Developing English Supplementary Materials through Instructional Conversations

Developing English Supplementary Material through
Instructional Conversation
Eka Nurhidayat1
Department of English Language Education,UniversitasMajalengka
ekanurhidayat16@gmail.com
Agus Rofi’i2
Department of English Language Education,UniversitasMajalengka
Gusrafi87@unma.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to develop English supplementary materials to meet the
needs of nursing students on English learning through Instructional
Conversation (IC) method. This research was categorized into research and
development. The materials were validated by two experts to come to the final
product. This research conducted at the Nursing Study Program involving
students of the second semester. The data collected from classroom and
checklist observation, questionnaire, an interview. Considering the data
collected, the English textbooks available and used in the Nursing Study
Program contains English language learning materials that are still common
and less specific for students used in the nursing study program. Therefore,
English supplementary materials through Instructional Conversation (IC)
method should be developed by considering the needs of lecturers and
students. English supplementary materials through the Instructional
Conversation method were developed by considering several aspects.
Introduction
The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is a form of regional economic integration
plan to be achieved by 2015. The main objective of AEC is to make ASEAN a single
market and production base, whereby free flow of goods, services, investment and
skilled labor and capital flows which is freer. The involvement of all parties in all
ASEAN member countries is necessary to realize ASEAN as a competitive area for
investment and free trade activities which in turn can benefit all ASEAN member
countries.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 22 October 2019
Accepted 18 November 2019
KEYWORDS
ESP; R&D; instructional
conversation; supplementary
materials
VISION: JOURNAL FOR LANGUAGE AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING, 2019
VOL.8, NO.2, 156-168
http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/vjv8i24431

Eka Nurhidayat, Agus Rofi’I |157
As one of the participants, Indonesia has the challenge and preparation to face
the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), especially in how to communicate with
other workers from various countries in Southeast Asia. As we know English is a
language used as an international language (lingua franca). As a common challenge in
the era of globalization through free trade, the Indonesian government cannot
underestimate efforts to improve the quality of English for students. This has become
common knowledge, although English has been taught from elementary school to
university, not all Indonesian students can engage in English conversations with
foreigners. In the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), there will be more and more
developments in Indonesia. Starting from free trade, many foreign companies in
Indonesia so that the use of international language such as English is very widespread,
as well as in the world of health, especially covering the world of nursing, English is
needed. English for nursing students can be very helpful in terms of searching sources
of science about nursing which mostly comes from international journals that are
definitely the language is English, in addition to the workplace if someone has the
ability to speak English then it will be a value plus on prospective applicants for
hospital labor, as most of the medical equipment and medicines are from abroad.
Besides, English can also serve as a means of communication, especially in
facing AEC. English learning for nursing students aims to develop students' ability to
communicate, both orally and in writing. Students are directed to communicate
skillfully. Therefore, the approach of learning English for nursing students is based on
the functional and communicative language paradigm. That is, learning organized
should emphasize students to learn to speak in terms of language functions as a tool to
communicate. Students are not learning the language, but learning to use language to
communicate. According to Hedge (2000) (cited in Palacio,2010, p.75), second
language learners interact and solve tasks when they develop their communicative
skills; therefore, language students should learn conversational rules, openings, and
closings; they should know what linking words to use to pass from one situation to
another one. They should learn how to pronounce and stress words according to the
setting of the conversations. They should even learn when to interrupt because "studies
of native speaker conversation have shown that if any of these skills are lacking or
poorly performed, then communication can break down". According to Nunan (2003,
p. 48) (cited in Mart, 2012, p. 91) Speaking is a productive oral skill which consists of
constructing systematic verbal utterances to convey meaning.
Considering the result of interviews with English lecturers at the Nursing Studies
Program of STikes Mahardika Cirebon, nursing students need good competence in
English, because this competency is needed in the field of work. Moreover, at this time
with the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), nurses are required to be able to
communicate with foreigners properly and correctly. Nursing students have a very
large motivational learning English, and they need special learning materials in

