
Q2 Is the cause
known?
Q3 Are any other
conditions associated
with this disorder?

Pityriasis versicolor
A2. Caused by
pityrosporum yeast
(or pityrosporm
ovale-orbicalare)

A3. No other
condition is
associated with this
disorder

6

A 32-year-old woman presented with silvery
plaques over the knees. The affected areas
were not itchy but gentle removal of the scales
caused pinpoint bleeding.
Q1. What is the diagnosis
Q2. Where else should you look for lesions ?
Q3. With what may it he associated ?

Psoriasis vulgaris

A.2 Scalp , nails , elbows , umbilicus , lower back and
anogenital area.

A.3 Various form of arthropathy rheumatoid arthrtis like
osteoarthritis- like affecting distal interphalangeal joints of
the fingers, ankylosing spondylitis - like affecting sacro-iliac
joints, arthritis mutilans.

Calloused knee
The weight is carried
on the tibial
tuberosities when
kneeling on hard stone
floor. This must be
differentiated from
psoriasis which has a
predilection for the
knee

7
This man has lichen planus.
During the course of the
disease he developed a linear
lesions in a scratch on his feet
Q1. What is this phenomenon
called?
Q2. What other skin disorders
may be have in this way

Koebner Phenomenon (or isomorphic)

Other skin conditions:
Vitiligo, Warts & Molluscum contagiousa.

Koebner
Phenomenon

Molluscum contagiosum

Planer warts Psoriasis

Plane warts

Planer warts showing
Plane warts. Koebner Phenomenon

Koebner Phenomenon

8

Nana 3 -year-old girl has asymptomatic papules on her
trunk. The process had begun 2 months earlier as a single
large lesion on her upper back. Soon thereafter, numerous
clustered, flesh-colored, dome- shaped papules-some of
which had a central dell-appeared over her scapula.
Although each lesion appeared to be vesicular, no fluid
could be aspirated. The asymmetric, clustered distribution of
the lesions strongly suggested an external cause rather that
a cutaneous eruption brought on by an internal
derangement.
Q1. What is the diagnosis?

Differential possibilities include: Insect bites . Scabies . Warts .

These small papules- Flesh-colored, dome-shaped,
clustered over the scapula- cratered papules are a
began several weeks earlier cutaneous manifestation of a
as a single lesion DNA virus

9

There is an itchy marginated scaly eruption on the foot.
Q.1 What is it?
Q.2 How does the infection arise, and what structures are
involved ?
Q.3 What investigations are needed ?
Q.4 What is your management

Studies suggest that as many as 10 %
of adults may have tinea pedis

Tinea Pedis
A2. Minor trauma or occlusion of the skin is necessary for the initial
invasion by the finger. Infection is confined to the stratum corneun.
A3. Microscopic examination and culture of skin scrapings to
demonstrate and identify the fungus.
A4. General Measures :
• Light, loose and non-occlusive footwear.
• Drying and application of talcum powder.
• Reduce sweating.
• Drying agents
• Antimicrobial agents - Antifungal BD
• Combined antifungal with neomycin.

12 This 18-year-old man presented
with erythematous, maculo-
papular, dry and scaly eruptions
all over his body which had been
present for 5 days. The
cutaneous lesions appeared
about 10 days after a sore
throat.


Q2. Is there any association
between throat infection and this
skin disorder?
Q3. What is the prognosis?

Acute guttate
psoriasis.

A2. Yes. There is a strong association between
streptococcal pharyngitis and widespread and sudden onset
of guttate psoriasis.

A3. Good. Guttate psoriasis is usually self-limiting.

A4. Treatment is diverse but suppressive, since there is no
cure yet available. Aggressive treatment is not indicated.
Tar in low concentrations and ultraviolet B radiation are
helpful. A course of oral penicillin or erythromycin can be
given if there is bacteriological evidence of streptococcal
throat infection.

13

Q1. Describe the lesion
Q2. What is your deferential diagnosis?

A1. The great toenail has been gradually changing
It’s markedly dystrophic, with distal splitting of the nail plate
A2. Differential diagnosis:
Psoriasis
Lichen planus
Subunguanal tumors
Onychomycosis
(fungal nail infection)

Psoriasis of nails (a) Oil-drop appearance. (b)
Pitting and onycholysis. (c) Subungual keratosis.
(d) Distortion of whole nail.

14 This woman aged 25 had
been treated for ulcerative
colitis for approximately
three weeks with steroid
enema and sulphalazine.