158 | VISION: JOURNAL FOR LANGUAGE AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING
English based on their needs and need to emphasize more on integrated English
language skills.
Another trend that occurs is the pattern of learning speaking in the classroom
that is still a patterned teacher center. Students must listen to the lecturer and repeat
what the lecturer says. Besides, the material obtained is still a structural understanding
of the word (grammar) and vocabulary. A good strategy to motivate students to
communicate well is to change the situation in the classroom with a more interesting
and creative situation. With this process, students are expected to follow the lecturers'
instructions well. One way to improve students' speaking skills is by using effective
learning methods. One effective method is the Instructional Conversation method.
The Instructional Conversation Method is a form of teaching based on the
assumption that the role of the teacher is to assist the student. On the other hand,
through the Instructional Conversation method, students are expected to build their
knowledge and understanding. For example, by making connections, building mental
schemata, and developing new concepts from previous understanding are rather than
passively accepting an understanding of what their teacher transmits. The Instructional
Conversation method assumes that the student plays an important role in building new
knowledge and in gaining an understanding of the world. Thus the teacher plays the
role of the facilitator rather than the transmitter. Thus, instead of providing step by step
designed to produce the right answer, teachers in this method encourage students to
express their ideas, provide information, and guide them more comprehensively.
Aidinlou (2012), in his article, suggests that the Instructional Conversation (IC)
Method is different from many forms of traditional teaching based on the assumption
that the role of teachers is to help students what the teacher already knows and can do.
The Instructional Conversation method, on the other hand, is a teaching approach that
is more suited to contemporary shifts to a "constructivist" curriculum. According to
constructivist views, students are expected to construct their knowledge and
understanding - for example by making connections, building mental schemes, and
developing new concepts from previous understandings - rather than passively
receiving the knowledge conveyed by their teachers. In this sense, the IC can be seen
by the most important shift in mainstream education thinking since the "Back to
Basics" movement in the 1970s. Curenton and Zucker (2013) view ICs as planned
discussions with small groups of children where teachers improve students'
collaborative reasoning by using challenging questions that necessitate students to use
complex language to talk about their experiences, knowledge, and opinions. IC appears
to result in autonomous EFL learners since autonomy is dependent upon learners'
ability to self-direct for practice, critical reflection, and independent action (Andrade,
2012).
Goldenberg (2012) described the elements of Instructional Conservation as
follows:1) "Thematic focus": Teacher selects a theme on which to focus the discussion
and has a general plan for how to "chunk" the next permit optimal exploration of the

theme; 2) "Activation and use of background knowledge and relevant schemata". The
teacher either “hooks into" or provides students with pertinent background knowledge
and schemata necessary for understanding a text, wearing the information into the
discussion, 3) "Direct teaching." When necessary, teachers provide direct teaching of
a skill or concept; 4)"Promotion of more complex language and expression." The
teacher elicits more extended student contributions by using a variety of elicitation
techniques: Invitations to expand, questions, and pauses; 5) "Promotion of bases for
statements or positions." The teacher promotes students' use of text, pictures, and
reasoning to support an argument or position by gently probing: "What makes you
think that?" or "Show us where it says; 6) "Fewer "known-answer" questions." Much
of the discussion centers on questions for which there might be more than one correct
answer; 7) "Responsiveness to student contribution." While having an initial plan and
maintaining the focus and coherence of the discussion, the teacher is also responsive
to the students' statement and the opportunities they provide; 8) "Connected
discourse". The discussion is characterized by multiple, interactive, connected turns:
succeeding utterances build upon and extended previous ones; 9)"Challenging, but
non-threatening, atmosphere". The teacher creates a challenging atmosphere that is
balanced by a positive affective climate. The teacher is more collaborator than
evaluator, and students are challenged to negotiate and construct the meaning of the
text; 10)"General participation, including self-selected turns". The teacher does not
hold exclusive light to the determine who talks; students are encouraged to volunteer
or otherwise influence the selection of speaking turns
Some studies have been conducted about Instructional Conversation. According
to Ghaffari & Fatemi, (2016), they conducted research entitled the effect of the
Instructional Conversation Method on oral autonomy of Iran EFL Learning. This
research aimed to investigate the impact of instructional conversations on oral
autonomy of Iranian English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Results showed that
instructional conversations helped decrease their stress and anxiety in English
classrooms. Based on the present findings, EFL learners must have a comprehension
of words and sentences; that is, they must comprehend how words are put into different
sounds, and how sentences are stressed in specific ways. IC is mainly performed in a
small group as a whole class, or even in pairs to maximize their language learning
through known forms of conversation to help learners' language production and
understanding. Instructors using IC take benefit of ordinary conversation about a
stimulating incentive or activity to tempt learners to use social and academic language
and to share previous knowledge. This method can help improve their speaking ability
through conversations to engage students in a structured discussion to activate
background knowledge and increasing learners' oral autonomy.
In line with the development of material for nursing students, Saragih (2014) in
his research entitled "Designing ESP Materials for Nursing Students Based on Needs
Analysis’. The study aims at exploring the learning needs of 50 nursing students and

designing ESP materials for nurses based on Need Analysis. Need Analysis in this
study is categorized as Target situation Analysis, Present Situation Analysis,
Deficiency Analysis, Strategy Analysis, Constraint Analysis, Pedagogic Need
Analysis, and Subjective Need Analysis (Lowi, 2009). The study uses quantitative and
qualitative methods. The findings describe the real needs of students of ESP for nurses,
the lecturers' viewpoints on the practice of ESP instructions, and descriptions of ESP
for nurses used in English speaking countries. The results are very significant for
designers of ESP of various fields for they reflect the real needs of nursing students. It
is suggested that Nursing English textbooks should be based on Need Analysis by ESP
designers. Also, Machmud, Otoluwa, &Paputungan (2018) on their research in
developing supplementary material for nursing vocational school stated that the
students needed materials for speaking, which were attractive and interesting and
based on nursing vocational. The developed supplementary English speaking materials
for the nursing vocational school were categorized as strongly agreed. Moreover, the
result of students' perception of this product showed that the students mostly agree that
the book suitable to be applied in the teaching and learning process especially in
speaking. Thus, it can be concluded that supplementary English speaking materials for
nursing vocational had been appropriated for students in the nursing Study program.
Considering the problem explained, researchers need to propose solutions that
may bridge the gap between the general English curriculum offered in the nursing
study program and the needs of students for their future careers and the era of the
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Therefore, the researcher will develop English
supplementary material through the Instructional Conversation Method for nursing
students of STikes Mahardika Cirebon to collect a set of materials that suits students'
needs. Then the formulations of the issues studied in this study are:
1. How is the learning condition of nursing students in learning English?
2. How do the English supplementary materials through the Instructional
Conversation method encourage the involvement of nursing students in
learning English?

Methodology
This study used educational research and development (R&D) method. In education,
R&D Research is aimed at investigating activities that are related to education to
improve the qualities of the education system, curriculum, or even teaching the
material. It was done by using the methodology of R&D Research. Some experts in
education tried to develop the curriculum and material based on the needs of the
learners. Borg & Gall (2003: 18) define R&D Research is a research method that is
used to get a certain product and to examine the effectiveness of a product. Two other
definitions are more complete thoroughly. R&D is not used to create nor to test such a
theory, but to develop effective and reliable educational products used at school. It's
aimed to help teachers and students to get the best educational product in the teaching
and learning process.
The researcher adopts the phases of the R&D cycle from Hyland (2003) by
eliminating the doing survey phase. The adapted stages are (1) need analysis, (2)
developing materials, (3) expert validation, (4) revision I, (5) product try out, (6)
revision II, and (7) final product. Need analysis is the starting point in developing the
product in language teaching and learning. It aims at reviewing and analyzing written
documents to find the gap between the syllabus and the coursebook used. In this stage,
the first activity conducted is analyzing the curriculum or syllabus used. This is
because the curriculum outlines the goals and objectives for the learners and course of
study (Richards, 2001).
The subject of this study is the English-teaching materials of the Nursing study
program of STikes Mahardika Cirebon involving students of the second semester. The
data collected from classroom observation and interviews with English lecturers.
Considering the interview, the researchers obtain some information that in the
teaching-learning process of the English language, English lectures did not have a
module or textbook for teaching. In this situation, lecturers used books or material
from the internet or eBook. An appropriate set of materials is very crucial; the
materials must be designed based on the needs analysis. The researchers think that they
found the target, which is to develop materials for the nursing students; they found that
the textbook which the teacher has been using is inappropriate since the book is
targeted for general English. From this inappropriateness, the researchers found a spot
to help the teacher to develop a set of materials through this research.
Analysis of the data is used to determine the materials that need to be developed,
products that must be made to help students to learn English. Researchers used
qualitative data analysis in analyzing the data obtained; to perform the process of data
analysis easier the researchers explain the data in the table of teaching-learning
activities. Then, the researcher analyzed the teaching materials based on the result of
the checklist instrument that had been made before with the data analysis technique.
The researcher will present a clear picture in the form of descriptive data to process