Q. What are the lesions on
her hands.

15
A young lady had a 10
days history of tender red
lumps on the legs.

Q1. What is the diagnosis ?

Q2. How many possible

causes can you
suggest ?

possible causes of erythema nodosum:
• Sarcoidosis
• Post-streptococcal infection
• Drug-associated (e.g. sulfonamides)
• Primary TB
• Behcet's disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Lymphogranioloma venereum
• Cat-scratch disease
• Blastomyocosis
• Yersinia (pasleurella) infection
• Lymphoma
• In many cases no cause is found.

This is a young
16 Chinese patient has
pale scaly facial
patches. Her mother
is terrified that this
is vitiligo.
QI. What is the
diagnosis?
Q2. What is the
natural history of the
condition?

Pityriasis alba
A2. The condition fades
spontaneously.

Vitiligo appears milky white
under Wood's light.

Pityriasis alba appears a tan
color.

A young man presented with

17 scarring and papule &
pustules over his face. 5 years
ago he had been prescribed
antibiotics with good results.
He had not continued with
therapy as recommended.
Q.1 What was his initial condition

Q.2 Where else should you look for
lesions

Q.3 Is there an inherited
predisposition to the condition ?

Q.4 What is your management ?

A2. Chest & Back
A3. Acne has familial bias. In a survey one or
both parents of half of the patients had suffered
from acne. Fewer than 10% of boys without acne
had a parent with a history of acne. Men with
XYY genotype are pre- disposed to nodulocystic
acne.
A4. Topical therapy : Benzoyl-peroxide , Tretinoin
Oral antibiotic e.g.. Erythromycin or
Doxycyclin
Refer for oral isotretinoin.

Acne

Gray discoloration in the numerous old acne
scar of the face as side effect of Minocycline

Typical case of rosacea: small papules and
pustules on an erythematous, telangiectatic
background. The most common sites are the
central cheeks, forehead, tip of the nose and chin

Rosacea is easily confused with acne, acne
vulgaris tends to occur in a younger age group
and comedones are usually present. Comedones
are not seen in rosacea

18

A young girl has a spreading exudative and
crusted eruption on her neck for 10 days.
Q1. What is the eruption ?
Q2. What organisms are responsible ?
Q3. What internal disease is a rare
complication ?

Impetigo

A2. Either Staphylococcus aureus or
Streptococcus pyogenes

A3. Acute glomerulonephritis if the skin was
infected by a nephotogenic streptococcus.

Impetigo

Presentation:
Multiple golden yellow crust on an erythematous base.
Usually 1-2 cm in diameter. Alternatively, bullous lesions on
the skin in an otherwise well patient.
Investigations:
Not usually necessary. Diagnosis is essentially clinical
Treatment:
Small well-circumscribed lesions respond to topical
antibiotics. Systematic treatment with flucloxacillin or
erythromycin is not usually required, except for extensive
lesions.

A young child with extensive lesions of
bullous (staphylococcal) impetigo on the
trunk

Impetigo
Thick, yellow
crusts on the
background of
erythema and
superficial
erosion in
patient with
streptococcal

Bullous Impetigo

This man developed rash on his hand resembling
cigarette burns the lesions were progressive and a
diagnosis of impetigo was made. The infecting organism
is usually staphylococcus aureus. In this case treatment
with oral antibiotics (flucloxacillin 250 mg four times
daily) was effective.

Bullous Impetigo

A 4-year-old boy presented with this widespread bullous
rash after returning from a holiday> the diagnosis is
‘scalded skin syndrome’ (bullous impetigo). Epidermal
change of erythema followed by flaccid bullae, which later
rupture; are caused by staphylococcal endotoxin. These
usually heal over 7-14 days.

Bacterial skin infections
Scalded skin syndrome Impetigo

Golden crusts
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus

19

Q1. What is the eruption ?
Q2. What organisms are responsible ?
Q3. What internal disease is a rare complication ?

Erysipelas

Well-demarcated erythematous swelling of
facial; this condition is more often bilateral

Erysipelas
It is a superficial skin infection with
redness, swelling, mild pain, and
heat sensation with well defined
borders. There may be a breach of
skin where the infection entered.

A2. The causative organism is a group A beta hemolytic
streptococcus.

A3. If classical symptoms, no investigations are required.
Treatment: Penicillin or erythromycin

Erysipelas
Presentation: Superficial
skin infection with
redness, swelling, mild
pain, and heat sensation
with well defined borders.
There may be a breach of
skin where the infection
entered.