the English supplementary learning materials that need to be modified. The results of
data analysis will be useful to improve understanding of the teaching-learning process,
specifically in nursing students.
Result and Discussion
How is the learning condition of nursing students in learning English?
Based on the observation, the researchers obtained some points from this pre-
observation activity. The information includes both physical and non-physical
classroom conditions in the teaching and learning process. Based on the checklist
instrument, it was found that the students of the nursing program did not have support
in learning English. Lecturers generally teach General English (GE), not English for
Specific Purposes (ESP); then there are more than 30 students in one class, this can
lead to less effective in teaching and learning English that must master the four skills
(speaking, listening, reading, and writing). Besides, nursing students must master
English for nursing. Lecturers do not have teaching materials that are appropriate or
proper in teaching and learning English for nursing students. Some lecturers use their
materials by downloading teaching materials from the internet or existing reference
books.
Considering the conditions explained, the researcher can conclude that the
lecturer has some difficulties in finding the appropriate teaching materials for nursing
students. Also, the institution does not have an English course syllabus that is
integrated with the world of nursing or healthcare program. They used the general
syllabus from the internet, which is still a common material. The course syllabus for
the nursing program differs from the general syllabus of the course. The English
syllabus of nursing includes the competencies they need in the world of work or
hospitals.
The teaching and learning process in each course must have a learning plan. It is
necessary to assist lecturers in conducting class activities to be well-organized, well-
received, and well-reconciled. One the other hand, the lecturer does not have a good
learning plan; generally, the lesson plan is given by the institution. Therefore,
researchers develop teaching materials by looking at the syllabus and the students'
need for the importance of English in dealing with the ASEAN Economic Community.
Researchers begin by making lesson plans in each of their meetings.
The researcher concluded that the supplementary material through Instructional
Conversation already suits the need of nursing students in learning English. Some
concerns, such as students' motivation in learning English might occur since the
healthcare material in the syllabus sometimes saturates students so that the teaching
and learning process is less attractive to the students. By adding supplementary
material through Instructional Conversation, lecturers can minimize the concern by
giving them a chance to communicate. The interaction among the students is important

in learning English. The researchers developed the materials with a thematic basis; it
was because researchers found that the English lecture mentioned about using
downloaded materials since the absence of the suitable textbook/materials to be used.
The researchers observed that the students in the classroom liked the thematic lesson.
Once the researcher observed they were learning to greet, the researcher added topic
in the dialogue. The topic is based on a situation appearing in the hospital. They
pretended to be nurse and patient or nurse and doctor. They should build the dialogue
based on several situations given by the lecture. This situation gave a really good
response to the lesson.
Another concern was about vocabulary that relates to healthcare and useful
expression that support daily conversation in the hospital. In the previous material, the
lecturer tended to use general English from the internet or the existing book. The
researchers developed vocabulary building by providing healthcare vocabulary such
as the name of diseases, room in the hospital, tools, etc. The useful expression
provided was about a useful expression that supports daily nursing work. Besides, the
researcher developed procedural material to support the teaching and learning process
such as how to inject patients, how to make a bed and how to give patient oral
medicine.
How do the English supplementary materials through the Instructional
Conversation method encourage the involvement of nursing students in
learning English?
The researcher developed supplementary materials through the Instructional
Conversation method. The Instructional Conversation Method is a form of teaching
based on the assumption that the role of the teacher is to assist the student. On the other
hand, through the Instructional Conversation method, students are expected to build
their knowledge and understanding. For example, by making connections, building
mental schemata, and developing new concepts from previous understanding are rather
than passively accepting an understanding of what their teacher transmits.
Students are still not maximal in learning English. They still assume that they
are just waiting for an explanation from the lecturers (passive student). The
Instructional Conversation method assumes that the students themselves play an
important role in building new knowledge and gaining an understanding of the world.
Thus the teacher plays the role of the facilitator rather than the transmitter. Teachers
in this method encourage students to express their ideas, provide information, and
guide them more comprehensively. By applying this method, the researcher sheds
additional material that is divided into several meetings. Each meeting concentrates on
one theme and also adds the exercise to support the learning outcomes.
Before the researcher obtains the end of the English teaching materials material
for the nursing student, the researcher must follow the steps of the first, second, and
third and the last editing. The first list is checked by the first expert, the second is