Investigations: If classical symptoms, no investigations
are required. The causative organism is a group A beta
hemolytic streptococcus.
Treatment: Penicillin or erythromycin

20
Q.1 What is the
diagnosis ?

Q.2 What organisms
are responsible ?

Q.3 What is your
management ?

Boils
Presented as focal abscesses of
staphylococcal etiology.
A2. Pus can be cultured if
indicated.
A3. Simple drainage by incision.
However, if lesions are multiple
or infection appears to be
spreading, then treat with oral
flucloxacillin or erythromycin.

21

Q2. Is there any investigation?
Q3. What is your management ?

Cellulitis
Presented as deeper infection
than erysipelas, with less-well-
defined borders. Diagnosis is
usually clinical
A2. Investigations is not
usually necessary. If there is a
site of entry of infection, a
swab should be taken. A3.
Treatment: antibiotics such as
flucloxacillin or erythromycin ,
that eradicate staphylococcal
aureus.

22

A 20-year-old woman comes to ER with 4-day
history of sore throat and a skin eruption,
extremely ill, has a high fever and is jaundiced
and dyspneic
Q2. What is the differential diagnosis?

Skin-eating infection
(Necrotizing fasciitis)

It is caused by virulent streptococcal organism The
characteristic signs are erythroderma with multiple
bullae and necrosis which caused the discoloration.
A2. Differential diagnosis?
* Toxic shock syndrome
* Erythema multiforme
* Toxic epidermal necrosis

23


Herpes simplex

Cluster of eroded
umbilicated vesicles on the
antecubital area
* Acute dermatitis
* Mulluscum contagiosum
* Superficial folliculitis

Herpes simplex infection associated with
atopic dermatitis
It was misdiagnosed as pyoderma and treated with
antibiotics for more than 2 weeks

24

Q2. Is there any investigation?
Q3. What is your management ?

Zoster ophthalmicus (Shingles)
Presentation: Pain with a vesicular
eruption followed by scabbing and skin
scarring in the region of the cutaneous
distribution of the ophthalmic maxillary
divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

Complications: Iritis, keratitis and
post-herpetic neuralgia.

Investigations: Diagnosis is clinical.

Treatment: Patients may benefit from
systemic acyclovir (Zovirax; 800 mg
given five times daily for 5 days)
prescribed early during the course of
the infection.

This 47-year-61d man
25 presented with a large
swelling on his neck of
4 days duration, There
were no other
symptoms.
Q1. What is the
diagnosis?
Q2. With what other
medical condition is
this associated?
Q3. What is the
treatment?

Carbuncle

Carbuncle is an infective gangrene of the
subcutaneous tissue, sometimes associated
with diabetes. Males are more often affected
and the nape of neck is a common site.
Staphylococcus aureus is the usual offending
A2. Diabetes mellitus.
A3. Wide incision and drainage.

26

Q2. Is this always associated with an
endocrine disorder?
Q3. Of what dermal constituent is this
primarily a disorder?

Necrobiosis
lipoidica
It is an uncommon granulomatous degenerative disorder of
dermal collagen. Atrophy of the skin of the shin is typical, with
an orange-yellow discoloration allowing clear visualization of
the underlying venous plexuses. About 500/o of affected
patients have diabetes mellitus, a further 20% have abnormal
glucose handling during steroid administration, and 300/o are
idiopathic. The condition affects about 0,3% of all diabetic
patients. Ulceration is an uncommon, though distressing,
complication.

A2 No.
A3 Collagen.

28
This is 58-year-old
asthmatic presented with
painful tongue.
Q1. What is the
diagnosis?
Q2. What is the
management?

Geographical tongue
It is also known as
erythema migrans or
benign migratory
glossaries. Apart
from transient
stinging it is usually
asymptomatic and
requires no
treatment

29

Q1. What is this condition?
Q2. Is this a typical pattern?
Q4. How would you treat it?

Geographical tongue
(benign migratory glossitis)

A2. Yes. It is most common in young women.

A3. Leukoplakia. Candidosis, vitamin deficiency and
some skin disorders.
A4. Reassurance, anti-inflammatory mouthwashes

30

A 22-year-old Saudi patient noticed painless sore on his foot
for about 6 weeks, it gradually increased in size. The rest of
his skin was clear and there was no constitutional upset.
Q.1 What is the most probable diagnosis ?
Q.2 What is the means of transmission ?
Q.3 How is the diagnosis confirmed ?
Q.4 Is generalized infection a danger ?
Q.5 What is the prognosis if untreated ?