checked by the second expert, the third list of researchers analyzes the revised of the
best materials.
The first step is mapping or designing. In this step, the researcher collected the
source or reference in the form of a book or material used by the previous lecturer.
This step is very important because researchers must integrate the needs of students
with the syllabus. The researcher decided not to make all the materials mentioned with
the syllabus. This decision is supported by the demand of lecturers who teach English
courses based on the results of the questionnaires provided to lecturers at the beginning
of the study. Researchers and lecturers agree that materials should be designed based
on student activities that support daily activities in the nursing work or hospitals, this
can help them in facing the ASEAN economic community.
The second step aims to analyze the syllabus. In this step researchers and
lecturers discuss which part of the syllabus should be developed into teaching
materials. Second, researchers and lecturers jointly observe the needs of nursing
students by doing some observations. A checklist of observations occurring in the
study; and observations that aim to gain a lot of information about student behavior in
learning and also see classroom conditions. The observations have a major impact on
the analysis of the syllabus because of the observations to make some additional
material parts for the development of teaching materials.
The third step creates a lesson plan. The lesson plan is made by the lecturer
herself and provides the steps in the meeting then all the material presented and
activities during the teaching and learning process in the classroom. Thus, the Lesson
Plan can be used as a teaching document. After creating lesson plans, the materials
should be completed in the form of teaching materials.
The next step is to construct the "first design of the material", then this material
is validated by the first Evaluator, when the first evaluator is analyzed the first draft of
the material, and the evaluator finds some mistakes, the researcher is asked to revise
the material to the correct one and the correction results serve as the design second
ingredient. The design of the two materials is analyzed by the second appraiser. When
the teaching material found some mistakes, the researcher was asked to revise the
material again. Correction results serve as the third material design. The third material
design was analyzed by the second evaluator, the first and the second evaluator, from
the second evaluator, the researcher was asked to rearrange the activities in good order
so that when teachers or students follow this material step by step, they can understand
quickly. Then, researchers are asked to make it perfect. After all the materials are
validated, the researcher gives the final material as the final material for the nursing
students.
The researcher discussed the impact of supplementary material implementation
through Instructional Conversation toward students’ involvement. The supplementary
material could be said successful only if it had raised the students' achievement, in this
case when the students gain their involvement; it would automatically increase their

achievement in English subjects. In line with the result of observation, it could be seen
from the interaction among students in the class. It is crucial to know the students’
involvement by using Instructional Conversation as supplementary material or so-
called final material in the classroom. The researcher was asked to do an observation
to see and evaluate the students' involvement during their English lesson using the
developed materials. From the result of the observation, the researcher saw how the
students were encouraged to be more involved during their learning activities. An
interview was also conducted by the researchers to gather stronger validity on the
result of the lecturer's observation of the students' involvement by using the materials
made by the researchers. The observation result showed that the students put more
attention during the lesson. Moreover, from the result of an interview conducted to the
lecturers, they said that this supplementary material through Instructional
Conversation was good in learning English. This material provided vocabulary and
useful expression related to nursing work in the hospital. Vocabulary and useful
expression related to their filed helped them to interact or communicate with other
students.
This supplementary material which was made by the researchers contains a lot
of communication skills and group activity; those two parts played big roles for
students to be involved. The group work made the students communicating with their
mates to finish the task; the teacher observed that the students showed more effective
communication; in this case, students deliver their ideas in the group while students
were doing the task and their role-play made them be more blending with the natural
circumstances.
Conclusion
As a foreign language, many students have difficulties in learning English, moreover,
for nursing students. They need special attention, assistance, and special education
services. For this, to take into success learning, the use of a special set of teaching and
learning materials is important. Thus, finding out what is needed by the students is
crucial.
Considering the result of the research, the researcher can conclude that the
nursing students do not obtain the teaching material that suits their need of the
importance of English in communicating with the Foreigner in facing the ASEAN
Economic Community. In general, the lecturers of English subjects used teaching
materials by downloading material from the Internet or using the material in the book
that generally only teaches General English. Nursing students need effective and
communicative teaching materials. The teaching materials emphasize their ability to
communicate with foreigners. Therefore, they need learning activities that make it
easier for them to communicate.

From the results of the questionnaires, English lecturers have difficulty in the
development of teaching materials or teaching materials by the needs of nursing
students. The lecturer hopes that this research will produce teaching materials that are
suitable for the students' needs. This research phase starts from the planning stage,
analysis of teaching materials, development, and validity test. Although this research
has reached the stage of validity testing, researchers try to continue to develop teaching
materials by comments and discussions with experts. Researchers also still have to
analyze the condition of the class after using the instructional materials using the
Instructional Conversation method that has been devalued by experts.
Based on the research result of the students need analysis resulting from the
questionnaire for the teacher, classroom observation, and also the result of an interview
with English lecturer, the researchers decided to develop the materials that can help
students how to communicate with foreign people in facing ASEAN Economic
Community. Nursing students need supplementary material in learning English; that
reason delivers the researchers to develop English material as supplementary material.
The materials which the researchers develop are supplementary material. It is not a
textbook because the researchers found a problem in finding the updated syllabus of
English. The material which the researcher develops is a supplementary book. It is not
a textbook because the researchers found a problem in finding the updated syllabus of
English. Moreover, it will be impossible for researchers to develop material fully.
Thus, the researchers concluded that supplementary material through Instructional
Conversation would do better because English is not the main subject, and based on
teacher suggestion, the students only need to learn English for Nurse or English for
Occupational or English for specific purposes.

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