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A2. Transmitted from dog to man by the bite of sandfly.

A3. Diagnosis is confirmed by aspiration from the edge of the
lesion to demonstrate the amastigote of leishmania.

A4. Infection remains localized to the skin.

A5. Prognosis: Over a period of months or years the lesion will
heal with scaring and disfiguring partly as a result of
secondary infection.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Presentation: A non-itchy cutaneous lesion
which tends to be circular or oval and which fails
to heal despite traditional treatments. A history
of travel in endemic areas is a prerequisite.
Investigations: A radial smear taken from the
circumference of the lesion (which has been
pinched to make it bloodless) will reveal the
causative organism on microscopy.
Treatment: A spontaneous cure will occur with
time (and lack of a diagnosis). Repeated
applications of local heat will effect a cure, but
pentavalent antimony (Stibogluconate) is often
used.

31

These lesions were noted during evaluation of itchy
purple lesions on the flexor aspect of the wrists.


Q2. What proportion of patients with skin lesions have
oral lesions?

Q3. What is the significance of oral lesions on their
own?

Lichen Planus
Fig. 1 Flat-topped
violaceous papules

Fig. 2 Wickham's striae
(lichen planus).

Fig. 3 Hypertrophic
lichen planus.

Fig. 4 Lichen planus
(Koebner
phenomenon).

Lichen planus

A2. bout 75%, but most are asymptomatic.
A3. Oral lichenoid changes are relatively
nonspecific, but may occur as a reaction to
dental amalgam.

32

A child presented with thickening of his lips
Q2. What is your management?.

Lip Lick dermatitis

Lip lick dermatitis is a form of contact dermatitis caused by
frequent lip llicking and is seen mostly in emotionally
disturbed children.licking of the lips produces increased
salivation and thickening of the lips. Eventually a distinctive
marginated perioral zone of dry scaly inflammation
originates, resembling the exaggerated mouth make- up of
a clown.
A2. Treatment should ideally involve psycho- therapy,
but parents will not always accept that lip licking is the
cause. Local applications of a mild steroid combined with
antimycotic preparation lead to rapid cure.

33
This 32-year-old ex-
intravenous drug
abuser complained of
headaches and
arthralgia.
Q1. What abnormality is
shown
Q2. What is its
significance?

A maculo-papular rash

A2. This may occur
shortly before
seroconversion in
HIV-infected
individuals

34

This 16-year-old boy was concerned
about white spots under his eyes.
Q1. What abnormality is shown

Kerion

There are tiny keratin-filled cysts
which could be drained with sterile
needle with immediate effect

35

These patches appeared on the hands of a 40-year-old
man. They were mistaken for tinea infection but failed
to resolve with antifungal treatment.


Q2. With what other skin condition is it closely
associated?

Q3. Is any locally applied treatment effective?

Granuloma annulare

A2. Necrobiosis lipoidica.

A3. Yes. locally applied treatment is effective

intralesioal corticosteroids may speed resolution.

Granuloma annulare
Lesions are usually found on
the back of the hand and the
knuckles. They comprise
dermal nodules fused into a
rough ring shape. Lesions are
skin-colored or slightly pink.
There is an association with
diabetes, but only in a few
adults who have extensive
lesions.
No treatment is required as
the lesions gradually
disappear without scarring
over a period of 1 or 2 years.

Granuloma annulare
In most cases the lesions
resolve without treatment,
but if an association with
diabetes is suspected,
urinalysis is indicated

36

53-year-old man on chronic immunosuppressant drugs
after a kidney transplant presented with a rapidly
evolving eruption on the trunk. Skin examination
revealed sharply marginated interconnected scaly, red
plaques in an annular (advancing margins and central
clearing) configuration
Q. What is the differential diagnosis of annular lesions?

Differential diagnosis of annular lesions

1. Fungal infection
5. Psoriasis
2. Lichen planus
3. Luls (syphilis) 6. Pityriasis rosea
4. Lupus 7. Parapsoriasis

Differential diagnosis of annular lesions

Fungal infection

Secondary Syphilis-rash

Pityriasis rosea

lichen planus
Psoriasis

Discoid lupus erythematosus

Discoid lupus Well-defined plaque of DLE
erythematosis on nose with follicular
plugging / scarring.

Fungal
Infections
Tinea corporis.

Tinea cruris

Ringworm granuloma

Flat-topped violaceous Wickham's striae
papules of lichen (lichen planus).
planus.

This 4-year-old girl presented with a faint rash all over
her body and marked erythema of the cheeks. Three
other children in her nursery school had the same
symptoms. She and her friends were perfectly well
except for the changes in the skin
Q1. What is the likely
diagnosis?
Q2. What is the infecting
agent?

37

Erythema infectiosum

A1 Or Slapped cheek disease or fifth disease
A2 parvovirus

38
Slowly growing
pigmented lesion (about
3-2 cm) on the face of a
32 years old man.
Q.1 What is it ?
Q.2 Name other three
pigmented lesions
which occasionally
inter into differential
diagnosis ?
Q.3 Mention two
etiological factors ?

Nodular melanoma. Superficial melanoma. Lentigo maligna.
with nodules

Malignant Melanoma
Seborffioeic Keratosis
Compound melanocytic nevus
Blue nevus
Pigmented histocytoma
Pigmented basal cell carcinoma
A3. Etiological factors:
Sunlight
Racial susceptibility
Penetrating trauma occasionally
has given rise to a malignant melanoma.

39

A 52-year-old school teacher developed
“pimple” that rapidly growing over 6 weeks

40

The lesion on the finger of an elderly man grew
.without symptoms for several months
?Q1. What is the likely diagnosis
?Q2. How would you prove it
Q3. What is the most important factor in its
?production

Squamous cell carcinoma
.

A2. Biopsy for histopathology
.A3. Excessive sunlight exposure

41

Acute leukemia: diffuse purpura on the
chest of a young man who was admitted
with a history of bleeding and bruising

42

Progressive discolored lesions on the
lower limbs and trunk’s sarcoma”

Oral Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Cutaneous Kaposi’s
Sarcoma in a
homosexual man

43

Active lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the
skin) Exuberant hypertrophic ulceration
spreading over the nose and malar areas.

44

A patient developed a rash consisting of small red slightly
elevated papules and vesicles, unevenly distributed and
intensely itchy, especially where he was warm. A close up
of one of the lesion is shown.
Q.1 What is the diagnosis
Q.2 What is the distribution of the rash ?
Q.3 What organism is responsible ?
Q.4 What is the source ?
Q.5 How is it spread & How is it treated ?

Scabies

Widespread pruritis rash of scabies. Characteristic burrow of scabies. .

Scabies
A2. The rash is particularly prominent around interdigital
spaces on backs of hands, wrists, groins, breast, umbilicus,
penis and buttocks.
A3. The organism is responsible is mite, sarcoptes scabies.
A4. The source is human, animal mites do not establish
themselves in man.
A5. It spreads usually be direct contact but also by bedding and
clothing if infestation is severe, sexual contact.
Treatment by two application of an anti scabies lotion ( Benzyl
benzoate and gamma benzene hexachloride) to the whole skin
suffice below the chin, on two occasions 24 hours apart for
patient and contacts. Pruritus can take up to 2 weeks to settle
antipruritic agents can be used.

45

This little boy was brought to the clinic by
his mother because he has spots on his
feet and an itchy rash over his body

Scabies

Treatment by two application of an anti scabies lotion
(Benzyl benzoate and gamma benzene hexachloride) to
the whole skin suffice below the chin, on two occasions 24
hours apart for patient and contacts

46

Depigmented areas with hyposthesia
Q2. Mention 3 possible investigations

Tuberculoid leprosy

Presentation: There are various cutaneous manifestations. A
common presentation is depigmented areas, which may be
anaesthetic or have thickened nerves in the vicinity. Leprosy is
one of the few conditions that can cause thickened nerves.
A2. Investigations: The clinical presentation may be
diagnostic. Biopsy may reveal characteristic appearances with
non-caseating granulomata. If immunity is low and leprosy
rampant, then smears taken from the nose may be full of bacilli.
Mycobacterium leprae favor parts of the body at a temperature
lower than core body temperature.
A3. Treatment: Specialist advice is mandatory. The organism
is sensitive to dapsone and rifampicin. However, rapid killing
may result in sudden changes of host immunity with dramatic
'upgrading' reactions.

47

2-year-old child presented with low-grade
fever and vague malaise with a rash on
the arms and chest for a few days
Q1. What is the likely diagnosis?
Q2. What is your management?

Fifth Disease
(Slapped Cheek Syndrome)

Presentation: Low-grade fever and vague malaise in children
with a rash on the arms and chest for a few days. For the next
1-2 months a rash on the cheeks returns if the child is exposed
to the wind or sun. Small epidermis occur, usually in school.
Adults, particularly women, may develop a transitory arthralgia
or arthritis usually affecting the hand joints, but this generally
resolves. An aplastic crisis can be precipitated in patients with
sickle cell disease or other haematological abnormalities
Investigations: Usually none are required. Serological tests
(IgM) for the causative parvovirus are available
Treatment: Reassurance & symptomatic treatment if required

48

3 year-old child presented with high fever
for a few days
Q1. What is the likely diagnosis?
Q2. What is your management?

Sixth Disease (Roseola Infantum)

Presentation: Usually in children aged 6 months to 3 years.
There is fever, occasionally high for a few days. There may
be cervical node enlargement and as the patient’s
temperature falls, up to 48 hours later, a maculo-papular rash
can appear on the trunk or neck. The rash usually lasts a few
hours or days. Children are generally well, although febrile
convulsions can occur in the febrile stage.
Investigations: Not usually required. Herpes virus type 6 is
the cause, but no laboratory test is available yet.
Treatment: Symptomatic treatment with paracetamol for the
fever is usually all that required

49

This 12-year-old girl was admitted with
fever, tachycardia and arthralgia
Q1. What physical sign is shown?
Q2. What is the underlynig cause?

Erythema marginatum

A2. Infection with Streptococcus pyogene

50

This child is brought in by his grandmother, who thinks
he may have chicken pox. The rash started with a few
small lesions but then spread rapidly over his trunk.
They are not on his limbs or face.
Q 1. Is this chickenpox?
Q 2. What activity would it he useful to ask about?
Q 3. How would you manage this condition?

Folliculitis

A2. Due to its distribution, it may well be related to the child
having been in a hot tub. The most common causative
organism in relation to this is Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A3. The recommended treatment is either dicioxacillin (25
mg/kg in divided doses) for 5-7 days or cephalexin if the
patient is sensitive to penicillin.' It would be worth- while
enquiring about this in the history. The rash in this
distribution often appears about three days after using the
hot tub. A swab from one of the lesions, in an attempt to
culture the organism, would guide treatment.

51

A 8-year-old child complains of intense itching of her
scalp especially at Occipital area. Local examination of
the hair as seen in the picture.
Q1. What are you seeing, ?
Q2. What is the management ?

Head lice (Pediculosis capitis)

A.2. Gamma benzen hexachloride (Lindane) shampoo left
for 5 minutes and rinsed out.
Lindane lotion is left on over night and rinsed out.
Nit removal.

The head louse: Head lice need relatively
Physical evidence of prolonged head-to-bead
living lice is required contact. Estimates suggest it
before treatment takes of least 30 seconds for
begins, but they con lice to move from one beside
be difficult to detect to another

52

A 79 year old woman presented with lesions located on her
forehead. These were associated with an area of increased
vascularity which were partially covered with adherent yellow
crusts, the removal of which sometimes caused bleeding.
Q2. Is there a potential for malignancy?
Q3. What treatment is indicated Treatment:

Actinic solar
keratosis

A2. Yes, after several years a small percentage of these
lesions may degenerate into squamous cell carcinomas.
A3. as these lesions mostly result from sun damage,
prevention with sunscreens, hats etc, is very important to
minimize further damage. & most solar keratosis respond to
local application to the lesions of 5%, 5-fluorouracil cream
over a period of several days. Resistant lesions should be
treated with liquid nitrogen.
* nodular lesions should be excised, large nodular lesions
more than 0.5 cm in diameter should be sent for
histopathology.

53

This 8-year-old child bas bad these pale areas on her trunk
and am since birth. Apart from requiring orthodontic
treatment, she is well and is receiving no medication.
Q2. What associated abnormalities may be encountered?
Q3. What is the prognosis?
the inheritance is uncertain.

Hypomelnosis
of Ito

A2. Seizure disorders and mental retardation.
A3. The pale areas tend to darken.
Over 60% of patients have noncutancous
abnormalities, particularly seizure disorders or mental
retardation. Ocular problems, such as strabismus, and
musculoskeletal malformations, such as
hypertelorism, are also common. The teeth may be
dysplastic, peg-like, and widely or irregularly spaced.
Girls are affected twice as often as boys, but the
inheritance is uncertain.

54

Sebaceous cyst of the scalp
clinically infected
Many clinically infected cyst proves
sterile on culture

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